Active Transportation/Complete Streets Policies
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Review of Active Transportation/Complete Streets policies in Ohio and nationally and the benefits of these design policies.
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Active Transportation/Complete Streets Policies
- 2. ABOUT GREATER OHIO POLICY CENTER An outcome-oriented statewide non-profit that champions revitalization and sustainable redevelopment in Ohio: • Revitalize Ohio’s urban cores and metropolitan regions • Achieve sustainable land reuse and economic growth
- 3. ABOUT GREATER OHIO POLICY CENTER: HOW WE DO OUR WORK • Develop and publish research • Use research to advocate for practical policy solutions at the state level • Assist communities through strategic assistance and dissemination of best practices • Build collaborative partnerships to extend our reach and ability to impact change
- 5. LOCAL AND REGIONAL POLICIES • 19 local or regional Complete Streets ordinances, resolutions, or internal policies • 4 MPOs: • MORPC (Columbus area) • MVRPC (Dayton area) • NOACA (Cleveland area) • TMACOG (Toledo area) • 15 local ordinances, policies, etc. http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/docume nts/cs-chart-allpolicies-1-2016.pdf
- 6. DISTRIBUTION OF LOCAL/REGIONAL COMPLETE STREETS POLICIES Key: Blue: Laws & Ordinances | Red: Resolutions | Yellow: Tax Ordinances | Purple: Internal Policies or Executive Orders | Magenta: Plans | Green: Design Manuals or Guides | Turquoise: Policies Adopted by Elected Boards http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/complete- streets/changing-policy/complete-streets-atlas
- 7. OHIO IN CONTEXT: NATIONAL TRENDS • 31 states have state-level Complete Streets/Active Transportation policies including: • Pennsylvania (2007) • Tennessee (2010) • Louisiana (2010) • Mississippi (2010) • There are over 800 local/regional ordinances in the country http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/documents/ cs/policy/cs-state-policies.pdf; http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/complete- streets/changing-policy/complete-streets-atlas
- 9. DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACTS-PEDESTRIAN FATALITIES Nationally, pedestrian fatality rates: • 60% higher for Latinos as compared to whites • 75% higher for African Americans as compared to whites • 20% of all pedestrian deaths are African American (although African Americans represent only 12% of US population) http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/complete- streets/complete-streets-fundamentals/factsheets/equity/
- 10. DETAILED DEMOGRAPHICS OF PEDESTRIAN FATALITIES Elderly (65+ y/o) • 22% of all pedestrian fatalities between 2000-2009 were elderly adults of all ethnicities and races (elderly represented 13% of total US population during this time period) • 173% higher fatality rate among older Latinos than that of older whites Children • Latino children 40% more likely than white children to be killed while walking • African American children twice as likely as white children to be killed while walking Income • In counties where >20% of households have incomes below the federal poverty line, pedestrian fatality rate is +80% higher than the national average http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/complete- streets/complete-streets-fundamentals/factsheets/equity/
- 11. OHIO CASE STUDY: MIAMI VALLEY INJURY/FATALITY RATES In the Miami Valley region (Dayton area), between 2011 and 2013 there were: • 288 bicyclist-motorist crashes • 407 pedestrian-motorist crashes This represents 1.6% of all roadway crashes but these crashes were especially lethal: • 91% of pedestrian crashes resulted in an injury or fatality • 80% of bicycle crashes resulted in an injury or fatality Fatalities more than doubled from 2008 to 2013 • 12 fatal crashes (between 2008-2010) • 29 fatal crashes (2011-2013) MVRPC Complete Streets policy enacted 2011, but it’s still too early to see impact http://www.mvrpc.org/site s/default/files/CrashData Report2015.pdf
- 12. COST OF FATALITIES AND INJURIES A 2015 analysis of 37 Complete Streets projects across the country determined the projects avoided a total of $18.1 million in collision and injury costs in one year alone.* These savings start as soon as a project is complete, and continue long after. * Calculations only apply to 37 analyzed projects. http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/research/safer-streets- stronger-economies/
- 13. DESIGNING FOR SAFETY • Installing raised medians and redesigning intersections and sidewalks for pedestrian travel reduced pedestrian risk by 28 percent. • In places without sideways, pedestrian crashes are more than twice as likely to occur • Streets with sidewalks on both sides have the fewest crashes. • Speed reduction reduces fatalities for pedestrians • 40mph=80% fatality rate • 30 mph=40% fatality rate • 20 mph= 5% fatality rate http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/complete- streets/complete-streets-fundamentals/factsheets/safety
- 14. DESIGNING FOR SAFETY-ALL MODES SAFER • The 2015 analysis found that in some projects where collisions and injuries decreased, automobile volume were unchanged or increased, while pedestrian and bicycle traffic increased • In other words, the rate of collision/injury dropped the same or more than the absolute change • Another study describes this phenomenon as “safety in numbers” hypothesis: • As the number and portion of bicyclists and pedestrians increase, deaths and injuries decline http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/research/safer-streets-stronger- economies/; http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/complete-streets/complete- streets-fundamentals/factsheets/safety
- 15. DESIGNING FOR SAFETY-MEASURING STRATEGY IMPACT Determine if access for bicycles and pedestrians on Ohio’s designated state and US bicycle routes has improved • Track pedestrian/bike usage and if increase • Track crashes/injuries if percentage declines • Track along key demographic indicators (race/ethnicity, age, income, etc.) • Track impact of active transportation improvements on automobile volume • Maintain longitudinal data collection and analysis http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/research/safer-streets-stronger- economies/; http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/complete-streets/complete- streets-fundamentals/factsheets/safety
- 17. ACTIVE TRANSPORTATION DESIGN One study found that: • 43% of people with safe places to walk within 10 minutes of home met recommended activity levels • Among those without safe places to walk just 27% met the recommendation. • Residents are 65% more likely to walk in a neighborhood with sidewalks http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/complete- streets/complete-streets-fundamentals/factsheets/health
- 18. ACTIVE TRANSPORTATION MEASURING STRATEGY IMPACT Incorporating health metrics into investment decisions: • Before/after analysis of pedestrian & bicyclist counts • Long term analysis of health indicators http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/complete- streets/complete-streets-fundamentals/factsheets/health
- 20. DIRECT IMPACT OF POLICY IMPLEMENTATION: JOBS • Per dollar spent, road improvement projects that include bike and pedestrian facilities create more jobs during construction than those that are only designed for vehicles • Adding or improving transit facilities as part of a Complete Street is also good. During Recession, each stimulus dollar invested in a public transportation project created twice as many jobs as one spent on a highway project. http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/complete- streets/complete-streets- fundamentals/factsheets/economic-revitalization/
- 21. INDIRECT IMPACT: JOBS AND BUSINESSES 2015 study found that in areas which received a Complete Street Project • Employment levels rose • Net increase in new businesses http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/research/safer- streets-stronger-economies/
- 22. INDIRECT IMPACT: MARKET AND PROPERTY VALUE 2015 study found that in areas which received a Complete Street Project • Property values increased after Complete Streets improvements in 8 of 10 communities with available data • Eight communities report increased investment from private sector, in part due to Complete Streets projects In a 2011 University of Cincinnati study found: • In Cincinnati, housing prices went up by $9 for every foot closer to a bike/ped dedicated trail. Ultimately, researchers conclude for an average home, homeowners willing to pay a $9,000 premium to be located 1,000 feet closer to the trail • Similar market patterns likely around Complete Streets projects http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/research/safer- streets-stronger-economies/ http://www.uc.edu/news/NR.aspx?id=14300
- 23. Alison D. Goebel, PhD Deputy Director Greater Ohio Policy Center agoebel@greaterohio.or g @alisongoebelOH www.greaterohio.org 614-224-0187
Editor's Notes
- Who is GOPC? : We are an outcome-oriented statewide non-profit that champions revitalization and sustainable redevelopment in Ohio : Our aim is to make Ohio economically competitive by promoting sustainable land use. In particular we want to revitalize our urban cores and metropolitan regions to make them attractive to current and prospective residents and businesses. Urban regeneration Sustainably revitalize urban cores and neighborhoods Transportation & infrastructure modernization Develop improved & modern infrastructure Regional growth Promote regional economic development & collaborative governance structures
- To champion revitalization we write research reports, analyses and white papers that are used by state and local policy makers, reporters, local nonprofits and the private sector. We advocate for pragmatic policies at the statehouse and with executive offices We offer advice to local officials and often act as a liaison between local stakeholders and state policymakers We conduct local pilot or demonstrations projects in individual neighborhoods or cities to test the efficacy and value of proposed policy reforms
- Definition of complete streets: http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdot/MDOT_CS_Policy_390790_7.pdf; For a list of all 27 states, see http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/documents/cs/policy/cs-state-policies.pdf;