powerpoint presentation from home computer

1. Child Development
As understood By Christy Robinson

2. Development starts at
conception !
Fertilization takes place. This is when the

female and male chromosomes unite creating
a new being.
Weeks 1-2 are called the period of the Zygote:
this is when the male and female chromosome
material unite.
Weeks 3-8 are called the period of the
Embryo: during this time body structures and
internal organs develop.

3. Weeks 9-38 are called period of the fetus:

rapid growth continues, most body systems
begin to function and the fetus reaches the
age of viability.
* Prenatal development is important: Mothers
need to obtain prenatal vitamins and learn as
much as possible about what can harm and what
can help in the development of the fetus.
BEWARE OF TERATOGENS

4. Recap: Conception to Birth
Male and Female chromesomes unite:
Zygote (wks ١-٢)
Cells begin to develope
Zygote reaches the uterus and implants itself.
The Embryo (wks ٣-٨)
Cell specialization takes place
Facial features are apparent / the brain and nervous system begin developing
Most organs are in place (except the sex organs)
The Fetus (wks: ٩-٣٨)
Wk ٩: Differentiation of ovaries and testes Wk ٢٤: Sucking and swallowing begins WK ٣٢: Age of viability
Wk ١٢: Circulatory system working Wk ٢٨:: Brain specialization WK ٣٦: Rapid weight gain
Wk ٢٠: Hair forming Wk ٣٨: Birth
The Newborn

5. Growth and development can
be effected at any stage.
Physical growth is rapid – around 2-months 40% of
babies energy is devoted to growth.
Beginning at 4 to 6 months child begins to eat more
than formula or mommy’s breast milk. Cereal and
strained fruits and vegetables become meals.
7-9 months strained meats are introduced
10-12 months finely chopped table foods can be
eaten.

6. Things to be aware of:
Nutrition is important!
Sleep is essential for normal growth!
Physical Growth : 0-2yrs. Average growth is 19-32 inches
and weight increases from 7-22 pounds.
Boys reach half their adult height by age 2; girls by 18
months.

7. Growth Spurts:
Elementary school years: in an average year,

a 6 to 10 year old will gain 5 to 7 pounds and
grow 2 to 3 inches.
During a growth spurt: a girl may gain as

much as 20 pounds in a year and a boy 25
pounds.
These spurts typically start at age 11 for
A girl and 13 for a boy.

8. What is happening during a
growth spurt?
• Bones are becoming longer and more dense
• Body fat is increasing
• Heart and lung capacities increase
•Children become mature sexually

9. The Brain
The brain begins to develop three days after
conception.
•a babies senses are working when they are
born
•they taste sweet, bitter and sour
•they feel pain
•they use sound to judge distance
•by 1, they have approximately the same
visual acuity as an adult.

10. Motor Development
Infants have very little control over there movement
when first born.
Fetal posture is the norm for 0-1 month of age.
1-month – most infants can hold up their chin
2-months – their chest
3-months – can reach and miss
4-months – sit with support
5-months – sit on a lap and grasp an object

11. Locomotion
6-7 months – sit alone

7-8 months – stand with help, and

crawl
8 months – pull to stand by furniture

11 months – stand alone

12- months – walk alone


12. According to Piaget:
Children are like scientist and learn in stages:
Stage 1 – Sensorimotor (birth to 2): infant progresses from simple
reflex actions to symbolic processing. They discover objects and what
they are used for.
example: mom takes care of me, dad plays with me, if I cry I get my
way, if I smile they smile back
Stage 2 – Preoperational (2 to 7): uses symbols to represent objects
and events. Child begins to to use common symbols: words, gestures,
graphs, maps and models.
This is a period of egocentrism (they see things as revolving around
them).
They have a high self-esteem

13. Piaget continued:
Preoperational thinking begins with egocentrism, but develops into
centration, focusing on one aspect of a problem but ignoring all other
relevant aspects. It ends with the appearance as reality. The child
believes that what he/she sees is true.
Stage 3-Concrete operational stage (7-11): thinking is now based on
mental operations, strategies and rules.
2+3=5; 3+2=5; 5-2=3; 5-3=2
Egocentrism becomes less as children begin to have friends and siblings.
They learn that events can be interpreted in different ways and that things
are not always as they appear to be.

14. Piaget continued:
Stage 4- Formal operational stage (11 and older): children, adolescents
and adults apply mental operations to abstract things. They can now
think hypothetically and reason deductively.
“When I grow up I will be…”

15. “If I eat a lot of fat, I will become fat”

16. Vygotsky’s view of child
development
Children develop knowledge by being little
apprentices.
They learn or advance when they work with others who are more skilled
then they are:
– learns to talk because parents talk
– learns to read because siblings read
– learns to draw well because a friend
draws well.
*Vygotsky termed the zone of proximal development – this is what a
child can do with help, but would not be successful alone
AND
*Scaffolding: The ability to give a child only as much help as needed.
HE VIEWED A CHILD’S COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT AS A COLLABORATION
BETWEEN A NOVICE CHILD AND A MORE SKILLED TEACHER WHO SCAFFOLD
CHILDREN’S LEARNING

17. Cognitive Development:
As we grow, our information processing abilities become greater.
As an infant and small child we learn through our senses.
An infant holds knowledge when it is presented: sees the ball, the ball
exist; does not see the ball anymore, it no longer exist.
We develop knowledge by viewing it, working with it, and storing that
information in our long term memory.
*With the teaching and learning of strategies, we develop our
computers…we increase our capacity of working memory and can
retrieve things faster from our long term memory.

18. Language Development
Language is complex and learning it also begins
at birth.
>a baby mimics its mothers facial expressions and learns how to
get what it wants by how an adult reacts to its different noises
and facial expressions.
>2 months – infants can produce vowel-like sounds
>6 months – babbling begins
>8-11 months-babbling becomes more like speech
>1 year olds – can say their first words
>By age 2 - most children have a vocabulary of a few hundred
words.
>By age 6 – they have over 10,000 words.

19. More on Language
Children begin learning words and that they
have meaning. They learn language has rules.
Then they learn how to speak in sentences.
( “My ball”)
As they learn more rules to express meaning
they begin forming longer sentences.
According to our text, the critical time to learn
language is from birth to 12 years old.
A language rich environment is extremely
important between these years.

20. Emotionally and Socially
Emotions begin at birth: infants show emotion
through facial expressions.
NEWBORNS: experience only two general
emotions: pleasure and distress.
By 8 or 9 months:infants are thought to express all
basic emotions (joy, anger, fear)
Complex emotions (pride, guilt, embarrassment) –
develop or emerge at 18-24 months.
They depend some understanding of the
self, which usually occurs between 15-18 months.

21. Learning to regulate and stabilize:
Its not enough to experience an emotion, but one
must learn to regulate their emotions and stabilize
them.
*infants regulate their emotions to get what they
want.
*infants also look to their mother to see how they
should react.

22. Child Development is complex
Children develop physically, mentally and emotionally.
Development begins at conception and continues beyond
adolescence.
Development is fragile and can be affected by many
things: environment, drugs, self motivation, etc.
Everyday is a day for learning and developing and once
you reach maturity the development depends on the
individual.
One can continue to challenge oneself or not.