Learning about how export&import is financed

1. Financing Foreign Trade
International Financial Management

2. Learning Objectives
What are the key elements of an import or
export transaction?
What are the three key documents in import
or export transactions?
What are some private sector export financing
sources?
What are some public sector export financing
sources?

3. International Trade Finance
Trade financing shares a number of common
characteristics with traditional value chain
activities conducted by all firms.
– All companies must search out suppliers for
goods and services.
– Must determine if supplier can provide products
at required specifications and quality.
– All must be at an acceptable price and delivered
in a timely manner.

4. Elements of an Import/Export
Transaction
Every export sales transaction covers three basic
elements:
– Contracts
• contractual exchange between parties in two countries
• description of goods
– Prices
• price quotations and terms in the contract should conform to
published catalogues.
– Documents
• provides shipping and delivery instructions

5. Documentations in
Import/Export Transactions
Bills of lading (B/L)
– issued to the exporter by a
common carrier transporting the
merchandise
Commercial invoice
– issued by the exporter and
contains a precise description of
the merchandise.
Insurance documents
– must be as specified in the
contract of sale and must be
issued by insurance companies or
their agents.
Consular invoices
– issued in the exporting
country by the consulate of
the importing country
Packing lists
– may be required so that the
contents of containers can
be identified

6. International Trade Risks
The Trade Transaction Timeline
Time and Events
Price
Export
Goods
Documents
Goods
Cash
Quote
contract
are
are
are
settlement
request
signed
shipped
accepted
received
of the
transaction
Negotiation
Backlog
Documents are
presented
Financing Period

7. Documentation of Foreign
Trade Transactions
Key Documents
– Letter of Credit
– Bill of Lading
– Draft
Function
– Risk of noncompletion
– Foreign exchange rate
risk
– Financing foreign trade

8. Letter of Credit (L/C)
A letter of credit is a bank’s conditional promise to pay
issued by a bank at the request of an importer in which the
bank promises to pay an exporter upon presentation of
documents specified in the L/C.
The essence of a L/C is the promise of the issuing bank to
pay against specific documents.
–
–
–
–
Issuing bank must receive a fee for issuing L/C
Bank’s L/C must contain specified maturity date
Bank’s commitment must have stated maximum amount
Bank’s obligation must arise only on presentation of specific
documents and bank cannot be called on for disputed items
– Bank’s customer must have unqualified obligation to reimburse
bank on same condition of bank’s payment

9. Letter of Credit (L/C)
Commercial L/C’s are classified as:
– Irrevocable vs. Revocable –
• irrevocable letters of credit are non-cancelable while its opposite
can be cancelled at any time
– Confirmed vs. Unconfirmed
• issued by one bank and confirmed by another bank
Advantages of L/Cs:
– it reduces risk of default
– a confirmed L/C helps secure financing
Disadvantages of L/Cs:
– the fees charged
– reduces the available credit of the importer

10. Relationships Among the Three
Parties to a Letter of Credit
Issuing Bank
The relationship between
the issuing bank and the
exporter is governed by the
terms of the letter of credit,
issued by that bank
The relationship between
the importer and the issuing
bank is governed by the
terms of the application and
agreement for the letter of
credit
Beneficiary
(exporter)
The relationship between the importer and the exporter
is governed by the sales contract
Applicant
(importer)

11. Bill of Exchange
A draft, or bill of exchange (B/E), is a written
order by an exporter instructing an importer or its
agent to pay a specified amount at a specified
time.
The party initiating the draft is the maker, drawer,
or originator while the counterpart is the drawee.
– Trade draft
• Buyer is drawee of draft
– Bank draft
• Buyer’s bank is drawee of draft

12. Negotiable Instruments
If properly drawn, drafts can become negotiable
instruments.
– As such they provide a convenient instrument for
financing the international movement of merchandise.
– To become a negotiable instrument, there are four
requirements:
•
•
•
•
Must be written and signed by buyer
Must contain unconditional promise to pay
Must be payable on demand or at a fixed date
Must be payable to bearer

13. Types of Drafts
Sight drafts
– which is payable on presentation to the drawee.
Time drafts
– which allows a delay in payment.
– it is presented to the drawee who accepts it with a
promise to pay at some later date.
• When a time draft is drawn on a bank, it becomes a
banker’s acceptance.
• When drawn on a business firm it becomes a trade
acceptance.

14. Banker’s Acceptance
When a draft is accepted by a bank, it becomes a
banker’s acceptance.
Example: Acceptance of $100,000 for exporter
Face amount of acceptance
Less 1.5% p.a. commission for 6 months
Amount received by exporter in 6 months
Less 7% p.a. discount rate for 6 months
Amount received by exporter at once
Exporter may discount the acceptance note in
order to receive the funds up-front.

15. Bill of Lading
Bill of Lading (B/L) is issued to the exporter
by a common carrier transporting the merchandise.
– It serves the purpose of being a receipt, a contract and a
document of title
• As a receipt the B/L indicates that the carrier has received the
merchandise
• As a contract the B/L indicates the obligation of the carrier to
provide certain transportation
• As a document of title, the B/L is used to obtain payment or
written promise of payment before the merchandise is released to
the importer

16. Characteristics of the Bill of Lading
A straight B/L
– provides that the carrier deliver the merchandise to the
designated consignee only.
An order B/L
– directs the carrier to deliver the goods to the order of a
designated party, usually the shipper.
A B/L is usually made payable to the order of the
exporter.

17. Additional Financing Techniques
Used in International Trade
Discounting
– Converting a trade draft into cash.
Factoring
– Selling export receivables at a discount to a factor.
– Expensive but may be of great value to the occasional
exporter.
Forfaiting
– Discounting at a fixed rate without recourse of mediumterm export receivables denominated in fully convertible
currencies.

18. Government Programs for
Export Financing
Export Credit Insurance
– Provides assurance to the exporter or the exporter’s bank
that an insurer will pay should the foreign customer
default.
– In the US the Foreign Credit Insurance Association
(FCIA) provides this type of insurance.
Export-Import Bank
– Known as the Eximbank, it facilitates the financing of US
exports through various loan guarantee and insurance
programs.