24. 24
Moät VL lai (canxi aluminate vaø GIC), ñöôïc thieát keá ñeå gaén phuïc hình coá ñònh. Thaønh
phaàn canxi aluminate ñöôïc taïo ra baèng caùch thieâu keát hoãn hôïp cuûa Al2O3 vaø CaO coù ñoä
tinh khieát cao (tæ soá mol khoaûng 1:1) ñeå taïo ra monocanxialuminate.
Thaønh phaàn:
Boät: canxi aluminate, acid polyacrylic, acid tartaric, strontium-fluoro-alumino-glass,
vaø strontium fluoride.
Chaát loûng: 99.6% nöôùc vaø 0.4% chaát phuï gia ñeå kieåm soaùt söï ñoâng cöùng.
Canxi aluminate goùp phaàn taïo ra moät pH base trong luùc VL ñoâng, laøm giaûm vi keõ, töông
hôïp sinh hoïc raát toát, ñoä beàn vaø söï oån ñònh laâu daøi.
MOÄT SOÁ SAÛN PHAÅM GIC THÖÔNG MAÏI
Xi maêng gaén (type I)
i)Loaïi coå ñieån:
Ketac-Cem Aplicap (3M ESPE).
GC Fuji I (GC America).
GlasIonomer Cement CX-Plus (Shofu).
Vivaglass Cem PL (Ivoclar Vivadent).
ii) Loaïi ñöôïc taêng cöôøng nhöïa/ GI lai:
RelyX Luting, RelyX Luting Plus (3M ESPE).
GC Fuji Plus, GC Fuji Cem, Fuji Ortho LC vaø Fuji Orth Self-Cure (GC America).
Advance (Caulk /Dentsply).
ProTec Cem (Ivoclar Vivadent).
Xi maêng traùm (type II):
i) Loaïi coå ñieån:
Ketac-Fil Plus Aplicap (3M ESPE).
GC Fuji II (GC America).
GlasIonomer Cement type II (Shofu).
ii) Loaïi ñöôïc taêng cöôøng nhöïa:
Ketac Nano, Photac Fil Quick Aplicap, Vitremer Tri-Cure GI System (3M ESPE).
GC Fuji II LC, Fuji Filling LC, Equia, Equia Forte (GC America).
iii) Loaïi ñöôïc gia coá kim loaïi:
Miracle Mix (GC America).
Chelon-Silver, Ketac-Silver (3M ESPE).
ChemFil Rock (Dentsply Sirona): GI ñöôïc gia coá keõm.
iv) Loaïi coù “ñoä nhôùt cao”, “ñoä beàn cao”, “neùn”:
GC Fuji IX (GC America).
Ketac-Molar (3M ESPE).
v) VL taùi taïo cuøi:
Vitremer Core Build-up/Restorative (3M ESPE).
Fuji II LC Core (GC America).
CoreShade (Shofu).
Xi maêng loùt ñaùy/traùm neàn (type III):
25. 25
i) Loaïi coå ñieån:
Ketac Bond (3M ESPE).
Lining Cement (GC America).
GlasIonomer Base Cement (Shofu).
ii) Loaïi ñöôïc taêng cöôøng nhöïa:
Vitrebond, Vitrebond Plus (3M ESPE).
GC Fuji Bond LC vaø GC Fuji Lining LC (GC America).
VII. ÖÙNG DUÏNG LAÂM SAØNG
GICs laø VL phuïc hoài tröïc tieáp linh hoaït nhaát vôùi nhieàu chæ ñònh laâm saøng, ñaëc bieät laø trong
nha khoa xaâm laán toái thieåu do caùc tính chaát hoùa hoïc, cô hoïc vaø sinh hoïc cuûa noù. GIs duøng
trong nha khoa phuïc hoài coù theå ñöôïc phaân loaïi thaønh 3 nhoùm chính theo öùng duïng laâm saøng:
traùm, gaén, loùt. [46]
Caùc öùng duïng laâm saøng cuûa GIC: [37]
Traùm xoang V.
Traùm taïm trong thôøi gian daøi ñeå kieåm soaùt saâu R.
Loaïi boû nhöõng vuøng leïm treân cuøi R vaø xoang söûa soaïn cho onlay.
VL neàn thay theá ngaø döôùi mieáng traùm amalgam, composite, phuïc hình söù, kim loaïi tröïc
tieáp vaø giaùn tieáp.
Taùi taïo cuøi khi R coøn ít nhaát 50% caáu truùc hoaëc coøn ít nhaát 3 vaùch sau khi söûa soaïn.
Traùm caùc R coái söõa.
Traùm taïm xoang môû tuûy.
Traùm taïm ôû R tröôùc/sau.
Gaén khaâu chænh nha.
Gaén maéc caøi chænh nha.
Traùm R ôû nhöõng vuøng khoâng chòu löïc.
Söûa chöõa bôø maõo R do saâu R döôùi nöôùu.
Söûa chöõa thuûng chaân R trong noäi nha.
Söûa chöõa ngoaïi tieâu chaân R.
Traùm R khoâng sang chaán (ART).
Löu yù ñoái vôùi xi maêng loùt ñaùy, traùm neàn (type III):[4]
Xi maêng loùt ñaùy (cavity liner) ñöôïc söû duïng chuû yeáu ñeå baûo veä tuûy traùnh khoûi nhöõng thay ñoåi
veà nhieät ñoä, baèng caùch traùm bít caùc oáng ngaø naèm saâu, bò loä trong quaù trình loaïi boû saâu R.
Liner laø VL ñöôïc söû duïng ôû ñoä daøy ≤ 0.5mm döôùi mieáng traùm amalgam hay composite. Tæ leä
boät:chaát loûng = 1.5 : 1. Chæ ñònh: GI liner ñöôïc khuyeán caùo khi vieäc loaïi boû moâ R saâu daãn ñeán
ñoä daøy ngaø coøn laïi < 2 mm.
Xi maêng traùm neàn (base) ñöôïc söû duïng laøm VL thay theá ngaø. Theo Mount, toaøn boä xoang
neân ñöôïc traùm vôùi GIC sau ñoù maøi bôùt ñeå taïo xoang cho amalgam /composite.
Kyõ thuaät Sandwich:
Kyõ thuaät traùm nhieàu lôùp duøng GIC ñeå thay theá ngaø vaø composite ñeå thay theá men. Kyõ thuaät
naøy keát hôïp nhöõng thuoäc tính thuaän lôïi nhaát cuûa 2 VL nhö choáng saâu R, daùn dính hoùa hoïc vôùi
26. 26
ngaø, phoùng thích fluoride vaø taùi khoaùng, söï hoaøn taát beà maët, ñoä beàn vaø thaåm myõ toát hôn cuûa
composite. Ngoaøi ra, nhöïa composite cuõng lieân keát vi cô hoïc vôùi GIC ñaõ ñoâng vaø lieân keát hoùa
hoïc vôùi HEMA trong RMGIC. RMGIC hoaëc GIC ñoä nhôùt cao coù theå ñöôïc söû duïng tuøy thuoäc
vaøo löïc cô hoïc seõ taùc duïng leân mieáng traùm (xoang II) vaø yeâu caàu thaåm myõ.
Hình 13: Kyõ thuaät sandwich ñoùng: ngaø R bò maát trong xoang II ñöôïc thay theá baèng RMGIC
hoaëc GIC ñoä nhôùt cao. Composite ñöôïc duøng ñeå thay theá men vaø traùm kín caùc gôø men xung
quanh xoang.
Hình 14: Kyõ thuaät sandwich môû aùp duïng ôû xoang II khoâng coù men ôû ñöôøng vieàn coå. GIC
ñöôïc söû duïng thay vì composite ñeå phuïc hoài vuøng coå cuûa xoang taïo ra söï ñeà khaùng toái öu ñoái
vôùi vi keõ vaø saâu taùi phaùt doïc theo bôø ngaø.
(Nguoàn: Ferrari M. Use of glass ionomers as bondings, linings, or bases. In, Davidson CL,
Mjor IA, eds, Advances in Glass-ionomer Cements. Quintessence Publishing, Chicago, 1999.)
GICs trong Noäi Nha [4], [38]
GICs laø VL daùn dính, coù hoaït tính sinh hoïc, chuùng coù hoaït ñoäng khaùng khuaån (phoùng thích F)
vôùi möùc ñoä töông hôïp sinh hoïc cao vôùi moâ meàm vaø xöông neân coù theå duøng laøm:
VL traùm ngöôïc oáng tuûy trong phaãu thuaät caét choùp.
Sealer bít oáng tuûy (Ketac Endo Aplicap (3M ESPE)).
Phuïc hoài buoàng tuûy.
Söûa chöõa thuûng chaân R, ngoaïi tieâu.
Ñoâi khi ñöôïc duøng ñeå söûa chöõa gaõy doïc chaân R.
GIC ñöôïc giôùi thieäu laàn ñaàu tieân trong Nha Khoa bôûi Wilson vaø Kent (1972). Töø ñoù, caùc
daïng bieán ñoåi cuûa noù ñaõ ñöôïc ra ñôøi vôùi muïc ñích laøm caûi thieän caùc tính chaát cô hoïc cuûa
noù.[39] Caùc GIC theá heä môùi vaãn giöõ ñöôïc caùc ñaëc tính mong muoán cuûa GI coå ñieån, cuï theå laø
söï phoùng thích fluoride, trao ñoåi ion, keát dính vôùi men vaø ngaø ñaõ ñöôïc xöû lyù, löïc co ôû giao
dieän thaáp.[41] Chuùng cuõng coù thôøi gian laøm vieäc daøi hôn, coù theå ñöôïc kieåm soaùt baèng nguoàn
saùng, vaø tính thaåm myõ gaàn baèng vôùi VL nhöïa.[42] Do ñoù chuùng ñöôïc chæ ñònh ñeå traùm thöôøng
qui vaø traùm taïm ôû caû R vónh vieãn laãn R söõa.
Söï lieân keát cuûa GIC vôùi moâ R laø keát quaû cuûa söï öôùt ban ñaàu (initial wetting), phaûn aùnh
tính chaát huùt nöôùc cuûa xi maêng môùi troän, sau ñoù laø söï töông taùc hoùa hoïc, cô hoïc keùo daøi taïo
thaønh moät giao dieän cöùng. GIC ñöôïc xem laø moät VL phoûng sinh hoïc (biomimetic material) do
caùc tính chaát cô hoïc töông töï ngaø cuûa noù.
27. 27
GICs coå ñieån khoâng ñöôïc khuyeán caùo ñeå traùm R vónh vieãn ôû nhöõng vuøng chòu löïc do
chuùng ñeà khaùng keùm vôùi moøn cô hoïc vaø aên moøn hoùa hoïc. RMGICs ít nhaïy caûm vôùi ñoä aåm vaø
chòu ñöôïc ñoä aåm cao hôn. GI ñöôïc gia coá keõm caûi thieän ñöôïc söï phoùng thích fluoride, laøm
taêng cöôøng söï ñeà khaùng vôùi moøn, ñoä beàn uoán vaø ñoä beàn choáng gaõy (fracture
toughness).[33],[34]
Keát luaän
1. VL GI raát höõu ích ñoái vôùi nhieàu öùng duïng laâm saøng trong nha khoa phuïc hoài.
2. VL GI cung caáp söï lieân keát laâu daøi vôùi men vaø ngaø.
3. RM-GIC laø xi maêng phoå bieán nhaát trong nha khoa phuïc hoài, noù ñöôïc chæ ñònh ñeå gaén caùc
phuïc hình kim loaïi ñuùc, söù-kim loaïi vaø zirconia.
4. RM-GIC liners laø VL loùt tuyeät vôøi, ñöôïc söû duïng vôùi ñoä daøy khoâng quaù 0.5 mm.
5. RM-GIC liners neân ñöôïc chæ ñònh khi ñoä daøy ngaø coøn laïi laø 2 mm so vôùi tuûy.
6. RM-GIC loaïi traùm thích hôïp ñeå traùm saâu chaân R vaø sang thöông coå R khoâng phaûi saâu.
7. GI ñöôïc gia coá (Reinforced GI) nhö Miracle Mix, Ketac Silver, ChemFil Rock, Ketac
Molar, Fuji IX, Equia vaø Equia Forte khoâng neân ñöôïc söû duïng ñeå taùi taïo cuøi do tính chaát cô
hoïc keùm hôn amalgam vaø composite.
8. VL GI khoâng cung caáp söï baûo veä khoûi saâu taùi phaùt vôùi söï phoùng thích fluoride voán coù cuûa
chuùng.
9. GI vaø RM-GIC coù theå cung caáp söï baûo veä khoûi saâu taùi phaùt do khaû naêng hoaït ñoäng nhö
moät nguoàn chöùa fuoride cuûa chuùng. Ñeå coù ñöôïc ñieàu naøy, chuùng phaûi ñöôïc tieáp xuùc thöôøng
xuyeân vôùi fluoride taïi choã töø kem ñaùnh R, gels, nöôùc suùc mieäng, ...
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Ñoä daøy maøng (Film Thickness)
Xi maêng môùi troän ñöôïc ñaët giöõa 2 maët phaúng nhìn thaáy vaø ñöôïc taùc duïng moät löïc doïc 150N
trong 10 giaây tröôùc khi keát thuùc thôøi gian laøm vieäc. Sau ñoù ít nhaát 10 phuùt, ñoä daøy maøng giöõa
2 maët phaúng ñöôïc ño. Maøng phaûi lieân tuïc, vaø khoâng coù khoaûng troáng naøo toàn taïi xuyeân suoát
toaøn boä maøng.
Ñoái vôùi VL gaén: ñoä daøy maøng toái ña cho pheùp laø 25 μm; moät giaù trò nhoû cuûa ñoä daøy maøng
ñöôïc öa thích hôn vì xi maêng dö coù theå bò eùp ra deã daøng hôn. Kích thöôùc haït vaø tæ leä boät:chaát
loûng coù aûnh höôûng ñaùng keå ñeán ñoä daøy maøng.
Ñoái vôùi VL traùm (traùm taïm vaø traùm vónh vieãn), ñoä daøy maøng toái ña ñieån hình laø khoaûng 40
μm. Ñeå so saùnh, ñöôøng kính cuûa toùc ngöôøi laø khoaûng 40- 80 μm.
Ñoä daøy maøng cuõng ñeà caäp ñeán ñoä daøy cuûa xi maêng naèm giöõa phuïc hình (maõo, inlay, onlay,
veneer) vaø caáu truùc R. Ñoä daøy maøng coù vai troø quan troïng trong söï löu giöõ phuïc hình.
Ñoä daøy maøng thay ñoåi vôùi (1) ñoä lôùn cuûa löïc luùc gaén phuïc hình, (2) caùch aùp duïng löïc leân
phuïc hình luùc gaén, (3) hình daïng cuûa phuïc hình gaây caûn trôû hay taïo thuaän lôïi cho söï chaûy cuûa
xi maêng, vaø (4) söï khít saùt cuûa phuïc hình vôùi R ñöôïc söûa soaïn.
Giaù trò ñoä daøy maøng ñöôïc baùo caùo trong y vaên laø trong khoaûng 25 -150 μm.