The presentation takes into account widely used surface finishing processes including electroplating, anodizing, alodining, cadmium plating, zinc plating, phosphating, passivation
3. What is surface finishing?
Surface Finishing is a set of processes that we use to achieve
desired mechanical properties on different products
1Purpose
4. What is surface finishing?
• Mechanical properties are desired in products as per the
intended use e.g toothpaste, non-stick utensils, impeller blade
• One of the most widely used process of achieving desired
qualities is electroplating
• Electroplating is the most widely used process, used in
variations to achieve desired properties
1Purpose
5. Why we use electroplating?
Electroplating is used to deposit a foreign material on
mechanical parts to protect them from corrosion, wear and
tear and to increase visual aesthetics in some cases
2Purpose
9. Anodizing
Formation of a chemical conversion coating on metal
surface by anodic oxidation is called anodizing. This
process is carried out on aluminum and aluminum alloys
or titanium alloys
4
A
Purpose
11. According to MIL-STD-8625 E:
Type I – Chromic acid anodizing, conventional coatings produced from
chromic acid bath
Type IB – Chromic acid anodizing, low voltage process, 22 ± 2V
Type IC – Non-chromic acid anodizing, for use as a non-chromate alternative
for Type I and IB coatings
Type II – Sulfuric acid anodizing, conventional coatings produced from
sulfuric acid bath
Type IIB – Thin sulfuric acid anodizing, for use as a non-chromate
alternative for Type I and IB coatings
Type III – Hard Anodic Coatings
Class 1 – Non-dyed
Class 2 – Dyed
4
A
AnodizingTypes and Classes
12. • Bath Concentration = 10% H2SO4
• Current Density = 10-15 A/ft2
• Time = Depending upon requirement
• Temperature = 18oC-22oC
4
A
AnodizingProcess Specifications
13. 4
A
AnodizingProcess Tests
Test Type
Applicable
Specimen
Preparation
Requirement Test method
Coating
Weight
I, IB, IC, II, IIB, III Specimen Panels:
(min width 3 in, min
thickness 0.032 in)
3.7.1.1
3.7.2.1.1
- ASTM B 244
- Weigh
- Metallographic
Microscope
Coating
Thickness
III Specimen Panels:
(min length 3 in, min width
3 in, min thickness 0.032 in)
3.7.2.1 - Weigh after stripping
of coating
Corrosion
Resistance
I, IB, IC, II, IIB Specimen Panels:
(min length 10 in, min width
3 in, min thickness 0.032 in)
3.7.1.2 - Salt Spray test for 336
hrs
Light
Fastness
I, IB, IC, II, IIB for
Class 2 only
Specimen Panels:
(min length 10 in, min width
3 in, min thickness 0.032 in)
3.7.1.3 - Ultraviolet Radiation
exposure for 200 hrs
Abrasion
Resistance
III Specimen Panels:
(min length 4 in, min width
3 in, min thickness 0.063 in)
3.7.2.2 - CS 1000 g wheels at
70 rev/min for 10,000
cycles.
14. 4
A
AnodizingAdvantages
• Highly Durable
• Inexpensive to produce and maintain
• Won’t chip, flake, peel or chalk
• Maintains metallic appearance of aluminum
• Environmental Friendly
- No heavy metals
- By products aid municipal waste water treatment facilities to
separate solids and neutralize pH
• Fire Protection
- Anodic oxide layers give a minor increase in the fire protection of
aluminum constructions. The melting point of the oxide surface
increases from approximately 650oC to approximately 2000oC
18. According to MIL-STD-5541 C:
Class 1A – For minimum protection against corrosion resistance. Good
quality for the surfaces to be painted or not
Class 3 – For protection against corrosion where lower electrical resistance
is required.
4
B
AlodiningClasses
19. 4
B
AlodiningProcess Tests
Test Class
Applicable
Specimen Preparation Test method
Corrosion
Resistance
1A, 3 Specimen Panels:
(min length 10 in, min width 3 in,
min thickness 0.02 in)
- Salt Spray test for 168 hrs
Adhesion wet
tape
1A, 3 Specimen Panels:
(min length 10 in, min width 3 in,
min thickness 0.02 in)
- Adhesion Wet Tape Test
Electrical
resistance
testing
3 Specimen Panels:
(min length 4 in, min width 3 in,
min thickness 0.063 in)
- At 200 psi nominal
electrode pressure class 3
must not have resistance
greater then 5000 microhms
20. 4
B
AlodiningAdvantages
• Adds no measurable weight
• Does not alter the dimensions of parts (does not make holes smaller)
• Requires essentially no cleanup after application. Encourages treatment
of all small parts as they are fabricated and installed
• Requires no electricity or skill to apply
22. Zinc Plating
Zinc Plating is an electroplating process performed by
using Zinc Sulphate solution. It is a low cost process
making it feasible for smaller parts
4
C
Purpose
24. Zinc Plating 4
C
Types and Classes
According to ASTM B-633:
Classification Number Service Condition Thickness
Fe/Zn 25 SC 4 (Very Severe) 25
Fe/Zn 12 SC 3 (Severe) 12
Fe/Zn 8 SC 2 (Moderate) 8
Fe/Zn 5 SC 1 (Mild) 5
Type I – Zinc, as plated
Type II – Zinc, w/colored chromate Coating
Type III – Zinc, w/colorless chromate Coating
Type IV – Zinc, w/phosphate conversion Coating
25. Zinc Plating 4
C
Process Tests
Test Specimen Preparation Test method
Coating
Thickness
Specimen Panels:
(min length 100 mm, min
width 25 mm, min thickness
1 mm)
- B487, B499
Adhesion Specimen Panels:
(min length 150 mm, min
width 100 mm, min
thickness 1 mm)
- B571
Corrosion
Resistance
Specimen Panels:
(min length 254 mm, min
width 76.2, min thickness
0.02 in)
- Salt Spray Test
Hydrogen
Embrittlem
ent relief
test
Defined By Purchaser - Sustained Load of 75%
of UTS
26. Zinc Plating 4
C
Advantages
• Chromate protected zinc offers higher corrosion resistance
• The process is cheap
• Electrolytic zinc coatings are used to protect and improve the appearance
of ferrous metals, (i.e iron and steel) as a corrosion barrier, and then as a
sacrificial coating
30. Cadmium Plating 4
D
Types and Classes
According to QQ-P-416 F:
Types
I – As plated
II – Supplementary Chromate Coating
III – Supplementary Phosphate Coating
Classes
1 – 0.005 in minimum thickness
2 – 0.003 in minimum thickness
3 – 0.002 in minimum thickness
31. Cadmium Plating 4
D
Process Tests
Classes
Minimum Thickness
For external surface
that can be touched
by a ball 0.79 in in
diameter
For external surface that
can not be touched by a
ball 0.79 in in diameter
Inch Microme
ter
Inch Micrometer
1 0.0050 18 0.00030 8
2 0.0030 8 0.00020 5
3 0.0020 5 0.00015 4
32. Cadmium Plating 4
D
Advantages
• Cadmium Plating is the preferred method of protecting close-tolerance
steel parts against corrosion
• It is particularly useful for reducing or avoiding bi-metallic corrosion and
is suitable for soldering
• Cadmium plating is liable to rapid attack by vapors emanating from
certain woods, varnishes, plastics and other organic materials,
particularly in poorly ventilated or humid conditions
• This plating is mostly used on carbon steel and low alloy steel parts for
protection against corrosion
34. Passivation
Passivation is a post plating process and is normally
applied to cadmium and zinc plated parts and to zinc
based alloy die-casted parts. Passivation process on
plated surfaces reduces corrosion.
4
E
Purpose
36. Passivation 4
E
Types and Classes
According to QQ-P-35 C:
Types
I – Nitric Acid + Sodium Dichromate solution 70-90oF
II – Nitric Acid + Sodium Dichromate solution 120-130oF
III – Nitric Acid + Sodium Dichromate solution 145-155oF
IV – For steels containing large amounts of sulfur or selenium (0.15%)
V – Part Anodic at 3-5 V for high carbon martensitic (440) steels
VI – Concentrated Nitric Acid solution 70-90oF
VII – Concentrated Nitric Acid solution 120-140oF
VIII – Concentrated Nitric Acid solution 120-130oF
37. Passivation 4
E
Process Tests
Test Test Specimen Test method
Water
Immersion Test
The specimen shall consists of samples
of parts that are submitted or
selected for acceptance inspection.
- MIL-STD-753B
- Parts shall be cleaned with
acetone
- Parts then must be immersed in
distilled water for 1 hour and
allowed to dry for 24 hrs
- No stains or rust must be visible
High Humidity
Test
The specimen shall consists of samples
of parts that are submitted or
selected for acceptance inspection.
- MIL-STD-753B
- Parts shall be cleaned with
acetone
- Parts shall be subjected to
100% humidity at 100oF for 24
hours
- No stains or rust must be visible
Salt Spray Test The specimen shall consists of samples
of parts that are submitted or
selected for acceptance inspection.
- Salt Spray Test for 2 hrs
- ASTM B117
Copper Sulfate
Test
The specimen shall consists of samples
of parts that are submitted or
selected for acceptance inspection.
- MIL-STD-753B
- Parts shall be cleaned with
acetone
- Parts then must be swabbed
with copper sulfate solution for
6 minutes
- Parts must not show copper
deposits
38. Passivation 4
E
Advantages
• Passivation process on plated surfaces reduces corrosion white rusting of
cadmium and zinc under humid conditions
• It helps to reduce the attack on both metals by certain vapors and organic
substances
• It improves the performances of subsequently applied parts
• It can remove sulfides exposed on the surface of free-machining stainless
alloys
• It can remove surface contamination, such as particles of iron-containing
shop dirt and iron particles from cutting tools that can form rust or act as
initiation sites for corrosion
40. Phosphation
Phosphation is a treatment process carried out on
iron and steel to provide coatings for the protection
of items against corrosion/rust or wear
4
F
Purpose
41. Phosphation 4
F
Types and Classes
According to DOD-P-16232 F:
I – Type M (Manganese Phosphate Base)
Class 1 : Supplementary Preservative Treatment or Coating
Class 2 : Supplementary Treatment with lubricating oil as per MIL-L-3150
Class 3 : No Supplementary Treatment
Class 4 : Chemically converted with no supplementary treatment
II – Type Z (Zinc Phosphate Base)
Class 1 : Supplementary Preservative Treatment or Coating
Class 2 : Supplementary Treatment with lubricating oil as per MIL-L-3150
Class 3 : No Supplementary Treatment
Class 4 : Chemically converted with no supplementary treatment
42. Phosphation 4
F
Process Tests
Test
Type
Applicable
Specimen Preparation Requirement Test method
Coating
Weight
M & Z
Specimen Panels:
(10to 100 sq. cm with AQL
1.8 % defective)
3.6
- Weight Balance
(Coating weight shall
be 16 gm /m2 & 11 gm
/ m2 for M & Z type
coatings respectively)
Coating
thickness
M 0.005 to 0.010 mm
6.6
- Coating thickness
gaugeZ 0.005 to 0.015 mm
Corrosion
Resistance
M & Z
Specimen Panels:
(10 TO 100 Sq cm)
3.6, 4.7.5
- Salt spray test for 72
hours
Surface
Finish
6.5
- Surface tester
(0.8 mm)
Adhesion
Resistance
6.5
- Grit size 320 or grade
1000 glass beads
43. Phosphation 4
F
Process Tests
Coating
Type
Material
Hardness
HRC
(Minimum)
Heat Treatment
Stage of
operation
Z
Alloy Steel
Carbon Steel
39
39
98 to 107 degree
for 8 hours or room
temperature for
120 hours
For both
coatings Heat
Treatment is
carried out after
coating but
before any
stressing
operation
M
Alloy Steel
Carbon Steel
39
39
Alloy Steel
Carbon Steel
39
39
163 ± 14 degree for
4 hours or room
temperature for
120 hours
Stress relief shall be given to all parts having minimum hardness value of 39
HRC (Rockwell c)
44. Phosphation 4
F
Process Tests
Coating System E24xposure Time Minimum
Type Class
Salt Spray
(Hours)
Springfield
Immersion Tests
(Minutes)
M
1 1-1/2
10
2 1-1/2
3 1-1/2
4 24
Z
1 2
2 2
3 2
4 24
Accelerated corrosion resistance requirements are as under:
45. Phosphation 4
F
Advantages
• Phosphation provides drastic protection of items against corrosion and
wear & tear
• It helps to reduce the attack on both metals by certain vapors and organic
substances
• It can remove surface contaminations, particles of iron-containing shop
dirt and iron particles from cutting tools that can form rust or act as
initiation sites for corrosion
• It also gives anti-war properties to sliding surfaces during continuous
running periods
47. References
• MIL-A-8625 F
• MIL-STD-171E
• ASTM B-766-86
• MIL-C-5541C
• MIL-DTL-16232G
• DEF-DTD-904
• L-10205B
• QQ-P-35 C
• ASTM B-633
• DOD-P-16232F
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