Energy Conversion Engineering Laboratory Manual

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ENERGY CONVERSION ENGINEERING
LABORATORY MANUAL
Sub Code: 10AEL58
2015-2016
COMPILED BY : HAREESHA N G
Asst. Professor
Dept of Aeronautical Engg
DSCE, Bangalore-78

i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.N. PARTICULARS Page No.
1 Vision and mission statement of Institution and Department ii
2 Syllabus as per University iii
3 List of Experiments in Part-A and Part-B iv
4 Course Objectives and Course Outcomes v
5 Experiment No. 1: Abel‟s Flash Point Apparatus 1
6 Experiment No. 2: Pensky Marten‟s Flash Point Apparatus 4
7 Experiment No. 3: Junkers Gas Calorimeter 7
8 Experiment No.4 : Boys Gas Calorimeter 10
9 Experiment No. 5: Redwood Viscometer 13
10 Experiment No. 6: Saybolt Viscometer 17
11 Experiment No. 7: TORSION VISCOMETER 21
12 Experiment No. 8: Port Timing Diagrm 24
13 Experiment No. 9: Valve Timing Diagram (Vtd) 26
14 Experiment No. 10: Use Of Analog Planimeter 29
15 Experiment 11: 2-Stroke Single Cylinder Air Cooled Petrol Engine 34
16 Experiment 12: 4-Stroke Single Cylinder Diesel Engine 39
17 Experiment 13:4 Stroke Petrol Engine 46
18 Experiment 14: Variable Compression Ratio, 4 Stroke Petrol Engine 52
19 Experiment 15: Multi Cylinder Petrol Engine Test Rig 58
20 Viva Questions 65

ii
DAYANANDA SAGAR INSTITUTIONS
VISION
To be a centre of excellence in education, research & training and to produce
human resource of exceptional leadership quality to serve national needs.
MISSION
To achieve our objectives in an environment that enhances creativity,
innovation and scholarly pursuits within the stated values.
DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEEERING
VISION
To develop the department as one of the finest, competitive with International
Standards in the field of Aerospace Engineering to provide human resource of
high technical caliber and excellent leadership qualities to serve the national
needs.
MISSION
To provide the best teaching, learning and research environment so as to
achieve a Centre of Excellence in Aerospace Engineering and to produce quality
and innovative, readily employable professionals with ethics and human values,
capable of adopting to the challenges of the technologically transforming world.

iii
SYLLABUS AS PER VTU
ENERGY CONVERSION LABORATORY
Subject Code : 10AEL58 IA Marks: 25
No. of Lecture Hrs/Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03
Total no. of Lecture Hrs : 42 Exam Marks: 50
PART - A
(INDIVIDUAL EXPERIMENTS)
1) Determination of Flash point and Fire point of lubricating oil using Abel Pensky and
Pensky Martins Apparatus.
2) Determination of Caloric value of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels.
3) Determination of Viscosity of lubricating oil using Redwoods, Saybolts and Torsion
Viscometers.
4) Valve, Timing/port opening diagram of an I.C. engine (4 stroke/ 2stroke).
5) Use of planimeter. 21 Hours
PART - B
(GROUP EXPERIMENTS)
Performance Tests on I.C. Engines, Calculations of IP, BP, Thermal efficiencies, SFC, FP,
heat balance sheet for
a) Four stroke Diesel Engine
b) Four stroke Petrol Engine
c) Multi-cylinder Diesel/Petrol Engine, (Morse test)
d) Two stroke Petrol Engine
e) Variable Compression Ratio I.C. Engine 21 Hours

iv
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
PART-A
1) Determination of Flash point and Fire point of diesel using Abel Pensky Apparatus
2) Determination of Flash point and Fire point of lubricating oil using Pensky Martins
Apparatus
3) Determination of Caloric value of gaseous fuel using JUNKER’S gas Calorimeter
4) Determination of Caloric value of gaseous fuel using BOYS gas Calorimeter
5) Determination of Viscosity of lubricating oil using Redwoods Viscometer
6) Determination of Viscosity of lubricating oil using Saybolts Viscometer
7) Determination of Viscosity of lubricating oil using Torsion Viscometer
8) Port opening diagram of 2 stroke petrol engine
9) Valve Timing diagram of 4 stroke Diesel Engine
10) Use of Digital/Analog Plani-meter
PART-B
11) Performance Test on Two stroke Petrol Engine. Calculations of IP, BP, Thermal
efficiencies, SFC and to prepare heat balance sheet
12) Performance Test on Four stroke Diesel Engine. Calculations of IP, BP, Thermal
efficiencies, SFC, FP and to prepare heat balance sheet.
13) Performance Test on Four stroke Petrol Engine. Calculations of IP, BP, Thermal
efficiencies, SFC and to prepare heat balance sheet
14) Performance Test on Variable Compression Ratio, 4S Petrol Engine. Calculations of
IP, BP, Thermal efficiencies, SFC, FP and to prepare heat balance sheet
15) Performance Test on Multi-cylinder Petrol Engine (Morse test). Calculations of IP, BP,
Thermal efficiencies, SFC, FP and to prepare heat balance sheet

v
ENERGY CONVERSION LABORATORY
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
1) To familiarize with the flash point, fire point, viscosity of lubricating oils and other
liquid fuels.
2) To study the behavior of lubricating oil and other liquid fuels and to plot response
curves.
3) To understand calorific value of fuels and to determine the calorific value of fuels of
different forms.
4) To study IC engine parts and opening and closing of valves/ports of an IC engine and
to draw the valve timing/port opening diagram.
5) To understand the use of planimeter and use the planimeter to measure irregular area.
6) To conduct the performance test on different IC engines and to draw performance
curves and heat balance sheet.
COURSE OUTCOMES:
After completion of this course, students will be able to:
1) Operate instruments and measurement systems to measure BP, FP , IP, AF ratio etc.
2) Write reports describing experimental setups, data collection, data analysis and data
presentation.
3) Calculate the output power and input power of an IC engine and find the efficiency of
the engine.
4) Predict flash point, fire point, viscosity of given lubricating oil and to predict the
suitable operating temperature.
5) Estimate the calorific value given fuel and compare the different fuels based on their
calorific values.

Energy Conversion Laboratory Manual (10AEL58) 2015-16
Department of Aeronautical Engineering, DSCE, Bangalore -78 1
Experiment No. 1:
ABEL’S FLASH POINT APPARATUS
AIM: To determine the flash point of kerosene by Abel‟s flash point apparatus.
APPARATUS: Abel‟s flash point apparatus, Thermometers.
THEORY:
Flash point: The flash point is the lowest temperature, to which a lubricant must be heated
before its vapor, when mixed with air, will ignite but not continue to burn.
Fire point: The fire point is the temperature at which lubricant combustion will be sustained.
The flash and fire points are useful in determining a lubricant‟s volatility and fire resistance.
The flash point can be used to determine the transportation and storage temperature
requirements for lubricants. Lubricant producers can also use the flash point to detect
potential product contamination. A lubricant exhibiting a flash point significantly lower than
normal will be suspected of contamination with a volatile product. Products with a flash point
less than 38o
C (100o
F) will usually require special precautions for safe handling. The fire
point for a lubricant is usually 8 to 10 percent above the flash point. The flash point and fire
point should not be confused with the auto-ignition temperature of a lubricant, which is the
temperature at which a lubricant will ignite spontaneously without an external ignition
source.
Outline of the methods: The sample is placed in the cup of the Abel apparatus and heated at
a prescribed rate. A small test flame is directed into the cup at regular intervals and the flash
point is taken as the lowest temperature at which application of the test flame will cause the
vapour above the sample to ignite with a distinct flash inside the cup.
DESCRIPTION:
The Abel‟s flash point apparatus is mainly used to determine the flash point of fuel oils
flashing between 22 0
C to 49 0
C. It consists of a sealed water bath with a provision of an air
chamber to hold the oil cup and circulate cold water for below ambient determination and an
external heater for above ambient determinations. The oil cup is provided with a lid and
sliding ports for the introduction of test flame. Within the oil cup a circular marking to

indicate the level of oil to be taken for the test. The whole arrangement is mounted on a
cylindrical enclosed stand.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
B
A
D
S C
T
T w
E
ABELS FLASH POINT APPARATUS
1
2
3
4
5
6
PARTS NAME
1. THERMOMETERES
2. STIRRER
3. TESTING FLUID
4. COPPER JAR
5. WATER BATH
6. ELECTRICAL COIL
Fig.1: Experimental setup of Abel’s Flash point apparatus
PROCEDURE:
1) Clean the oil cup with any solvent and wipe it dry.
2) Fill water into the water jacket to its full level and insert into the cylindrical stand.
3) Pour water into the air chamber, which surrounds the oil cup to a depth of 38 mm.
4) Pour fuel oil to be tested into the oil cup up to the circular mark and place the oil cup into
the air chamber of the water bath.
5) Close it with the lid having sliding ports.
6) Insert the water and oil thermometers in their respective holders.
7) Keep the entire set up on a heater and heat the water at a very slow rate.
8) Maintain a low flame on the wick and apply the flame to the oil surface by sliding the
port at every 20
rise in temperature of the oil under test.
9) Record the temperature at which the first flash occurs and report as flash point.
10) To determine the flash point of fuel oils below room temperature, circulate cold water in
the water bath to at least 15 0
C below the expected flash point of the fuel oil sample and
follow steps 8 & 9.

OBSERVATION AND TABULAR COLUMN
Type of oil Used:
S.N. Temperature
Observation (Yes or No)
Flash Point Fire Point
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
RESULTS:
The flash point of given oil is = o
C
The fire point of given oil is = o
C

Experiment No. 2:
PENSKY MARTEN’S FLASH POINT APPARATUS
AIM: To determine the flash point of Diesel by Pensky Marten‟s apparatus.
APPARATUS: Pensky Marten‟s apparatus, thermometers.
THEORY:
In the Pensky-Marten‟s closed cup flash point test, a brass test cup is filled with a test
specimen and fitted with a cover. The sample is heated and stirred at specified rates
depending on what it is that's being tested. An ignition source is directed into the cup at
regular intervals with simultaneous interruption of stirring until a flash that spreads
throughout the inside of the cup is seen. The corresponding temperature is its flash point.
Pensky-Martens closed cup is sealed with a lid through which the ignition source can
be introduced periodically. The vapour above the liquid is assumed to be in reasonable
equilibrium with the liquid. Closed cup testers give lower values for the flash point (typically
5-10 K) and are a better approximation to the temperature at which the vapour pressure
reaches the Lower Flammable Limit (LFL).
Outline of Method: the sample is heated in a test cup at a slow and constant rate with
continuous stirring. A small test flame is directed into the cup at regular intervals with
simultaneous interruption of stirring. The flash point is taken as the lowest temperature at
which the application of the test flame causes the vapour above the sample to ignite
momentarily.
DESCRIPTION:
This apparatus is used to determine the flash point of fuel oils and lubricating oils. Flashing
above 49 0
C. It consists of an oil cup with a circular marking for oil level indication. A lid to
cover the oil cup with sliding shutters with ports, oil stirring mechanism and dipping wick
holder, cast iron oil cup holder (air bath), electric heater with control.

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
Fig.2: Pensky Martens apparatus
PROCEDURE:
1) Install the apparatus on a table near a 230V, 50Hz, 5amps single-phase power source.
Keep the electrical heater on the table. Position the oil cup holder (air bath) on the heater.
Insert the oil cup into the bath and position it.
2) Pour oil to be tested into the oil cup up to the mark.
3) Close the lid.
4) Connect the heater to the electrical power source and heat the oil at a slow steady rate of
20
C /min with the help of the regulator. Keep stirring the oil with the stirring mechanism.
5) Maintain a small flame on the wick.
6) Introduce the flame to the oil surface by operating the circular handle, which makes the
maintained flame to dip into the oil cup by opening the shutter. This is done at every half
minute, only after the sample oil reaches 150
to 17 0
C before the expected flash point.
7) Record the temperature at which first flash occurs and report as flash point of the sample
oil.
8) To stop the experiment, switch of the heater and allow it to cool.

OBSERVATION AND TABULAR COLUMN:
Type of oil Used:
S.N. Temperature
Observation (Yes or No)
Flash Point Fire Point
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
RESULTS:
The flash point of given oil is = o
C
The fire point of given oil is = o
C

Experiment No. 3:
JUNKERS GAS CALORIMETER
AIM: To determine calorific value of gaseous fuel by Junkers gas calorimeter
APPARATUS: Junkers gas calorimeter, Gas geyser, LPG Gas
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
1
2
3
4
5
67
8 9
10
11
12
JUNKERS GAS CALORIMETER
PARTS NAME
1. THERMOMETERS
2. COOLING WATER OUTLET
3. EQUALIZING CHAMBER
4. COPPER CHIMMNEY
5. CONDENSATE
6. PRESSURE REGULATOR
7. GAS METER
8. GASEOUS FUEL THERMOMETER
9. MANOMETER
10. BURNER
11. WATER
12. COOLING WATER INLET
Fig.3: Experimental setup of junker’s gas calorimeter
DESCRIPTION:
The apparatus mainly consists of a cylindrical shell with copper coil arranged in two pass
configurations with water inlet and outlet to circulate through the copper coil, a pressure
regulator, a wet type gas flow meter & a gas Bunsen burner, temperature sensors for
measuring inlet, outlet water temperature, and for flue gas temperature, a 2000ml measuring
jar. Determination of calorific value (heat value) of combustible gases is essential to assess
the amount of heat given away by the gas while burning a known amount of gas to heat a
known amount of fluid (water) in a closed chamber.

PROCEDURE:
1. Install the equipment on a flat rigid platform near an uninterrupted continuous water
source of ½” size and a drain pipe.
2. Connect the gas source to the pressure regulator, gas flow meter and the burner
respectively in series
3. Insert the thermometer / temperature sensors, into their respective places to measure
water inlet and outlet temperatures and a thermometer to measure the flue gas
temperature at the flue gas outlet
4. Start the water flow through the calorimeter at a study constant flow rate and allow it
to drain through over flow.
5. Start the gas flow slowly and light the burner out side the calorimeter
6. Regulate the flow of gas at a steady rate to any designed flow (Volume)
7. Insert the burner into the calorimeter and allow the out let water temperature to attain
a steady state
8. Swing the out let to a 1000 ml jar and start. The stop watch simultaneously, record the
initial gas flow meter reading at the same time
9. Note down the time taken to fill 1000ml and at the same time the final gas flow
reading recorded by the gas flow meter
10. Tabulate all the reading and calculate the calorific valve of the gas under test
11. Repeat the experiment by varying the water flow rate or gas flow for different
conditions.
12. After the experiment is over stop the gas flow, water flow, and drain the water from
the calorimeter, keep the equipment clean & dry.
OBSERVATIONS:
Time taken to collect 1 liter of water = _________ sec
Volume of gas burnt Vg = ______________ liters

TABULAR COLUMN:
S.
N
Volume of
water collected
in liter (Vw)
Volume of gas
Burnt in liter
(Vg)
Water inlet
Temperature
T1
o
C
Water outlet
Temperature
T2
o
C
Change in
Temp of water
ΔT= (T2-T1)
Cv of
gas
KCal/kg
1 1
2 1
CALCULATION:
gg
www
gas
V
TCPV
CV





Where
Vg = Volume of gas burnt in liters
Vw = Volume of water collected in liter
Density of water w = 1000 Kg/m3
Density of gas g = 0.22 Kg/m3
Specific heat of water= Cpw = 1 K Cal/kg K
RESULT:
Calorific value of given gaseous fuel is = K Cal/Kg

Experiment No.4
BOYS GAS CALORIMETER
AIM: To determine the calorific value of gaseous fuel by Boy‟s Gas Calorimeter.
APPARATUS:
Gas calorimeter, gas cylinder (small), digital weighing balance, Rotameter, control valves,
pipe connections and Temperature indicator with Thermocouples (RTD).
Fig.4: Experimental setup of Boys gas calorimeter
DISCRIPTION:
This calorimeter is intended for the purpose of determining, the “Calorific Value of
Gaseous Fuel”, experimentally. The method is based on heat transfer from burning the known
quantity of gaseous fuel for heating the known quantity of water that circulates in a copper
coil heat exchanger. With the assumption that the heat absorbed by the circulating water is
equal to the heat released from the gaseous fuel, is accurate enough for calculation of
calorific value.
The gaseous fuel from the cylinder, which is kept on a weighing scale passes through
the pipe connected to the burner of the calorimeter with a control valve. Water connection
from a water source of 15-mm tap size is connected to the calorimeter through a Rotameter to
circulate through the calorimeter. Temperature measurement is made on a digital temperature
Indicator with RTD sensors located at inlet and outlet water connections.
Weight of gas burnt is directly indicated by the digital weighing scale in Kg. Amount
of water flowing through the calorimeter is indicated by the Rotameter in LPM. The Digital
temperature indicator indicates the inlet and outlet water temperature.

PROCEDURE:
1) Install the equipment near a 230V, 50Hz, 5amps, Single-phase power source (power
socket) and an un interrupted water source of 15 mm tap size.
2) Keep the gas cylinder on the weighing scale, connect the rubber tube with regulator to
gas cylinder and calorimeter. Keep the regulator closed.
3) Connect the un interrupted water source to the inlet of the Rotameter through control
valve with a suitable flexible hose and the out let to drain.
4) Switch “on” the electrical main switch as well as the digital balance switch. Now the
digital balance indicates some reading. Tare the cylinder weight to “zero”.
5) Open the gas control valve, allow water into the calorimeter by opening Rotameter
control valve, as the water starts flowing into the calorimeter ignition takes place
automatically and starts burning. Adjust the water flow rate to any desired value by
operating the Rota meter control valve and allow the calorimeter to stabilize.
6) Note down the readings indicated by the digital balance, Rota meter and temperature
indicator (inlet & outlet).
7) Repeat the experiment by changing the flow rate of water.
8) Tabulate the readings and calculate the calorific value of the gaseous fuel.
NOTE:
Density of water (ρ) = 1gm/cc
1 liter of water = 1kg of water
TABULAR COLUMN:
Sl.
No.
Water flow
Rate
Weight
of gas in Kg
Difference
w=w2-w1
inKg
Timeforw
Kg(t)in
sec
Gasflow
(Wf)Kg/sec
Water
Temperature
Calorific
Value Cv
Kgcal / kgTin
0
C
Tout
0
C
T
0
CLPM LPS Kg/sec
(Ww)
Initial
(w1)
Final
(w2)
1. 2.5
2. 2.0
3. 1.5
4. 1.0
5. 0.5

CALCULATION:
1) Water flow rate in Liters per Second (LPS) = LPM/60
2) Water flow rate in Kg/S (Ww)= LPS;Since 1 liter = 1kg of water
3) Gas flow rate in Kg/S (Wf) = Ww/t
4) Change in water temperature in o
C ΔT = Tout - Tin
5) The calorific value of gaseous fuel in K Cal/Kg
f
ww
v
W
TCpW
C


Where,
Ww = Weight of water flowing through Calorimeter in Kg/sec (1 Kg=1 lit water)
Cpw = Specific heat of water = 1 Kcal / Kg 0
C
T = Difference between water inlet and outlet temperature
Wf = Weight of Gaseous fuel burnt in Kg/sec
RESULTS:
Calorific value of given gaseous fuel is = K Cal/Kg

Experiment No. 5:
REDWOOD VISCOMETER
AIM: To determine the viscosity of diesel using redwood viscometer at different
temperatures.
APPARATUS: Redwood Viscometer, 50ml Receiving flask, thermometers and stopwatch
DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS:
Redwood viscometer Consists of a cylindrical oil cup furnished with a gauge point,
agate / metallic Orifice jet at the bottom having a concave depression from inside to facilitate
a ball with stiff wire to act as a valve to start or stop oil flow. The outer side of the orifice jet
is convex, so that the oil under test does not creep over the lower face of the oil cup. The oil
cup is surrounded by a water bath with a circular electrical immersion heater and a stirring
device. Two thermometers are provided to measure water bath temp. & oil temperature under
test. A round flat-bottomed flask of 50ml marking, to measure 50 ml of oil flow against time.
The water bath with oil cup is supported on a tripod stand with leveling screws.
PROCEDURE:
1) Clean the oil cup with a solvent preferably C.T.C (Carbon Tetra chloride) and wipe it dry
thoroughly with a paper napkins or a soft cloth (do not use cotton waste) and the orifice
jet with a fine thread.
2) Keep the water bath with oil cup on the tripod stand and level it.
3) Pour water into the water bath up to 15 to 20mm below the top portion
4) Keep the ball (valve) in position and pour clean filtered oil sample (use strainer not
coarser than BS 100 mesh) to be tested into the oil cup up to the gauge point and cover it
with the lid.
5) Take a clean dry 50ml flask and place it under the orifice jet of the oil cup and center it.
6) Lift the ball (valve) and simultaneously start a stop watch and allow the oil into the
receiving flask.
7) Adjust the receiving flask (50ml) in such a way that the oil string coming out of the jet
strikes the neck of the flask to avoid foaming (formation of air bubbles) on the oil surface.
8) Wait till the oil level touches the 50 ml mark stop the watch and record the time in sec.
9) Repeat the experiment at different temperatures above ambient. Plot the relevant graphs

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
Fig.5: Experimental Setup of Redwood viscometer
NOTE:
For conducting experiment at different temperatures above ambient on Redwood Viscometer,
connect the heater of the water bath to a 230V, 50Hz, 5amps power source through a dimmer
stat. Heat the water to any desired temperature while continuously stirring the water with the
stirring device and occasionally the oil sample with the thermometer. Once the temperature of
the oil reaches the required temperature follow steps 6, 7 and 8.
OBSERVATIONS:
1. Type of oil used:
2. Initial Weight of the measuring jar (w1): ___________ gms

TABULATION:
S.
N
Temp. of
the oil in
0
C
Time for
collecting 50 ml.
of oil in sec (t )
Wt. of the measuring
jar (w1) + 50CC of oil
(W2) in gms
Density
of oil ρ
in kg/m3
Kinematic
Viscosity
(γ) m2
/s
Dynamic
Viscosity
(μ) N S/m2
CALCULATIONS:
1) 6
10,cos 







t
B
tAityisKinematicV  in m2
/s
A and B are instrument constants.
The value of
A = 0.264 and B = 190, when t = 40 to 85 seconds
B = 0.247 and B = 65, when t = 85 to 2000 seconds
2) Density of the given oil,
  312
10
50



ww
 in Kg/m3
3) Absolute Viscosity, µ = ν * ρ in Pa.S or N S/m2
Note: 1 centistoke = 1x10-6
m2
/s; 1 stoke = 1cm2
/sec (Kinematic Viscosity)
1 poise = 0.1N S/m2
(Pa. S) (Absolute viscosity)
Plot the following graphs
Temp
Abs
Visc
Temp
Kine
Visc

RESULTS:
1) Mass density of given oil is _________________Kg/m3
2) Kinematic viscosity of given oil is _____________ m2
/S
3) Absolute viscosity of given oil is _______________ N S/m2
CONCLUSION:
Kinematic and absolute viscosities were determined and relevant graphs were drawn.
Viscosity varies with temperature and has negative exponential trend.

Experiment No. 6:
SAYBOLT VISCOMETER
AIM: To determine viscosity of the given oil using Say Bolt Viscometer at different
temperatures expressed in terms of Saybolt seconds.
APPARATUS: Say Bolt Viscometer, 60ml receiving flask, thermometers & stopwatch.
SAYBOLT VISCOMETER
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
PARTS NAME
1. THERMOMETERES
2. TEMPERATURE REGULATOR
3. CONTROL BOX
4. HEAT
5. STIRRER
6. WATER BATH
7. OIL BEING TESTED
Fig. 6: Experimental Setup of Saybolt viscometer
DESCRIPTION:
The apparatus mainly consists of a standard cylindrical oil cup surrounded with a
water bath with an immersion heater and a stirring device. The apparatus is supplied with two
S.S. Orifice jets namely Universal jet & Furol jet, which can be fitted at the bottom of the oil
cup as per our requirement. A rubber cork stopper arrangement is provided also at the bottom
to facilitate start and stop the oil flow from the Viscometer. Two thermometers are provided
to measure water bath temperature and oil temperature under test. A round flat-bottomed
flask with a 60-ml marking on the neck is provided to measure 60 ml of oil flow against time.
The oil cup with the water bath is supported on a stand with levelly screws.

PROCEDURE:
1. Clean the oil cup with a solvent preferably C.T.C (Carbon Tetra chloride) and wipe it
dry thoroughly with a paper napkins or a soft cloth (do not use cotton waste) and the
orifice jet with a fine thread.
2. Keep the water bath with oil cup on the tripod stand and level it.
3. Pour water into the water bath up to 15 to 20mm below the top portion.
4. Close the Orifice opening from bottom with the rubber cork provided. Pour oil to be
tested into the strainer by keeping the strainer on the oil cup until the oil fills up in the
oil cup as well as in side well. Withdraw the excess oil in the side well and position the
thermometers in water bath and oil cup.
5. Take a clean dry 60ml flask and place it under the orifice jet of the oil cup and center
it.
6. Pull the rubber cork open and simultaneously start a stopwatch and allow the oil into
the receiving flask.
7. Adjust the receiving flask (60ml) in such a way that the oil string coming out of the jet
strikes the neck of the flask to avoid foaming (formation of air bubbles) on the oil
surface.
8. Wait till the oil level touches the 60 ml mark, stop the watch and record the time in sec.
9. Repeat the experiment at different temperatures above ambient.
10. Use specific nozzle suitable for lubricant or oil.
NOTE:
For conducting experiment at different temperatures above ambient on Saybolt
Viscometer, connect the heater of the water bath to a 230V, 50Hz, 5amps power source
through a dimmer stat. Heat the water to any desired temperature while continuously stirring
the water with the stirring device and occasionally the oil sample with the thermometer. Once
the temperature of the oil reaches the required temperature follow steps 6, 7 and 8.
OBSERVATIONS:
Type of oil used: ___________________
Initial Weight of the measuring jar (W1): ___________ gms

TABULAR COLUMN:
S.N Temp. of
the oil in
0
C
Time for
collecting 60CC
of oil in sec (t)
Wt. of the measuring
jar (W1) + 60CC of oil
(W2) in gms
Density of
oil ρ in
kg/m3
Kinematic
Viscosity γ
m2
/s
Dynamic
Viscosity μ in
N S/m2
1
2
3
4
5
CALCULATIONS:
1) 6
10,cos 







t
B
tAityisKinematicV  in m2
/s
A and B are instrument constants.
The value of
A = 0.264 and B = 190, when t = 40 to 85 seconds
B = 0.247 and B = 65, when t = 85 to 2000 seconds
2) Density of the given oil,
  312
10
60



ww
 in Kg/m3
3) Absolute Viscosity, µ = ν * ρ in Pa.S or N S/m2
Note: 1 centistoke = 1x10-6
m2
/s; 1 stoke = 1cm2
/sec (Kinematic Viscosity)
2 poise = 0.1N S/m2
(Pa. S) (Absolute viscosity)
Plot the following graphs
Temp
Abs
Visc
Temp
Kine
Visc

RESULTS:
4) Mass density of given oil is _________________Kg/m3
5) Kinematic viscosity of given oil is _____________ m2
/S
6) Absolute viscosity of given oil is _______________ N S/m2
CONCLUSION:
Kinematic and absolute viscosities were determined and relevant graphs were drawn.
Viscosity varies with temperature and has negative exponential trend.

Experiment No. 7:
TORSION VISCOMETER
AIM: To determine the viscosity of given oil using torsion viscometer
APPARATUS: Torsion Viscometer, sample oil & thermometer
DESCRIPTION:
The torsion viscometer consists of a flywheel with a pointer suspended in horizontal position
by means of a torsion wire. The wire is fixed to the torsion head at the top. Adopters are used
to adjust the length of the wire. Surrounding the flywheel, there is a circular scale graduated
in degrees. A Cylinder is attached to the flywheel. The instrument is supported on a tripod
with leveling screws.
The apparatus consists of a device to hold a solid cylinder and a flywheel by means of
a Torsion wire with end connectors. A release pin is provided to hold the flywheel in
horizontal position. The flywheel is, surrounded by a graduated scale in degrees (0
0
to 360
0
).
A pointer is attached to the flywheel to indicate the angular movement of the flywheel. Oil
cup to hold the oil under test;
PROCEDURE:
1) Install the apparatus on a plain flat table and level it with leveling screws.
2) Insert the torsion wire with end connectors into the tube vertically downwards with the
top end connector of the wire fixed to a stationary head
3) Insert the bottom end connector of the wire into the top portion of the flywheel and
secure it.
4) Fix the solid cylinder to the bottom portion of the flywheel.
5) Pour clean filtered oil to be tested into the oil cup up to about 5mm to 10mm below the
top of the oil cup and place it on the platform provided and properly position it.
6) Slightly lift the top stationery head so that the flywheel along with torsion wire is free to
rotate horizontally and position the pointer of the flywheel exactly in front of the release
pin.

7) Adjust the pointer of the flywheel to zero degree by turning the stationary head either
way with absolutely no torsion in the wire and tighten the stationary head.
8) Lift the oil cup along with the platform in such a way that, the solid cylinder under the
flywheel completely immersed in the oil under test.
9) Manually give one full rotation to the flywheel (00
to 00
) and secure it in the release pin.
10) Now the apparatus is ready for the test
11) Slowly pull the release pin back without disturbing the set up.
12) The flywheel starts rotating and completes one full rotation (00
to 00
) and moves
beyond zero purely by virtue of its momentum. This angler movement beyond zero
(over swing) is recorded and the viscosity of the oil under test in Redwood seconds is
obtained from the graph provided.
13) To conduct the experiment above ambient, the oil is heated in a separate container to
above 50
C to 70
C beyond the desired oil temperature and follow steps 5 to l2
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
TORSION VISCOMETER
PARTS NAME
1. TORSION HEAD
2. TORSION WIRE
3. POINTER
4. OIL
5. OIL CUP
6. CYLINDER
7. LEVEL SCREW
8. RELEASE PIN
9. GRADUATED SCALE
10. FLY WHEEL
Fig.7: Experimental setup of Torsion viscometer

OBSERVATIONS:
Type of oil used: ___________________
TABULATION:
S.N Temp.
of the
oil in
0
C
Angular
rotation on
the disk in
degrees
Corresponding
redwoods
seconds from
graph
GRAPH:
Plot the graph of temperature verses redwood seconds
RESULTS:
Kinematic viscosity of given oil in terms of redwood seconds is ____________

Experiment No. 8:
PORT TIMING DIAGRM
(Cut section petrol engine)
AIM: To draw port timing diagram for a given 2stroke petrol engine.
APPARATUS: Cut section of 2 stroke petrol engine
THEORY:
In this type of engines, ports which take charge of air and fuel mixture and removes exhaust
from the cylinder itself, by virtue of position of piston. When piston moves inside the
cylinder it closes & opens ports. In two stroke engines one revolution of crank shaft
completes one cycle.
Figure shows the timing diagram for a two-stroke cycle engine. It consists of a circle upon
which are marked the angular positions of the various cycle events. The diagram is for a
vertical engine; for a horizontal engine the diagram would appear on its side. With the two-
stroke cycle the inlet and exhaust ports open and close at equal angles on either side of the
BDC position. This is because the piston in this type of engine is also the inlet and exhaust
valve, so port opening and closing will occur at equal angles on either side of the dead centre
position. Angles shown are representative only.
Fig.8: Cut section of two stroke Petrol engine
INLET PORT: Through which mixture of fuel and air enters the crank casing.
EXHAUST PORT: Through which the burnet (exhaust) gas exits
TRANFER PORT: Through which air and fuel mixture enters the cylinder head

Fig.9: Typical Port Timing diagram of 2 Stroke petrol Engine
PROCEDURE:
1. Fix a reference pointer on the body of the engine near the flywheel, Identify the ports.
2. Find out the direction of rotation of the crank shaft.
3. Mark the TDC position and BDC position on the flywheel.
4. Mark the opening and closings of the inlet, Exhaust and Transfer ports.
5. Using the protractor fixed on the flywheel, find out the angular position of the piston
6. Name the events IPO , IPC, EPO, EPC.
OBSERVATION & RESULTS:
SI.
No.
Event
Position of
the crank
Angular position from the
nearest dead center
1 IPO
2 IPC
3 EPO
4 EPC
Where
IPO = Inlet Port Open IPC = Inlet port close
EPO = Exhaust port Open EPC = Exhaust Post Close
RESULT: Draw the port timing diagram neatly on a graph sheet.

Experiment No. 9:
VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM (VTD)
(4 stroke diesel engine)
AIM: To draw valve timing diagram for given engine and calculate different periods.
APPARATUS: Cut section of 4 stroke Diesel engine
THEORY:
In a four stroke engine opening and closing of valves and fuel injection do not take place
exactly at the end of dead centre positions. The valves open slightly earlier and close after
that respective dead centre position .The fuel injection also occurs prior to the full
compression ie before the piston reaches the dead centre position. Both the valve operates at
some degree on either side in terms of crank angle from dead centre position. When an intake
valve opens before top dead center and the exhaust valve opens before bottom dead center, it
is called lead. When an intake valve closes after bottom dead center, and the exhaust valve
closes after top dead center, it is called lag. On the exhaust stroke, the intake and exhaust
valve are open at the same time for a few degrees around top dead center. This is called valve
overlap.
Fig.10: 4-stroke gasoline engines
C – crankshaft.
E – exhaust camshaft.
I – inlet camshaft.
P – piston.
R – connecting rod.
S – spark plug.
V – valves. red: exhaust, blue: intake.
W – cooling water jacket.

Fig.11: Theoretical VTD
(4S Otto cycle engine)
Fig.12: Actual VTD
(4S Otto cycle engine)
Fig.13: Actual VTD ( 4S Diesel engine)
PROCEDURE:
1. Rotate flywheel freely by hand, fix a reference point on the body of the engine near
the flywheel
2. Now while rotating, observe piston at TDC (Top dead centre) and mark with chalk on
flywheel with reference to the point
3. Similarly by rotating, mark the position of bottom dead center (BDC). It is to be
observed that it takes to rotation of flywheel to complete one cycle of operation.
(one cycle is suction , compression, power & exhaust strokes)
4. Now identify inlet and exhaust valves.
5. Find out direction of rotation of flywheel (crank shaft)
6. Bring flywheel to TDC position (pointer).

7. Go on rotating flywheel slowly and observe position (functioning) of both the valves.
8. Now observe when inlet valves opens mark it on flywheel (inlet valve open – (IVO)
9. Slowly rotate flywheel, and observe when inlet valve closes –( IVC.)
10. Rotate further observe when exhaust valve opens (EVO )
11. Rotate further & observe when exhaust valve closes (EVC).
12. Using the protractor fixed on the flywheel, find out the angular position of the piston
13. Name the events IVO, IVC, EVO, EVC,
14. Then draw spiral diagram with data in marking on flywheel.
TABULAR COLUMN:
S.No Event Position of
Crank
Actual Angular position
of the crank wrt nearest
dead center
1 IVO
2 IVO
3 FIVO
4 FIVC
5 EVO
6 EVC
Position of crank:
BTDC – Before top dead centre ABDC – After bottom dead centre
BBDC – Before bottom dead centre ATDC – After top dead centre
FIVO – Fuel Injection Valve open FIVC – Fuel Injection Valve close
RESULT: Plot the Valve Timing Diagram on graph sheet and show Angle of overlap
Angle of overlap =

Experiment No. 10:
USE OF ANALOG PLANIMETER
AIM: To determine the area of the regular and irregular plane surfaces and to calculate
Percentage error in the measurement.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Digital or Analog planimeter, drawing board with sheet, scale,
etc.
THEORY:
For regular surface area can be obtained by calculation, but for irregular surface it is very
difficult to calculate area, which can be obtained by integrating the area. The integration of
the area is complicated, to overcome this difficulty; a mechanical device called planimeter is
used. Planimeter is a form of integrator which converts graphical area into numerical values.
planimeter consists of two arms hinged at a point. One arm is a pivot arm and the other arm is
the tracing arm. The tracing arm is moved along the boundary of the plane area whose area is
to be determined. The planimeter mainly consists of: 1. Tracing arm with main scale, vernier
scale, Rotating disc and rotating drum with vernier scale. 2. Pivot arm with a ball point at
one end and a cylindrical weight with pin at the other end. 3. Magnifying lens.
Fig.14: Analog Planimeter

PROCEDURE:
1. Keep the drawing board on a plain table.
2. Fix the drawing sheet containing the regular or irregular shape of drawing (With the help
of drawing board pins.) of which the surface area is to be determined.
3. Take out the Planimeter (Tracing arm and pivot arm) from the box and place it on the
drawing board.
4. Set the main scale of the tracing arm to the specified set point with the vernier scale
“zero” coincide with the main scale setting (use magnifying lens if required)
5. Place the tracing arm horizontally with the tracing point on the periphery of the drawing
whose surface area to be determined.
6. Fix the pivot arm approximately perpendicular to the tracing arm, by inserting the ball
point into its appropriate position on the tracing arm and press the pin on the other side of
the pivot arm against the board in position.
7. Roughly move the tracing arm along the periphery of the drawing in clock wise direction
to ascertain free and easy movement of the tracing arm and bring back to the starting
point.
8. Now carefully rotate the scale drum manually by thumb so that rotating disc indicates
“zero”, and the “zero” of the drum scale coincide with “zero” of the its Vernier scale
“zero” .
9. Ascertain that the tracing point is on the periphery of the drawing
10. Now slowly move the tracing pin along the periphery of the drawing in clock wise
direction without miss lifting the tracing pin or moving away from the line of the
drawing and come back to the starting point.
11. Carefully record the reading indicated by the rotating disc as well as the drum scale with
the vernier scale and declare the area in appropriate units.

TABULATION:
S.N Shape of the
figure
Actual area
(Cm2
)
Measured
area
(Cm2
)
%
Error
1
40
40
2
40
35
3
R 20
4
---
100
areaActual
area)Measured-area(Actual
errorPercentage 
RESULT: Area of the irregular surface is ____________ cm2

SECTIONISED AUTOMOBILE MPFI ENGINE MODEL
(only Demonstration)
AIM: To demonstrate the working of an Automobile 4 cylinder, 4 stroke, inline, water
cooled MPFI maruti engine
DESCRIPTION:
The model of sectioned engine assembly of Maruti is been made out of original
Maruti MPFI engine assembly for demonstration. The Maruti engine assembly is: In line,
Four cylinder, 4 stroke petrol engine with 1000 cc cylinder capacity. The Engine is fitted
here with maximum parts and accessories of the engine like four cylinders, the cylinder
block, Cylinder heads, valve ports, piston, Connecting rod, inlet and Exhaust manifolds,
Water pump, oil pump, oil sump, Alternator, Ignition coil, oxygen sensor, coolant sensor,
Temperature sensor, cmp sensor etc to clearly demonstrate the internal constructional details .
The entire system will be suitably painted with different colors ( duco paint), all the
hardwares and gears will be electroplated. Different colour codes are been provided for
different parts and accessories for easy identification. The colour code is as listed below.
1. The colour for Air is Blue (suction)
2. The colour for Exhaust smoke is P.O Red
3. The colour for Oil sump is Yellow
4. The colour for water pump is light Blue
5. The colour for Cut portion is Signal Red
The engine assembly is coupled to a reduction gear unit through the flywheel of the engine
assembly, which is then coupled to a single phase AC motor, so that by running the electric
motor the entire function of the engine can be easily observed.

Fig.15: Cut section of a 4 stroke, 4 cylinder engine
OPERATION:
1. The plug has to be connected to a 15 amps 230V AC socket
2. Once the engine model is switched ON, the movement of the pistons, opening of the
valves, rotation of the water pump, oil pump etc can be observed. So that the working
of the different parts and accessories can be demonstrated.
CAUTION:
1. Keep hands off the engine model while it is running as all the moving parts are cut
exposed and the risk of getting hurt is more
2. Use Teaching sticks to demonstrate while the model is switched ON and running.

Experiment 11:
2-STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER AIR COOLED PETROL ENGINE
AIM: To conduct performance test on 2 stroke, single cylinder petrol engine and to draw the
Heat balance sheet.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: 2 stroke, single cylinder petrol engine test rig, Stop watch.
THEORY:
Heat engine is a device which converts heat energy into mechanical work. Engine
performance is an indication of the degree of success with which it is doing its assigned job,
i.e. the conversion of the chemical energy in to the useful work. The degree of success is
compared on the basis of 1) specific fuel consumption 2) brake mean effective pressure 3)
specific power output 4) Specific weight etc. The engine performance can be obtained by
running the engine at constant speed for variable load by adjusting the throttle.
PROCEDURE:
1. Check the petrol in the petrol tank and keep the gear lever in neutral position. Start the
engine by using kick start. Choose the top gear and set the engine speed to 650 rpm, make
it constant by using the accelerator.
2. Apply load on the engine by operating the electrical loading switches of the alternator in
steps. Use accelerator to engine speed to 650rpm, allow some time so that speed
stabilizes.
3. Keep the speed constant and note down the following:
a. Time taken for 10 cc of fuel consumption.
b. Voltmeter and ammeter readings
c. Monometer reading
d. Speed of the engine
e. Temperature of inlet air and exhaust gas
4. Repeat the experiment for different loads
5. Tabulate the readings and calculate the brake power, heat input, air-fuel ratio, specific
fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency.

6. Plot the graph Qin V/S BP, mf V/S BP , SFC V/S BP , ηbth V/S BP
1 2 3 4 5
6
7 8
9
1011
12
13
14
15 16
17
1 - Temperature Indicator
2 - Generator Current
3 - Engine Speed indicator
4- Monometer
5- Pipette
6 - Fuel Tank
7 - Temperature Channel Selector
8 - Generator Voltage
9 - Ignition On
10 - Air Tank
11 - Mains
12- Electrical Loading Switches
13- Console Switch
14- Petrol Engine
15- Coupling
16- A.C. Generator
17- Heating Coil
2 Stroke, Petrol Engine
Fig.16: Experimental setup of 2 stroke, petrol engine
SPECIFICATIONS:
Bore (D) = 57mm
Stroke (L) = 57mm
Orifice diameter (d) = 25mm
Compression ratio = 7.4 : 1
Cylinder capacity = 150CC
OBSERVATIONS:
Water density, ρw : 1000 kg/m3
Calorific value of petrol, CV : 47,500 KJ/kg
Acceleration due to gravity, g : 9.81 m/sec 2
Petrol density, ρp : 750 Kg/m3

TABULAR COLUMN:
S.N. Speed
in
RPM
Time for
10cc of
fuel supply
(t) in sec
Manometer
reading (hm)
in mm
Temperature in o
C Voltmeter
Reading
(V)
Volts
Ammeter
Reading
(I)
Ampere
Inlet air
Ta
Exhaust Air
(Tg)h1 h2 hm
1
2
3
4
5
FORMULAE USED:
secinnconsumptiofueloffor10cctakentimet
kg/m750petrolofρwhere
kg/sin
t
ρ10ccinconsumedfuel
mconsumedfueltheofMass1.
3
p
p
6
f





densityis
Therefore Total Fuel Consumed (TFC) = 6060fm in Kg/Hr
kg/minPa/RTaairofdensity
mtrsinreadingmanometerh
/4)d(orificetheofareaA
0.62C
/minmin2ghAC60intakeairofvolumeactualaVwhere
kg/mininVmsuppliedairofMass2.
3
a
a
2
o
d
3
aoda
aaa









is
g = 9.81 m/s2
air
watermanometer
a
h
h


 in meters of air
Where
ha = head of air in meters
h manometer = manometer reading in meters
ρwater = 1000Kg/m3
a
a
air
RT
p

Where air = Density of air in Kg/m3
pa = Atmospheric pressure = 1.01325 Bar = 1.01325x105
N/m2
R = Real gas constant = 287 J/Kgo
K
Ta = Room temperature

To calculate air , use the following relation
)273(287
1001325.1 5
a
air
T

 in Kg/m3
3. Brake Horse Power (BHP) =
g
IV


1000
in KW
Where,
V = Voltmeter reading
I = Ammeter reading
ηg = Efficiency of Generator = 0.75
m
m
RatioFuel-Air4
f
a

kJ/kginfueltheofvalvuecalorifictheisVC
kg/sinsuppliedfuelofmasstheismwhere
kWinVCmQinputHeat5.
f
f 
6. (SFC)nconsumptiofuelSpecific Hr-kg/kWin
BP
3600mf 

engine.theofboreandstroketheareDandLmin/4DAewher
/minminNALmeSwept voluVsupplyairlTheoratica
100
VsupplyairlTheoratica
Vsuppliedairofvolactual
efficiencyVolumetric7
22
3
th
th
act
vol





Va = Actual Volume of air supplied in m3
/min
100
QinputHeat
BP
efficiencythermalBrake8 bth 
HEAT BALANCE SHEET:
Heat input KW in % Heat Output KW in %
Heat supplied by the fuel a)Heat equivalent to BP
b) Heat carried by exhaust
gases = mg * Cpg (Tg-Ta)
mg= ma+ mf
c)Heat unaccountable
1-(a+b)
Total input Total output
Specific heat of air = Cpg = 1.005KJ/Kgo
C
ma = Mass of air supplied in Kg/s
mf = mass of fuel supplied in Kg/s

RESULT SHEET
S.N. Mass of fuel
supplied (mf)
in Kg/s
Mass of air
supplied(ma)
in Kg/s
Air-
Fuel
Ratio
BHP
in KW
SFC in
Kg/KW Hr
Heat
input
in KW
Brake
thermal
efficiency
Volumetric
efficiency
1
2
3
4
5
CONCLUSION:
Two stroke petrol engine performance was conducted and heat balance sheet worked out and
relevant graphs were drawn.

Experiment 12:
4-STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE
(Four Stroke, Single Cylinder, Water Cooled, Mechanical Loading)
AIM: To Conduct Performance Test on the given engine four stroke, single cylinder, water
cooled, mechanical loading, diesel engine and to draw the Heat balance sheet and to obtain
PV diagram at No load and Max load, and plot the performance plots
APPARATUS REQUIRED: 4 stroke, single cylinder diesel engine test rig, Stop watch,
interfacing of the engine with computer to obtain the PV diagram with pressure sensor
mounted in the cylinder.
THEORY:
Heat engine is a device which converts heat energy into mechanical work. Engine
performance is an indication of the degree of success with which it is doing its assigned job,
i.e. the conversion of the chemical energy in to the useful work.
The degree of success is compared on the basis of 1) specific fuel consumption 2) brake mean
effective pressure 3) specific power output 4) Specific weight etc. The engine performance
can be obtained by running the engine at constant speed for variable load by adjusting the
throttle. In this experiment engine is mechanically loaded and experiment is carried out. The
test rig consists of 4S diesel engine connected to rope brake dynamometer with exhaust
calorimeter. It has a provision to measure transient pressure, through a cylinder mounted
pressure sensor, having a water cooling system, to avoid over of heating pressure sensor. The
pressure signal is fed to a computer through an interface unit in the control panel for
generating pressure volume (PV) curve to evaluate work done employing a plani meter,
subsequently.
PROCEDURE:
1. Check the diesel in the diesel tank and keep the lever in neutral position.
2. Ensure the water supply to the pressure sensor, engine cooling head and exhaust
calorimeter.

4 Stroke, Diesel Engine
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1 - Manometer
3 - Pipette
4 - Fuel Tank
5 - Temperature channel selector
6 - Mains ON
7 - Console switch
8 - Air tank
9 - Engine
10 - Coupling
11 -Rope brake dynamometer
12 - Computer
Fig.17: Experimental setup of 4 stroke, Diesel Engine
3. Start the engine by operating the decompression lever and cranking the crank shaft.
4. Apply the load on the brake drum by rotating the wheel of the spring balance
5. Allow the fuel to flow through the burette.
6. Note down the
a. Time taken for 10 cc of fuel consumption.
b. The load on the engine
c. Monometer reading
d. Speed of the engine
e. Temperature of inlet air and exhaust gas
f. Water meter of the exhaust calorimeter.
7. Repeat the experiment for different loads
8. Tabulate the readings and calculate the brake power, indicated power, heat input, air-fuel
ratio, specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency,
mechanical efficiency.

9. Plot the graph Qin V/S BP, mf V/S BP, SFC V/S BP , ηith V/S BP, ηbth V/S BP
10. To obtain the PV diagram,
a) Turn on the computer, open the interfacing software.
b) Take PV diagram and Pθ diagrams individually.
c) Take the print out after taking the soft data on a pen drive, if needed.
SPECIFICATION OF THE ENGINE:
Make: Kirloskar
Rated power output: 5HP, 1500rpm
Bore: 80mm
Stroke: 110mm
Compression ratio: 16.5:1
Cylinder capacity: 553 cc
OBSERVATION:
Radius of the brake drum: 190mm
Diameter of the orifice: 15 mm
Calorific value of diesel: 43000KJ/Kg
Density of Diesel: 850Kg/m3
Orifice meter constant: 0.62
Water meter reading: __________ in Kg/s
Diameter of the rope: ___________ mm
TABULAR COLUMN:
S.
N.
Engine
Speed in
rpm
Spring Balance
reading in Kg (F)
Time taken
for 10cc of
fuel supply (t)
in seconds
Manometer
reading (hm)
Temperature readings
F1 F2 (F1˜F2) h1 h2 hm T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
1
2
3
4
5

Air inlet temperature (T1)
Engine cooling head water inlet temperature (T2)
Engine cooling head water outlet temperature (T3)
Calorimeter water outlet temperature (T4)
Exhaust gas inlet Temperature (T5)
Exhaust gas outlet temperature (T6)
FORMULAE USED:
kg/m850dieselofρwhere
kg/sin
t
3
d
d
6
f





densityis
0.6C
3
a
a
2
o
d
3
aoda
aaa









is
g = 9.81 m/s2
air
watermanometer
a
h
h


Where
ρwater = 1000Kg/m3
a
a
air
RT
p

N/m2
K
To calculate air use the following relation
)273(287
1001325.1 5
a
air
T

 in Kg/m3

RPMinrdynamometetheofspeedtheisN
metersindrumbraketheofradiusaisR
kgsinreadingbalancespringareF2&F1
Nin9.81F2)-(F1drumbrakeon theactingloadnetaFwhere
kWin
100060
)(2
(BP)powerBrake3.




is
NRF
BPV/SmgraphthefromobtainedpowerfrictionaltheisFPwhere
FPBP(IP)PowerIndicated4
f

m
m
RatioFuel-Air5
f
a

kWinVCmQinputHeat6
f
f 
7. Specific fuel consumption based on BP, SFC=
BP
3600mf 
in Kg/KW-Hr
Specific fuel consumption based on IP, SFC =
IP
3600mf 
in Kg/KW-Hr
100
th
act
vol 
/minminN/2ALmeSwept voluVsupplyairlTheoratica
22
3
th


100
IP
BP
EfficiencyMechanical9 

100
QinputHeat
BP
100
QinputHeat
IP
efficiencythermalIndicated11 ith 
RESULT SHEET:
Mass of air
supply
ma in
kg/sec
Mass of fuel
supply
mf in kg/sec
BP
in kW
Air –
Fuel
ratio
ISFC in
kg/kW-
hr
BSFC in
kg/kW-hr
Heat
input
in kW
Vol
Eff
ηvol
Mech
Eff
ηmech
Thermal
efficiency
ηith ηbth
HEAT BALANCE SHEET:
.tempgasExhaust&RoomT&T
K-kJ/kg1.005gasexhaustofheatspecific
mmkg/secinGasofrateflowmassmwhere
KWin)T-(TmGasesExhaustby thecarriedHeat4
water.ofinlet temp&letoutT&T
K-kJ/kg4.18waterheatofspecific
kg/secinrateflowmassmwhere
KWin)T-(Tmwatercoolingby thecarriedHeat3
KWnBPBPofequivalentHeat2
KWinVCmQinputHeat1
61
fag
16g
23
w
23w
f







Cpg
Cpg
Cpw
Cpw
i
5. Heat lost by frictional power = FP in KW

HEAT BALANCE SHEET:
1) By combustion of
fuel
2) Heat equivalent to BP
3) Heat carried by the
cooling water
4) Heat carried by exhaust
gases
5) Heat lost by frictional
power
6) Heat unaccountable
1-(2+3+4+5)
CONCLUSION:
1) Performance of 4 stroke, single cylinder diesel engine was carried out.
2) Heat balance sheet for the engine worked out with unaccounted heat loss.
3) PV diagram and Pressure vs crank angle diagrams were obtained.
4) Performance plots were drawn.

Experiment 13:
4 STROKE PETROL ENGINE TEST RIG
(Four Stroke, Single Cylinder, Air Cooled, with Electrical Dynamometer)
AIM: To Conduct Performance Test on the given engine, to obtain heat balance sheet and
draw performance curves
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Engine coupled to Electrical Dynamometer, Measurement and control panel, Load bank,
Temperature Sensors.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
4 Stroke, Petrol Engine
200WX10
1
2
3 4 5 6 7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
1 - Fuse
2- Temperature Channel selector
3 - Ampere meter
4 - Volt meter
5 - Manometer
6 - Burette
7 - Fuel tank
8 - Fan and Load Bank
9 - Mains
10 - RPM indicator
11- Fan and load Switches
12 - Air tank
13 - Engine start
14- Engine Stop
15 - Console Switch
16 - Petrol Engine
17 - Coupling
18 - Alternaotr
Fig.18: Experimental setup Of 4 strokes, Petrol Engine

PROCEDURE:
8. Ensure water level in the manometer to approximately half the full scale in both the
manometer limbs
9. Ensure oil level in the engine sump up to the dip stick mark, Fill required amount of fuel
(petrol) in the fuel tank
10. Check fuel line for any leakages, tighten if necessary (open all the valves in the fuel line
up to the engine inlet, do not turn the knob to “Start‟)
11. Connect the engine test rig to the 3 phase electrical source, all the three mains indicators
glow
12. Ensure the direction of rotation of the engine is as desired by momentarily pushing the
push button starter (refer arrow mark on the guard for correct direction of rotation)
13. Switch „on‟ the console switch, all the digital indicators glow and indicate respective
readings
14. Start the engine by pushing the push button starter and release after the engine gets started
15. Wait until the engine stabilizes at its rated speed (Governed engine) of 2800 to 3000 rpm
indicated on the digital rpm indicator
16. Switch „on‟ the heat dissipating fan on the load Bank. Now the engine is ready for
loading
17. Record the following readings on no load condition. Voltmeter reading, Ammeter reading
Rpm indicator reading, (not essential in this case) Manometer reading, time taken for 10
cc of fuel consumption (To record fuel consumption against time close the fuel line valve
on the right hand side of the burette and simultaneously start the stop watch and record
the time until 10 cc of fuel is consumed) and temperatures T1 & T2
18. Switch „on‟ first two switches and allow the engine to stabilize, Record all the readings
19. Continue loading the engine by switching „on‟ the load switches in pairs in steps (two
switches per step) up to full load and record all the readings at each step,, as indicated in
step
20. To stop the engine remove load by switching “off” the load switches, bring the engine to
no load condition
21. Push the engine “off” push button and hold it unit the engine completely stops
22. Close all the three fuel valves in the fuel line.

23. Tabulate all the readings obtained at each step and calculate Brake power (BP) weight of
fuel Consumed (wf), specific fuel consumption (Sfc), Brake thermal efficiency (η Bth) and
air fuel ratio (A/F)
24. Plot the graph Qin V/S BP, mf V/S BP , SFC V/S BP , ηbth V/S BP
SPECIFICATIONS:
ENGINE
Make : VILLIERS
Compression ratio : 4.67:1
Cylinder bore : 70 mm
Stroke length : 66.7 mm
Displacement : 256 CC
ALTERNATOR
Rating : 2 KVA
Speed : 2800-3000 rpm
Voltage : 220 V AC
Efficiency : 70%
Manometer : U tube, water filled, 30 cm
Air Tank : Made from MS, 300 x 300 x 300 cm
Orifice : Circular, 20 mm dia
Thermocouple : Fe- K (J type)
OBSERVATIONS:
Cylinder bore, D : 70 mm
Stroke length, L : 66.7 mm
Calorific value of petrol, CV : 47,500 Kj/kg
Specific heat of air, Cpg : 1.005KJ/Kgo
C

TABULAR COLUMN:
S.N. Speed
in
RPM
Time for
10cc of
fuel supply
(t) in sec
Manometer
reading (hm)
in mm
Temperature in o
C Voltmeter
Reading
(V)
Volts
Ammeter
Reading
(I)
Ampere
Inlet air
Ta
Exhaust Air
(Tg)h1 h2 hm
1
2
3
4
5
FORMULAE USED:
kg/sin
t
3
p
p
6
f





densityis
0.62C
3
a
a
2
o
d
3
aoda
aaa









is
g = 9.81 m/s2
air
watermanometer
a
h
h


Where
a
a
air
RT
p

N/m2
K

)273(287
1001325.1 5
a
air
T

 in Kg/m3
g
IV


1000
in KW
Where,
I = Ammeter reading
m
m
RatioFuel-Air4
f
a

kWinVCmQinputHeat5.
f
f 
6. Specific fuel consumption, SFC Hr-kg/kWin
BP
3600mf 

100
th
act
vol 
22
3
th


/min
100
QinputHeat
BP
RESULT SHEET
S.N. Mass of fuel
supplied (mf)
in Kg/s
Mass of air
supplied(ma)
in Kg/s
Air-
Fuel
Ratio
BHP
in KW
SFC in
Kg/KW Hr
Heat
input
in KW
Brake
thermal
efficiency
Volumetric
efficiency
1
2
3
4
5

HEAT BALANCE SHEET:
KWinVCmQinputHeat1
ga
fag
agg
f





Cpg
Cpg
i
HEAT BALANCE SHEET:
Heat supplied by the fuel a)Heat equivalent to BP
b) Heat carried by exhaust
gases = mg * Cpg (Tg-Ta)
mg= ma+ mf
c)Heat unaccountable
1-(a+b)
CONCLUSION:
1) Performance of 4 stroke, single cylinder diesel engine was carried out.

Experiment 14:
VARIABLE COMPRESSION RATIO, 4 STROKE PETROL
ENGINE TEST RIG
(Four Stroke, Single Cylinder, Air Cooled, With Electrical Dynamometer)
AIM: To conduct performance test on the VCR engine, to obtain heat balance sheet and
draw performance curves.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Engine coupled to Electrical Dynamometer, Measurement and control panel, Load bank,
Temperature Sensors, stop watch
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
4 Stroke, V.C.R Petrol Engine
4 5
6
10
11
12
1314 15
16 17
18 19 20
21
22 23 24
25
26
27 28
1 - Feild Voltage
3 - Motor Voltage
4 - Manometer
5 - Burette
6- Fuel tank
7 - Feild Current
8 - Temparature Indicator
9 - Motor Current
10 - Feild Control
11 - Temperature channel selector
12 - Motor control
13 -Air tank
14 - Voltmeter
15 - Ammeter
16 - Motor switch
17 - Mains
18 - Start
19 - Light
20 - Stop
21 - Intching
22 - Ignition ON
23 - Mains ON
24 - Electric Load switches
25 - Rotameter
26 - Engine
27 - Coupling
28 - Generator
1 2 3
7 8 9
Fig.19: Experimental setup Of 4 stroke, VCR Petrol Engine

PROCEDURE:
1. Ensure water level in the manometer to approximately half the full scale in both the
manometer limbs
2. Ensure oil level in the engine sump up to the dip stick mark, Fill required amount of fuel
(petrol) in the fuel tank
3. Check fuel line for any leakages, tighten if necessary (open all the valves in the fuel line
up to the engine inlet, do not turn the knob to “Start‟)
4. Connect the engine test rig to the 3 phase electrical source, all the three mains indicators
glow
5. Ensure the direction of rotation of the engine is as desired by momentarily pushing the
push button starter (refer arrow mark on the guard for correct direction of rotation)
6. Switch „on‟ the console switch, all the digital indicators glow and indicate respective
readings
7. Put the switch to motor position, turn on the ignition button, push the START button, and
slowly rotate the MOTOR CONTROL knob to start the engine, once the engine starts, bring
the MOTOR CONTROL knob to zero position and turn off the motor by pushing the STOP
button.
8. Change the switch to GENERATOR position; use the FIELD CONTROL knob to excite the
generator voltage, set the FIELD VOLTAGE to 150 volts.
9. Wait until the engine stabilizes at its rated speed (Governed engine) of 2800 to 3000 rpm
indicated on the digital rpm indicator
10. Switch „on‟ the electrical loading switches on the load Bank. Now the engine is ready for
loading
11. For every load note down the readings.
12. To stop the engine remove load by switching “off” the load switches, bring the engine to
no load condition, Push the engine “off” push button
13. Close all the fuel valves in the fuel line.
14. Tabulate all the readings obtained at each step and calculate Brake power (BP) weight of
fuel Consumed (wf), specific fuel consumption (Sfc), Brake thermal efficiency (η Bth) and
air fuel ratio (A/F).

SPECIFICATIONS:
ENGINE
Make : MK-25, Crompton Greaves
Compression ratio : Variable from 2-8:1
Cylinder bore : 70 mm
Stroke length : 66.7 mm
Displacement : 256 CC
ALTERNATOR
Rating : 3 KVA
Speed : 2800-3000 rpm
Voltage : 220 V AC
OBSERVATIONS:
Cylinder bore, D : 70 mm
Stroke length, L : 66.7 mm
TABULAR COLUMN:
Comp
Ratio
S.
N.
Spee
d in
RP
M
Time for
10cc of
fuel
supply (t)
in sec
Field
Voltage
(V)
Volts
Field
Current
(I) Amps
Manometer
reading (hm) in
mm
Temperature in o
C
T1 T2 T3 T4
T5
h1 h2 hm
1
2
3
4
T1 = Air Inlet temperature T2 = Exhaust gas calorimeter water inlet
T3 = Exhaust gas calorimeter water outlet T4 = Exhaust gas inlet
T5 = Exhaust gas outlet

MOTORING TEST
TABULAR COLUMN
S.N. Engine Speed
(N) rpm
Motor Voltage
(V) Volts
Motor Current
(I), amps
1
FORMULAE USED:
kg/sin
t
3
p
p
6
f





densityis
0.62C
3
a
a
2
o
d
3
aoda
aaa









is
g = 9.81 m/s2
air
watermanometer
a
h
h


Where
a
a
air
RT
p

N/m2
K
)273(287
1001325.1 5
a
air
T

 in Kg/m3
g
IV


1000
in KW
Where,
I = Ammeter reading

m
m
RatioFuel-Air4
f
a

kWinVCmQinputHeat5.
f
f 
BP
3600mf 

100
22
3
th
th
act
vol





/min
100
QinputHeat
BP
9. Frictional Power (FP) =
g
IV


1000
in KW
V = Voltmeter reading during motoring test
I = Ammeter reading during motoring test
ηg = Efficiency of motor = 0.75
powerfrictionaltheisFPwhere
FPBP(IP)PowerIndicated10 
100
QinputHeat
IP
efficiencythermalIndicated11 ith 
100
IP
BP
,EfficiencyMechanical12. mech 
RESULT SHEET
Mass of air
supply
ma in
kg/sec
Mass of fuel
supply
mf in kg/sec
BP
in kW
Air –
Fuel
ratio
ISFC in
kg/kW-
hr
BSFC in
kg/kW-hr
Heat
input
in kW
Vol
Eff
ηvol
Mech
Eff
ηmech
Thermal
efficiency
ηith ηbth

HEAT BALANCE SHEET:
KWin)T-(Tmwatercoolingby thecarriedHeat3
KWinVCmQinputHeat1
51
fag
15g
23
w
23w
f







Cpg
Cpg
Cpw
Cpw
i
Heat input KW in
%
Heat Output KW in
%
Heat supplied by the
fuel
a)Heat equivalent to BP
b) Heat carried away by cooling
water
c) Heat carried by exhaust gases
d) Heat equivalent of FP
e) Heat unaccountable a-(b+c+d)
CONCLUSION:
1) Performance of 4 stroke, single cylinder VCR petrol engine was carried out.

Experiment 15:
MULTI CYLINDER PETROL ENGINE TEST RIG
(MORSE TEST)
(Four Stroke, Four Cylinder Engine coupled to Eddy Current
Dynamometer)
AIM: To Conduct Performance Test, Morse Test & to draw heat balance on given multi
cylinder engine to find the overall efficiency of the engine.
INTRODUCTION:
The engine is four stroke, Four cylinder, water cooled, petrol driven automobile
Engine coupled to an eddy current dynamometer mounted on a strong base, and is complete
with air, fuel, temperature, load, and speed measurement system.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
Four Cylinder, 4 Stroke Petrol Engine
1 2
3 4 5 6
7
8
9
10 11
12 13
14
15 16
17 18
19 20 21 22
23
24
1 - Fuse
2 - Lamp
3 - Temperature indicator
4 -Temperature Dial
5 - Manometer
6 - Burette
7 - Fuel tank
8 - Console on/ff
9 - RPM Indicator
10 - Rotameter (for calorimeter)
11 - Rotameter ( For Engine cooling)
12 - Throttle
13 - Torque Control
14 - Air tank
15 - Engine cutoff
16 -Engine
17 -Coupling
18 - Eddy curent dynamometer
19 -Power light
20 - Ignition start Key
21 - Light indicator
22 - Oil Temparature
23 - Battary
24 - Engine load indicator
Fig.20: Experimental setup of 4 cylinder, 4 stroke, Petrol Engine

DESCRIPTION:
The test rig comprises of the following:
1. Four stroke, Engine coupled to Eddy current Dynamometer, with the arrangement to
cutoff the cylinder
2. Measurement and control panel
3. Temperature Sensors.
PROCEDURE:
1. Install the Engine test rig near a 230V 5A 50Hz electrical power source and an un
interrupted constant head water source.
2. Check all electrical connections, water level in manometer, and oil level in engine sump.
3. Ensure water flow into the engine jacket & exhaust gas calorimeter
4. Open both the valves of 3 way Manifold, make fuel flow to engine directly
5. Start the engine with self start key, Throttle the engine to the rated speed (2000 rpm).
6. Now take readings of manometer, temperature, Fuel consumption against time.
7. Load the engine in steps of 2Kgf up to 10Kgf (full load) keeping the speed constant by
operating the throttle knob (accelerator) suitably to maintain the speed at 2000 rpm.
8. Record the following readings at each step.
a) Manometer difference
b) Time taken in Sec for 10cc fuel consumption by closing valve on your right hand
side of the burette (line coming from fuel tank to burette) so that the fuel is drawn
from burette.
c) Load at each step as indicated on the Dial spring balance
d) Speed of the engine in rpm
e) Temperatures at different location ( T1 to T6)
SPECIFICATION:
ENGINE:
Type : Four stroke, vertical, in line, water cooled, Petrol Engine
Cylinders : Four
Starting : Self
Ignition : Spark

DYNAMOMETER
Make : Powermag
Type : Eddy current Brake
Display : Spring balance (Dial type) 25 kg capacity
Temperature Sensor : CrAl
speed Sensor : Magnetic pickup, located on the coupling shaft.
OBSERVATION:
Torque arm length (R) : 250mm
Efficiency of dynamometer (ηd) : 85%
Atmospheric pressure, pa : 1.01325 Bar = 1.01325x105
N/m2
Real gas constant, R : 287 J/Kgo
K
Cylinder head cooling water flow rate = _____________liters/min
Exhaust gas calorimeter cooling water flow rate = __________ liters/min
TABULAR COLUMN:
S.
N.
Engine
Speed in
rpm
Load
in
Kgf
Time taken for
10cc of fuel
supply (t) in
seconds
Manometer
reading (hm)
Temperature readings
h1 h2 hm T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
1 2
2 4
3 6
4 8
5 10
T1 - Water inlet, T2 - Water jacket outlet, T3 – Calorimeter water outlet
T4 - Exhaust gas inlet to calorimeter, T5 – Exhaust gas outlet from calorimeter
T6 – Air inlet temperature

CALCULATIONS:
petrolofρwhere
kg/sin
t
d
p
6
f




densityis
0.62C
3
a
a
2
o
d
3
aoda
aaa









is
g = 9.81 m/s2
air
watermanometer
a
h
h


Where
ρwater = 1000Kg/m3
a
a
air
RT
p

)273(287
1001325.1 5
a
air
T

 in Kg/m3
RPMinrdynamometetheofspeedtheisN
mminarmtoruetheofradiusaisR
Ninrdynamometeon theactingloadnettheFwhere
kWin
100060
)(2
(BP)powerBrake3.
d
is
NRF





m
m
RatioFuel-Air4
f
a

kWinVCmQinputHeat5.
f
f 
BP
3600mf 


d = Efficiency of the dynamometer = 85%
100
QinputHeat
BP
efficiencythermalBrake bth 
MORSE TEST
PROCEDURE:
1. Start the engine with the water flow into the engine jacket.
2. Load the engine to its full load (5 Kgf ) at rated rpm. (2000 rpm)
3. Cut off first cylinder, the engine speed drops, bring the engine speed to its rated speed by
decreasing the load on the engine (Do not operate the throttle knob).
4. Record the load as indicated on the load indicator. (Dial spring balance)
5. Cut off Second cylinder, while replacing the first cylinder back into working Condition
simultaneously (as the engine is a Four cylinder engine, ensure always
three cylinders are in working condition)
6. Record the load on the engine, adjust the speed if deviated from the previous cut off. by
adjusting the load only
7. Cut off the third cylinder while replacing the second one in to working Condition, follow
step 6.
8. Similarly cut „off‟ the fourth cylinder while replacing the third cylinder into working
condition, follow step 6.
TABULAR COLUMN FOR MORSE TEST
SL
No.
Cylinder
condition
Engine
speed N
(rpm)
Load W
(kgf)
Brake power
in KW
Indicated
power in KW
1. All Cyl. running
2. 1st
Cyl. cutoff
3. 2nd
Cyl. cutoff
4. 3rd
Cyl. cutoff
5. 4th
Cyl. cutoff
CALCULATIONS:
1) Total Brake power, BPT =
 
d
RWN




000,60
2
in KW ( With all cylinders running)
Where,
N = Engine speed in rpm.

W = Net load on the engine in N (W in kgf x9.81)
R = Radius of the torque arm = 250mm
d = Efficiency of the dynamometer
2) Brake power, BPi =
 
d
i RWN




000,60
2
in KW ( With ith
cylinder cutoff)
Where, i= 1, 2,3,4
Wi = load on the dynamometer to bring the speed of the engine
to rated speed with ith cylinder cutoff
d = Efficiency of the dynamometer
3) Indicated power of ith
cylinder, IPi = BPT -BPi where i= 1,2,3,4
4) Total Indicated power, IPT= (IP1+ IP2+ IP3+ IP4)
5) Frictional power, FP = IPT-BPT
T
T
IP
BP
o,yoeeficiencallOver6. 
RESULT SHEET:
Mass of air
supply
ma in kg/sec
Mass of fuel
supply
mf in kg/sec
BP
in
kW
Air –Fuel
ratio
BSFC in
kg/kW-hr
Heat
input in
kW
Thermal
efficiency
ηbth
HEAT BALANCE SHEET:
KWin)T-(Tmwatercoolingjacketby thecarriedHeat3
KWinVCmQinputHeat1
65
fag
65g
12
w
12w
f







Cpg
Cpg
Cpw
Cpw
i

5. Heat carried away by calorimeter water = KWin)T-(Tm 13w Cpw
Where T3 = Calorimeter water outlet
T1 = Inlet temperature of water
HEAT BALANCE SHEET:
Heat input KW in % Heat Output KW in
%
1) By combustion of
fuel
1) Heat equivalent to BP
2) Heat carried by the jacket cooling water
3) Heat carried by exhaust gases
4) Heat carried by calorimeter water
5) Heat lost by frictional power
6) Heat unaccountable (1-(2+3+4+5))
CONCLUSION:
1) Performance of 4 stroke, four cylinder petrol engine was carried out and evaluated IP, FP
and overall efficiency.
4) Morse test was conducted to find overall efficiency of the engine.

VIVA QUESTIONS
1) What are lubricants?
2) Define flash and fire points.
3) What is the significance of flash point and fire point measurement?
4) List the flash point and fire points of different fuels.
5) List the flash point and fire points of lubricating oils
6) Define the flash point and fire point of a lubricating oil.
7) What should be the flash point of a good lubricant?
Ans. A flash point must be at least above the temperature at which the lubricant is to be
used to avoid the risk of a fire hazard.
8) What are the factors that affect the flash and fire points?
Ans. Moisture, vapor pressure, apparatus used, frequency of application of test flame, rate
of heating the test oil, and so on.
9) What is the significance of a flash point and fire point measurement?
10) What happens to the flash point of an oil if it is contaminated with moisture?
Ans. If moisture is present in the lubricating oil, it increases the flash point because steam
prevents vapor from igniting.
11) What are lubricants?
12) What are the units of viscosity?
13) What is the effect of temperature on the viscosity of liquid and gas?
14) What is kinematic viscosity?
15) What is the unit of kinematic viscosity?
16) Mention the names of other viscometers.
17) What is viscosity? Discuss its significance for a lubricant.
18) What is kinematic viscosity?
Ans: The coefficient of viscosity bv density is called the kinematic viscosity.
19) What is the unit of kinematic viscosity?
20) Mention the names of other viscometers.
Ans: Ostwald viscometer and Saybolt viscometer.
21) What is viscosity? Discuss its significance for a lubricant.
22) Define valve timing in four stroke petrol engine?
23) What is overlapping?
24) What is inlet valve?

25) What is exhaust valve?
26) What do you mean by ignition?
27) What are the various types of ignition systems that are commonly used?
28) Describe the working principle of 2-Stroke petrol Engine?
29) Describe the working principle of 4-Stroke petrol Engine?
30) What is Suction Stroke?
31) What is compression Stroke?
32) Describe Expansion / Power Stroke?
33) Describe Exhaust Stroke?
34) What are the construction details of a four stroke petrol Engine?
35) What is the main deference in 2-Stroke Petrol Engine and 4-Stroke Petrol Engine?
36) Describe the working principle of 2-Stroke Diesel Engine?
37) Describe the working principle of 4-Stroke Diesel Engine?
38) Explain the air-fuel ratio?
39) What is Injection Timing?
40) What are the methods of available for improving the performance of an engine?
41) Distinguish between power and specific output?
42) Define the morse test?
43) What is transmission dynamometer?
44) What is need of measurement of speed of an I.C. Engine?
45) What is a smoke and classify the measurement of a smoke?
46) What is the break power of I.C. Engines?
47) What is volumetric efficiency?
48) What is air fuel ratio in two stroke single cylinder petrol engine?
49) What is air delivery ratio in two stroke single cylinder petrol engine?
50) Explain an automatic fuel flow meter?
51) Define the friction power?
52) Define Willian‟s lines methods?
53) What is break power ?
54) Define speed performance test on a four-stroke single – Cylinder diesel engine?
55) What is Air rate and A/F ratio in a four-stroke single – Cylinder diesel engine?
56) What is combustion phenomenon?
57) What is indicated power ?
58) Mention the simplified various assumptions used in fuel Air-cycle Analysis

59) What are the different Air – Fuel Mixture on which an Engine can be operated?
60) Define the carbonation ?
Ans. It is the process of mixing air and petrol mixture and vaporize and atomize that
mixture.
61) What is clearance volume ?
Ans. When piston moves from B.D.C. to T.D.C. the volume left above in the cylinder is
called clearance volume.
62) What is swept volume?
Ans. The volume covered by piston while moving from B.D.C. to T.D.C. is known as
swept volume.
63) What is the compression ratio?
64) Explain the air-fuel ratio?
65) What is Injection Timing?
66) What are the methods of available for improving the performance of an engine?
67) Distinguish between power and specific output?
68) What is the importance of specific fuel consumption?
69) What is the torque of an engine?
70) Define the morse test?
71) What is transmission dynamometer?
72) What is need of measurement of speed of an I.C. Engine?
73) What is the break power of I.C. Engines?

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