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他能看到
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為什麼
他能看到
你沒看到的?
Ch 10 有必要資訊仍無法獲得洞見的原因 by Jeff WuCh 10 有必要資訊仍無法獲得洞見的原因 by Jeff Wu
HPX-進擊的PM
會給你惹麻煩的不是無知;
而是你深信不移卻非事實的概念。
1. 錯失洞見原因
● 有瑕疵的信念
● 欠缺經驗
● 被動的態度
● 具體的推理模式
2. 菜鳥萬歲
目次
120案例中的30例對比雙胞胎
創造性絕境
矛盾
連結
錯失洞見形成機會原因
獲得洞見
逃離瑕疵信念的巢臼
經驗
主動的態度
活潑的推理
沒有洞見
受制於瑕疵信念
欠缺經驗
被動的態度
具體的推理
逃離瑕疵信念的巢臼受制於瑕疵信念
有瑕疵的信念 21 /30
接收新資料排拒新資料
推斷和測試緊握瑕疵信念
1
約翰史諾
查德威
法爾
逃離瑕疵信念的巢臼受制於瑕疵信念
古巴飛彈危機, 1962
憑資料判斷理性領導人不致挑釁
中情局長首席分析師
以埃贖罪日戰爭, 1973
客觀看待資料忽略/打發/扭曲證據
情報分析員軍情局長
客觀看待資料
逃離瑕疵信念的巢臼受制於瑕疵信念
逃離瑕疵信念的巢臼受制於瑕疵信念
理論 vs 資料
仰賴瑕疵信念,
無論是理論或資
料,都可能錯失
洞見。
貝瑞馬修
沃特瑞德
大衛查爾敦
獲得洞見錯失洞見
思考中心信念,繫住理解的錨
質疑資料蒐集方法可靠性
尋找資料不切題原因
掌握一個可能的汙染因子
作出微小/表面改變
經驗欠缺經驗
欠缺經驗 17 /30 , 80/120
運用知識調整注意力不具備獲得動見的經驗
2
馬丁查爾菲
主動的態度被動的態度
被動的態度 21 /30
樂於接受意外可能性未主動察看新發展/機會
3
活潑的推理具體的推理
具體的推理模式 14 /30
拿構想玩雜耍無耐心思索
50/50
mix
4
笨鳥慢飛? 喔不,接下來是菜鳥萬歲
錯誤
洞見
智慧?
找出不一致
有瑕疵的信念 21 /30
欠缺經驗 17 /30
被動的態度 21 /30
具體的推理模式 14 /30
兩項以上 24 /30兩項以上 24 /30
Alfred
Hersey
Rosalind
Franklin
Erwin
Chargaff
Max
Perutz
Linus
Pauling
Salvador
Luria
Mark
Delbruck
Oswald
Avery
Maurice
Wilkins
Linus
Pauling
Rosalind
Franklin
Maurice
Wilkins
Photo 51
DNA 結構 螺旋
螺旋多少股 兩股,雙螺旋
什麼攜帶遺傳資訊 基因中的核酸
維繫引力 氫鍵
組成因子如何排列 外〕糖-磷酸鹽骨幹;裡〕核酸
裡面怎麼配對 鹼基對
如何排列 兩個相同鏈朝反方向延伸=鏡像
基因如何複製 拉拉鏈
逃離瑕疵信念的巢臼受制於瑕疵信念
學界 vs 華生/克理克
遺傳靠DNA遺傳靠蛋白質
Max
Perutz
Salvador
Luria
Mark
Delbruck
Oswald
Avery
Alfred
Hersey
A
Oswald
Avery
Alfred
Hersey
經驗欠缺經驗
學界 vs 華生/克理克
互補經驗組合難跨領域鴻溝
遺傳學
生物化學
有機化學
遺傳學
U
A
主動的態度被動的態度
生化學家查加夫 vs 華生/克理克
探詢新發現的可能性滿足於既有研究計畫
Erwin
Chargaff
B
X光結晶學家法蘭克林vs 華生/克理克
逃離瑕疵信念的巢臼
經驗
主動的態度
活潑的推理
受制於瑕疵信念
欠缺經驗
被動的態度
具體的推理
Rosalind
Franklin
C
DNA有螺旋結構, w/c
找螺旋證據, w
螺旋鏈朝反方向進行,c
DNA沒有螺旋結構
找非螺旋證據
未發現報告弦外之音
Rosalind
Franklin
Rosalind
Franklin
缺模型塑造傳統
耐心蒐集資料
視推測幼稚, 仔細蒐集資料
考量DNA分子距離與角度
主動推測DNA複製方式
天馬行空推理, 嘗試不同構想
信念
態度
推理
運氣運氣
華生 vs 克理克
連結查加夫規則
互補配對
功能性架構
DNA鹼基配對
執著同類配對
滿足同類配對
結構性架構
螺旋
D
華生與克理克相信基因資訊由 DNA攜帶 基本信念 理解DNA架構
解謎過程中遭遇事件 策略 錨
艾佛瑞研究→細菌DNA包含細菌基因 連結 新錨→DNA帶基因
義大利那不勒斯研討會 →DAN重覆性結構 連結 W 新錨→DNA結構解碼
鮑林研究→X光衍射證實蛋白質單螺旋 連結 新錨→DNA双/三螺旋
赫希研究→噬菌粒子只有DNA進入宿主 連結 新錨→DNA扮演遺傳要角
查加夫午餐→查加夫規則AG/CT成比例 連結 C 新錨→鹼基互補配對
威金斯報告→秀Photo 51(法蘭克林)螺旋可能 連結 W 新錨→DNA螺旋結構
法蘭克林年度報告→資料點? 連結 C 新錨→螺旋鏈朝反方向進行 ?
實驗室主任警告→不得進行 創造性絕境 丟錨→孤注一擲
同事→教科書氫鍵有誤 矛盾 C 脆錨重建→鹼基配置(互補配對)
等待工廠製作砌塊時 2D圖排列把玩 巧合 W 新錨→AG/CT互補配對
1969 1954
1962
附錄
案例 章 頁 策略
菜鳥警察發現竊賊 1 21 矛盾
自然螢光檢視生命體 1 24 連結(56)
揪出龐式騙局大騙子 1 28 矛盾
發現愛滋病 1 32 巧合(70)
修車小洞見 1 35 創造性絕境
珍珠港事變 3 57 連結
青花菜與小魚餅乾 3 60 連結
達爾文進化論 3 63 連結
20世紀偉大天文發現/脈衝星 4 66 巧合
揪出阻擋進攻的防守後衛 4 74 巧合
案例 章 頁 策略
發現盤尼西林 4 76 好奇
發現X射線 4 77 好奇
發現電晶體 4 77 好奇
幽門桿菌導致胃潰瘍 4 79 巧合+矛盾
蚊子導致黃熱病 4 84 巧合+矛盾
次貸風暴察覺5案例 5 89 矛盾
水汙染傳播霍亂 5 99 矛盾
狹義相對論啟發 5 105 矛盾
逃離森林大火 6 109 創造性絕境
127小時斷手脫困 6 114 創造性絕境
案例 章 頁 策略
好時之吻(Hershey Kiss) 6 116 創造性絕境
康寧新反應槽熱傳導困擾 6 117 創造性絕境
土倫圍城 6 117 創造性絕境
2007次中量級拳王爭霸 7 127 連結+巧合
夢幻棒球 9 147 X連結
取車但Key在別車公事包內 9 150 X矛盾
案例 章 頁 策略

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為什麼他能看到你沒看到的 Chapter 10 - Seeing What Others Don’t