paramedical class

1. LAB SAFETY AND FIRST AID
Dr.Harini

2. CONTENT
 Definition
 Code of conduct for medical personnel
 Basic lab safety
 Physical hazards( fire and electrical)
 Chemical hazards
 Biological hazards
 First aid kit
 First aid in laboratory accidents
 Universal work precaution

3.  DEFINITION:
Effective control of hazards that exist in the clinical laboratory
at any time.
 Hazard containment is the system of routine control process
that keeps the incidence of accident and injury within
reasonable expectations.
 SAFETY AWARENESS FOR CLINICAL LABORATORY PERSONNEL
 Safety management in the laboratory should start with a
written safety policy.

4. EMPLOYER’S RESPONSIBILITIES
 Establish laboratory work methods and safety policies.
 Provide supervision and guidance to employees.
 Provide safety information, training, personal protective
equipment, and medical surveillance to employees.
 Provide and maintain equipment and laboratory
facilities that are adequate for the tasks required.

5. EMPLOYEE’S RESPONSIBILITIES
 Know and comply with the established laboratory work safety
methods.
 Have a positive attitude toward supervisors, coworkers,
facilities, and safety training
 Give prompt notification of unsafe conditions or practices to
the immediate supervisor and ensure that unsafe conditions
and practices are corrected.
 Engage in the conduct of safe work practices and use of
personal protective equipment

6. LABORATORY SAFETY AND REGULATIONS
 Federal occupational safety and health act in 1970
 Health and safety at work act in 1974
 Occupational safety and health administrator(OSHA) has
mandated 3 programs to ensure safety of laboratory and health
care personnel
1)deals with occupational exposure to chemical hazards-Jan 1991
2)deals with occupational exposure to blood borne pathogens-
Mar 1992
3)concerned with use of safer needle device-April 2001

7. BASIC LAB SAFETY
 Use only certified safe equipment in the laboratory.
 Decontaminate all the equipment regularly and before
their serving or maintenance, use appropriate
disinfectants correctly.
 As far as possible , use disposable plastic ware to avoid
contamination( chemical , biological etc) and breakages
with ensuing dangers
 Regularly test and service biological safety cabinets and
fume cupboards.

8. LABORATORY BUILDING AND SPACE
 Ample working space is absolutely essential.
 Hygiene is of utmost importance. Whole facility should be
absolutely clean, uncrowded and devoid of hindrances to
movement.
 Scratch proof matt finish vitrified floor( slip resistant).
Walls should have white ceramic tiles(resistant to
chemicals & disinfectants).
 All benches should be 2½ feet high and those to be used
while standing should be at least 3 feet high. The bench
surface should be solvent and acid proof.
 Every lab and/or its section must have at least 1 sink and 1
hand wash basin.

9. PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF A LABORATORY
 The ambient temperature should be within comfort zone of a
human body (21-27 °C).
 A Good exhaust system is a must for all laboratories.
 Adequate ventilation is also essential but without strong
currents of air.
 Lighting should be more than adequate and places where very
delicate or fine processes are being conducted should have
additional lighting provision.

10.  The ambient temperature should be within comfort zone of a
human body (21-27 °C).
 A Good exhaust system is a must for all laboratories.
 Lighting should be more than adequate places with fine
processes
 Windows that are exposed to bright sunlight can be internally
fitted with reflective films or blinds.
 There should be sufficient running water for the laboratory.
 Sufficient power load must be available to the lab, as most
machines consume a lot of electricity.

11. PROVISIONS AND PRECAUTIONS
 CHEMICALS AND RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES:
 Label all bottles with proper names of contents and affix
warning signs and symbols as applicable to them.
 Clearly display the warning charts(both chemical and
radioactive) next to such containers.
 A stringent record of stocks should be maintained of all
persons and radioactive substances being used in the
lab.
 Ensure that container should not fall or spill under any
circumstances. This can be done by placing most
dangerous chemical at the bottom or at the floor level.

12. SIGNAGE AND LABELLING
 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) developed a
standard hazards-identification system (diamond-shaped,
color coded symbol)
 Health hazards -blue quadrant
 flammable hazards-red quadrant
 reactivity/stability hazards –yellow
 other special information -white quadrant

14. STAFF SAFETY AND FACILITIES
 Hot and cold running water with soap and disinfectants
should always be provided.
 A clean toilet for use by staff members is mandatory as are
the changing rooms.
 Tie back long hairs.
 Biomedical wastes and non-biomedical wastes should be
discarded properly and safely.
 Designate a room or space meant exclusively for retiring or
resting and consuming food stuffs.
 Each room/cabin must have a first aid box kept at an
identified place that is easily accessible.
 All members should be immunized as relevant to the
laboratory work.

15. SAFETY EQUIPMENT
 Chemical fume hoods
 Biosafety cabinets
 Chemical storage equipment
 PPE and Personal Hygiene

16. BIOLOGICAL SAFETY CABINET
 Designed to protect the
operator, the laboratory
environment and work
materials from exposure
to infectious aerosols and
splashes that may be
generated when
manipulating materials
containing infectious
agents, such as primary
cultures, stocks and
diagnostic specimens.

18. TYPES OF LABORATORY ACCIDENTS
 Physical injury(Electric ,fire injury , glass ware)
 Exposure to dangerous chemicals
 Exposure to radioactive chemicals
 Biological hazard

19. PHYSICAL HAZARDS
 Electrical equipment , open flames , laboratory
instruments and glassware can all be hazardous if
improperly used.

20. ELECTRIC SAFETY
 WHO has listed following as the most common cause of
electrical hazard , which lab staff should be aware of:
 Wet or moist surface near electrical equipment.
 Long flexible electrical connecting cable.
 Poor and perished insulation on cables.
 Overloading of circuits by use of adapters.
 Sparking equipment near flammable substances and
vapors
 Electrical equipment left switched on and unattended.

21. ELECTRIC SAFETY
 Lab should be surveyed at least once a year as part of an
electrical safety inspection.
 The safety training program should anticipate
electrical accidents.
 First response is to disconnect power to the arcing or
burning equipment if it can be performed without
personal risk.

22. FIRE HAZARDS
 Fire is a potential danger in the work place.
 Make sure loose clothing and long hair do not catch wire.
 Store flammable chemicals in a flameproof cabinet, away
from heat sources and well ventilated area.
 Instead of open flames, use hot plates, microwave ovens,
electric incinerators and slide warmers.
 All lab workers must know about escape route and
procedure to follow if that exit is blocked.
 All workers should know the location of fire extinguishers
and how to use them.
 Inspect all fire extinguishers periodically and log the date
of inspection.

23. CAUSES OF FIRE IN THE LABORATORY
 Naked flames
 Electric overloading.
 Poor electric maintenance
 Leaving equipments switched when not in use.
 Deteriorated gas tubing.
 Smoking in the lab.
 Misusing match box.
 Storing flammable and explosive chemicals in an
ordinary refrigerator.

24. DO’S IN CASE OF FIRE
 Raise alarm or shout ‘FIRE’ ‘FIRE’ at the peak of your voice, if
you notice a fire.
 Approach the scene as early as possible to get information
about the source of fire.
 Try to get help from others as early as possible by shouting
for help.
 If you are the first to reach, make sure that no life is trapped.
 Try to put off the fire with the nearest appropriate type of
extinguisher.
 Foam extinguishers must be used for fires on flammable
liquids.
 Arrange to put off the supply, in case of electrical fire.

25. DO’S IN CASE OF FIRE
 Arrange to inform the safety/security dept. as early as
possible.
 Keep all the doors open only when safe.
 If you are reaching the scene of fire, better to carry an
extinguisher on your route.
 If you are a first aider, attend to the injured first.

26. DON'TS IN CASE OF FIRE
 Don’t run in panic.
 Don’t take undue risk.
 Don’t tamper with any machinery during fire fighting.
Leave them for the proper people to handle.
 Don’t tamper with the scene of fire.
 Don’t tamper with the equipment, if you don’t know its
operation. Keep away or ask some one nearby.
 Don’t throw sand on any machinery parts. Use carbon-
dioxide or DCP extinguisher.
 Don’t use foam extinguisher on electrical fires.

27. DON'TS IN CASE OF FIRE
 Don’t flood the affected area with water unless
required.
 Don’t crowd the scene of fire.
 Don’t use water on electrical and metal fires.
 Don’t delay to call the fire brigade, if the fire is too big
for you.

28. CLASSIFICATION OF FIRES
 Fires have been divided into four classes based on the
nature of the combustible material and requirements
for extinguishment
 Class A: ordinary combustible solid materials, such as
paper, wood, plastic, and fabric
 Class B: flammable liquids/gases and combustible
petroleum products
 Class C: energized electrical equipment
 Class D: combustible/reactive metals, such as
magnesium, sodium, and potassium

30. FIRE OUTBREAK
 For small outbreaks- water, sand and a fire blanket can
be used.
 For large fire outbreak - fire extinguisher can be used.
 Easy access to safety shower is essential.
 Escape via fire exit route.
 Stay close to the floor, cover your mouth and nose with
a damp cloth to filter out some of the harmful fumes.
 Location of fire extinguisher, fire alarms and maps of
evacuation routes are dictated by local fire marshal.
 Inform fire fighting department of your area if you feel
the fire can go out of hand. Medium to large fire should
be reported.

33. EQUIPMENT RELATED HAZARDS
 Hypodermic needles: Accidental inoculation, aerosol or
spillage.
 Centrifuge: Aerosols, splashing or tube bridge.
 Culture stirrers, shakers , agitators: Aerosols, splashing
and spillage.
 Refrigeration: if flammable chemicals are stored within
them ; the light switches, thermostats etc can provide
sparks to ignite them.
 Water baths: provide ground for micro-organismal
growth.
 ( The risk of acquiring hepatitis B from needle stick
injury is 30%, hepatitis C is 2-10% and HIV is 0.3%)

34. GLASS WARE
 Use glassware that is free of chips and cracks. Damaged
glassware is weakened and may break, resulting in
injury.
 Broken glass should be cleaned with a brush and
dustpan and not with bare hand.
 Glass should not be discarded into regular trashcans,
but into rigid cardboard or plastic containers.
 Wherever possible, replace glassware with plastic ware.

35. CHEMICAL SAFETY
 Hazard communication
 Material Safety data sheet
 OSHA laboratory Standard
 Toxic effects from hazardous chemicals
 Storage and handling of chemicals

36.  Product name and identification
 Hazardous ingredients
 Permissible exposure limit (PEL)
 Physical and chemical data
 Health hazard data and carcinogenic potential
 Primary routes of entry
 Fire and explosion hazards
 Reactivity data
 Spill and disposal procedures
 PPE recommendations
 Emergency and first aid procedures
 Storage and transportation precautions
 manufacturer’s name, address, and telephone number
 Special information section

37. SAFETY OF CHEMICALS /REAGENTS
 Almost all chemicals/reagents used are Lethal poisons if
consumed by anyone.
 There is an appropriate way of handling and storage of
hazardous chemicals to avoid injury and damage to self
and others.

38. LABELLING OF HAZARDOUS REAGENTS/
CHEMICALS
 FLAMMABLE CHEMICALS:
 Ether, xylene, toluene, methanol, ethanol, glacial
acetic acid, acetic acid, acetone, acetic anhydride,
alcoholic Romanowsky stains , acid alcohol etc….
 storage: stored in a fireproof metal box at ground
level, in a cool place.
 A container well lined with tin foil can also be used.
Store small quantities on the shelves.

39.  Safe use: ensure no open flame nearby while opening a
bottle containing flammable solvent. Nearest flame
should be at least 10 feet away. Use a water bath or
electric hot plate.
 control of fire: best by smothering. Use sand, thick
blanket or fire extinguishers.
 (water should not be used)

40. LABELLING OF HAZARDOUS REAGENTS/
CHEMICALS
 CORROSIVE CHEMICALS:
 strong acids like conc. Sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid,
nitric acid, glacial acetic acid, trichloroacetic acid,
orthophosphoric acid and strong alkali's like sodium
hydroxide, potassium hydroxide.
 storage: at a low level.
 safe Use: Never attempt mouth pipetting .Always pour
a corrosive chemical at below eye level, slowly and with
great care to avoid splashing. Wearing protective eye
glasses/ eye shields while opening such containers.
Always add corrosive substance to water and that too
slowly.

41. LABELLING OF HAZARDOUS REAGENTS/
CHEMICALS
 TOXIC, HARMFUL AND IRRITATING CHEMICALS:
 potassium cyanide, mercuric nitrate, sodium azide,
sodium nitroprusside, formaldehyde solution, chloroform,
barium chloride, methanol, Iodine , sulphanilic acid. Skin
& mucous membrane irritants are Xylene, formaldehyde
& ammonia vapors.
 Storage: stored in a locked cupboard.
 Safe Use: Always wear protective gloves & after working
with them immediately lock them up. Always wash your
hands after using a toxic or harmful chemicals. Keep fume
forming
 chemicals in a fume cupboard. Never mouth pipette
them.

42. LABELLING OF HAZARDOUS REAGENTS/
CHEMICALS
 OXIDISING CHEMICALS:
 chlorates, perchlorates, strong peroxides, potassium
dichromate, chromic acid..
 storage: keep them away from organic materials &
reducing agents.
 Safe use: keep them away from organic materials and
reducing agents. They can produce much heat when in
contact with other chemicals( flammable chemicals).

43. LABELLING OF HAZARDOUS REAGENTS/
CHEMICALS
 EXPLOSIVE:
 picric acid, ammonium azide….
 These chemicals can explode on being heated or on
getting exposed to flame or friction.
 Picric acid must be stored under water. If picric acid is
allowed to dry, it can explode.

44. LABELLING OF HAZARDOUS REAGENTS/
CHEMICAL
 CARCINOGENS:
 Benzidine, O- toludine, O- dianisidine, Alpha and Beta
naphthylamine, nitrosamines, nitrosophenols,
nitronaphthalenes, selenite….
 These chemicals can cause cancer by ingestion, inhalation
or by skin contact.
 The carcinogenic risk is directly proportional to the length
& frequency of exposure & concentration of the
chemicals.
 Storage: label their containers “ CARCINOGENIC” &
handle with special precautions.
 Safe use: Must wear protective or rubber gloves, a face
mask & eye shields when handling carcinogens.

45. RADIATION HAZARD
 Ionizing radiations one of the most toxic sources of exposure
to personnel in laboratory. Extended exposure can cause
irreversible damage to the body.
 Sources: Medical devices & Reagent materials.
 Pregnant women must not work with radioactive substances.
 Technicians must always wear badges while handling
radioactive chemicals and these should be screened at regular
intervals.
 Work areas must be checked regularly for contaminating
radiation.
 Gloves should be worn when handling radioactive materials &
hand washing after glove removal to be emphasized.

46.  During spills and clean ups of radioactive materials,
personnel engaged in decontamination must wear gowns or
coats, aprons, gloves & eye protection.
 The contaminated areas should be scrubbed with water &
detergents.
 All disposable materials involved in clean up must be
discarded as radioactive waste unless survey proves.
 Document all incidents of spill & decontamination.
 Warning signs(presence of radioactive materials) should be
posted in all areas where radioactive chemicals are stored,
used or discarded.

48. INCOMPATIBLE CHEMICALS

49. THE CHEMICAL HYGEINE PLAN
Elements of a Chemical Hygiene Plan:
1.Description of a standard operating procedure
2.Material safety data sheets(MSDS)
3.List of chemicals in the Inventory
4.Information on the appropriate chemical storage
5.Labelling requirements
6.Description of required engineering tools
7.List of required personal protective equipment

50. 8.Information on waste removal and disposal
9.Information on mandated environmental monitoring where
appropriate
10.Housekeeping requirements
11.Requirements for employee physicals and medical consultations
12.Training requirements
13.Record keeping requirements
14.Designation of a chemical hygiene officer and committee
15.Other information deemed necessary for safety assurance

51. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
 Laboratory Apron
 Biological safety cabinet
 Splatter shields
 Pipetting aid( bulb or electromechanical devices)
 Goggles
 Face shields
 Shoes

52. WASTE DISPOSAL
 Divide waste into 3 parts at source:
 Household type noninfectious waste
 Not to be decontaminated.
 To be disposed off as such.
 Infected sharp waste disposables(needles/surgical
instruments)
 Place in puncture proof container containing disinfectant(1%
bleach)
 Final disposal
 Infected non sharp waste
 Is to be decontaminated.
 Placed in disinfectant(5-10% bleach).

53. WASTE DISPOSAL
 All the segregated wastes will be taken by an authorized
company/body which deals with waste disposal daily.

54. ACCIDENTS IN THE LABORATORY
 Acids/Alkali’s: splashes on the skin, eye/swallowing.
 Toxic substances
 Heat : open flames, hot liquids, inflammable liquids,
explosions.
 Broken glass
 Needle stick injury
 Contamination by infected material.
 Electric shock

55. FIRST AID KIT
 Sterile cotton or cotton wool & gauze
 Medicinal adhesive tapes.
 Roller bandage of various widths.
 A pair of scissors
 Ammonia
 Sodium carbonate(aqueous, 5% solution)
 Sodium carbonate (aqueous, 2% solution) in an eye
dropper bottle.
 Acetic acid(aqueous, 5% solution)
 Boric acid( saturated) in an eyedropper bottle.
 Soap powder solution( 5g per liter of water) in a small
bottle/

56. FIRST AID IN ACID BURNS
 Nitric, sulphuric, hydrochloric and trichloroacetic acid.
 In all cases: wash immediately with large quantities of water.
Acid splashes on the skin:
 Wash thoroughly and repeatedly with water.
 Bathe the affected skin with cotton wool soaked in 5%
aqueous sodium carbonate.
Acid splashes in the eye:
 wash the eye immediately with large quantity of water
sprayed from a wash bottle or rubber bulb. Spray the water
into the corner of the eye near the nose.
( alternatively, hold the eye under the running tap)
 After washing, put 4 drops of 2% aqueous sodium
bicarbonate into the eye.

57. FIRST AID IN ALKALI BURNS
 Sodium, potassium and ammonium hydroxide
 In all cases: wash immediately with large quantities of water.
 Imp: Alkali burns are more serious than, acid burns.
 Alkali splashes on the skin:
 Wash thoroughly and repeatedly with water.
 Bathe the affected skin with cotton soaked in 5% acetic
acid( or undiluted vinegar)
 Alkali splashes in the eye:
 Wash immediately with large quantities of water sprayed
from a wash bottle or rubber bulb. Spray the water into the
corner of the eye near the nose.
 After this, wash the eye with a saturated solution of boric
acid(apply drops repeatedly).
 Refer the patient to a physician.

58. FIRST AID IN ALKALI BURNS
 Swallowing Alkalis:
 Make the patient drink at once:
5% solution of acetic acid or lemon juice or dilute vinegar( 1
part vinegar to 3 parts water)
 Make them gargle with the same acid solution.
 Give them 3 -4 glasses of ordinary water.
 If the lips and tongue are burned by the alkali:
 Rinse thoroughly with water.
 Bathe with acetic acid.
 Send for physician consultation.

59. FIRST AID IN POISONING
 Caused by :
 Inhaling toxic vapors or gases( e.g.: chloroform)
 Accidental swallowing while pipetting a poisonous
solution.
 In all cases:
 Send to a physician or emergency, specifying the toxic
substance involved.
 Place the victim in the open air while waiting for the
physician.

60. FIRST AID IN BURNS CAUSED BY HEAT
 Severe burns: affecting large areas of skin.
e.g.: burns caused when burning ether or boiling water is spilled
over the victim.
 Minor burns: affecting a small area of skin,
e.g.: burns caused by hot glassware or a Bunsen flame.
Severe burns:
 If the victim is on the fire, e.g.: if splashed with burning ether
or other inflammable solvent, roll them in a blanket or over to
smother the flames.
 Inform the physician on duty immediately.
 Lay the victim on ground. Do not remove the clothing. Cover
them.
 Do not apply any treatment to the burns, this must be left to
the physician.

61. FIRST AID IN BURNS CAUSED BY HEAT
 Minor burns:
 Plunge the affected part into cold water or ice-water to
soothe the pain.
 Apply antibiotic(mercurochrome/acriflavine) ointment
to the burn.
 Apply a dry gauze dressing loosely.
 If the burn becomes infected or does not heal, refer the
patient to a physician/plastic surgeon.

62. FIRST AID IN INJURIES CAUSED BY BROKEN
GLASS
 Wash the wound immediately to remove any
glass pieces.
 Apply mercurochrome/acriflavine ointment to the
wound.
 Cover with gauze & adhesive tape.
 If the cut bleeds profusely, stop the bleeding by
pressing down on it with a compress. Refer the
patient to a physician.
 If the cut bleeds heavily with blood spurting out at
intervals, try to stop the bleeding with a
compression and call a surgeon/physician.
 Continue compression while waiting for
surgeon/physician’s arrival. He /she will decide for
further action.

63. FIRST AID IN CONTAMINATION BY INFECTED
MATERIAL
 Wounds caused by broken glassware containing stool,
pus etc..
 Wash the wound immediately with water.
 Check whether the cut is bleeding. If not, squeeze hard
to make it bleed for several minutes.
 Bathe the whole area, i.e. the edges of the cut & inside
the cut , with antiseptic lotion.
 Wash thoroughly with soapy water.
 Bathe again with antiseptic lotion.
 Refer the patient to a physician if the material involved
is known to be very infective, e.g. pus.

64. FIRST AID IN BODILY DAMAGE CAUSED BY
ELECTRIC SHOCK
 A low- voltage alternating electric current(220V) is
usually used in lab and electric shocks are rare. They
may occur when faulty equipment is being handled,
particularly with wet hands. The symptoms are fainting
& asphyxia.
 Before doing anything else, put off the main switch.
 Begin CPR( cardio-pulmonary resuscitation) if not
breathing /no pulse.
 Immediately shift the patient to
 emergency.

65. BIOLOGICAL SAFETY
 Spills
 Biosafety levels
 Needle stick injury

66. NEEDLE STICK INJURY
 Recapping
 Transferring a body fluid between containers
 Failing to properly dispose of used needles in puncture-
resistant sharps containers
 HOW TO PREVENT??
 Avoid use of needles when and where safe and effective
alternatives are available
 Plan for safe handling and disposal of needles.
 Report all needle stick injuries and ensure you receive
appropriate follow-up care.
 Participate in blood borne pathogen training and follow
recommended infection prevention practices.

67. WHAT TO DO WHEN YOU SUSTAIN A NEEDLE STICK
INJURY?
 FIRST AID:
 Encourage bleeding and wash with soap and running
water.
 Clean the site with disinfectant like 70% alcohol.
 Report incident and discuss with supervisor.
 Consult medicine OPD or Emergency
 Document the incident on the forms available at the
offise of CMS/nursing superintendant.

68.  Investigations:
 Virology of technician and patient
 Follow up:
 Vaccination status Unknown /cannot be obtained
 Give Hep B Immune globulin
 Hep B Vaccine
 Vaccinated
 No further hep B vaccine is reqired.
 Follow up HIV serology 6weeks ,3 months,6 months and 12
months.

69. DISINFECTANTS USED IN LAB
 Chlorine compounds- 1% sodium hypochlorite
 70-90% alcohol
 Phenolic compunds-Lysol and Sterol
 Quaternary Ammonium compunds

70. SPLASHES OF BLOOD/BODY FLUIDS OR SPILLS
First aid for exposure
Contaminated wound:
 Encourage bleeding from skin wound and wash the injured area
with copius soapy water,disinfectant,scrub solution or water.
Contaminated intact skin:
 Wash the area with soap and water
Contaminated eyes:
 Gently rinse with eyes open with saline or water for a minimum
of 15minutes
Contaminated mouth:
 Spit out any fluid-rinse the mouth with water and spit out again

71. BASIC SPILL RESPONSE KIT
 Disinfecting solution appropriate disinfectants. Solutions
should be freshly prepared.
 A bottle for solutions of disinfectant.
 Forceps or tongs, broom & dustpan, or other mechanical
device for handling sharps.
 Paper towels or other suitable absorbent.
 Biohazard bags for the collection of contaminated spill clean-
up items.
 Water proof utility gloves & latex or plastic examination gloves.
 Face protection( face shield/ splash goggles).
 Disposable scrubs.
 Spill sign to post on door of the room.

72. BIOSAFETY LEVEL I
 Infectious agents that are not transmitted through aerosols.
 Notify others in the area to limit potential for further
contamination
 Remove any contaminated clothing and lab coats. Wash
exposed skin with antiseptic soap and water.
 Launder contaminated clothing lab coats in hot water with
bleach or send it to CSSD with proper instructions
 Wear appropriate Personal protective equipment.
 Cover spill with paper towels
 Pour sodium hypochlorite solution containing 5000-6000ppm
on the towel allowing it to mix with the material
 Allow contact time for 20minutes

73.  Using forceps or tongs, pick up any pieces of broken glass and
place them in sharps container.
 Place forceps in discard can for autoclaving
 Carefully pick up absorbent towels and bulk of the spill material
and discard into BIO HAZARD BAG.
 Use fresh toweling to wipe any residual material and discard
along with the other.
 Clean the surface with detergent or disinfectant and allow air
dry, followed with an application of 500 to 600ppm
 Remove disposable gloves and discard as biohazardous waste
 Follow waste disposal protocol

74. BIOSAFETY LEVEL 2
A. Spill outside a Biosafety cabinet
 Don't use bleach solutions on iodinated material.
 Use an alternative disinfectant –IODOPHOR /PHENOLIC
 Evacuate the room. avoid inhaling airborne material while
quickly leaving the room.
 Notify others
 Post warning sign for no entry
 Allow a minimum of 30minutes for the air.
 Remove contaminated clothing
 Wash all exposed skin with antiseptic soap and water.
 Flush eyes for minimum 15minutes.
 Follow as per the Biosafety level 1 spill protocol.

75.  B.Spill in a Biosafety Cabinet:
 Don't use sodium hypochlorite solutions on the metal surfaces
in the cabinet because of the corrosive nature of these
solvents.
 Use –PHENOLIC /IODOPHOR
 Alcohol is not recommended because of its explosive
potential.
 Leave the Biosafety cabinet turned on and begin clean up
immediately
 Cover the spill area with plastic backed towels or disinfectant
soaked towels
 Don’t place your head inside to clean
 Spray or wipe cabinet walls, work surfaces and front view
 Autoclave all clean up material

76. BIOSAFETY LEVEL 3
 Spill outside of Biosafety cabinet
 Or any incident which generated aerosols .
 Evacuate the room. avoid inhaling airborne material
while quickly leaving the room.
 Notify others
 Post warning sign for no entry
 Allow a minimum of 30minutes for the air.
 Remove your PPE in the access zone
 Wash any exposed area
 Wear proper PPE and follow Biosafety Spill 1 protocol

77. UNIVERSAL WORK PRECAUTIONS(UWP)
 Health care personnel(HCP) can acquire certain illnesses
beyond those acquired by all others who live and work in
our society.
 Components of UMP:
 Hand washing
 Barrier precautions( mask, cap, plastic apron & protection of
feet)
 Careful handling of all kinds of sharps & needles.
 Effective infection control
 Sterilization
 Correct disposal of different kinds of wastes generated in a
health care facility.

78. THANK YOU!