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Biologically-Inspired Intelligent Robots
Using Artificial Muscles
Yoseph Bar-Cohen, JPL/Caltech, Pasadena, CA
818-354-2610, yosi@jpl.nasa.gov
http://ndeaa.jpl.nasa.gov/
Keynote Presentation, 2002 AMS Workshop
IAP 5/06 Advanced Mechatronic Systems, Belgian Universities Consortium
PMA/KULeuven , Belgium October 30, 2002
NDEAA Technologies
• Sensors
– USDC as a platform for bit integrated sensors
– In-process and in-service monitoring ( SAW and Bulk Acoustic Wave (BAW) sensors)
• NDE
– Materials properties and flaws characterization using LLW and polar backscattering
• Ultrasonic Medical Diagnostics and Treatment
– High power ultrasound (FMPUL): blood clot lysing, spine trauma and cancer treatment
– Acoustic Microscopy Endoscope (200MHz)
• Advanced Actuators
– Ultrasonic/Sonic Driller/Corer (USDC) for planetary exploration
– Ultrasonic motors (USM), Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) motors and Piezopump
– Artificial muscles using electroactive polymers
• Applications: Radiation sources, Robotics, etc.
– Ferrosource for multiple radiation types
– Biomimetics
– Noninvasive geophysical probing system (NGPS)
– Multifunction Automated Crawling System (MACS)
– Adjustable gossamer and membrane structures
– MEMICA as Haptic interfaces
Nature as a model for robotics engineering
Glider
(Alsomitra macrocarpa)
Aerodynamic dispersion of seeds
(Courtesy of Wayne's Word)
Ref: http://waynesword.palomar.edu/plfeb99.htm#helicopters
Octopus adaptive shape, texture and camouflage
Ref: http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/octopus/
Courtesy of Roger T. Hanlon, Director,
Marine Resources Center, Marine
Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA
Tumbleweed
Helicopter
(Tipuana tipu)
Courtesy of William M. Kier, of North Carolina
Lemur - 6-legged robots at JPL
Robot that responds to human expressions
Cynthia Breazeal and her robot Donna
Elements of an EAP actuated robots
Power
EAP
Actuator
Propulsion/Mobility/
Locomotion Functions
Swimming and/or diving
Walking
Hopping and/or flying
Microswitching and positioning
Sensing
EAP actuation sensors
Imaging
Other sensors as needed
Communication
Intelligent control
Navigation
Collision avoidance
Autonomous performance
• Most conventional mechanisms are driven by actuators requiring gears,
bearings, and other complex components.
• Emulating biological muscles can enable various novel manipulation
capabilities that are impossible today.
• Electroactive polymers (EAP) are emerging with capability that can mimic
muscles to actuate biologically inspired mechanisms.
• EAP are resilient, fracture tolerant, noiseless actuators that can be made
miniature, low mass, inexpensive and consume low power.
• EAP can potentially be used to construct 3-D systems, such as robotics,
which can be imagined today as science fiction.
Background
Comparison between EAP and widely
used transducing actuators
Property EAP EAC SMA
Actuation strain >10% 0.1 - 0.3 % <8% short
fatigue life
Force (MPa) 0.1 – 3 30-40 about 700
Reaction speed µsec to sec µsec to sec sec to min
Density 1- 2.5 g/cc 6-8 g/cc 5 - 6 g/cc
Drive voltage 2-7V/
10-100V/µm
50 - 800 V NA
Consumed Power* m-watts watts watts
Fracture toughness resilient, elastic fragile elastic
* Note: Power values are compared for documented devices driven
by such actuators.
BIOLOGICALLY INSPIRED ROBOTICS
IN-SITU MULTI-TASKING MISSIONS USING SCALABLE AUTONOMOUS ROBOTS
FOR COLONIZED EXPLORATION
Models for
EAP Actuated
Flexible
Robots
Soft
landing
Coordinated robotics
Hopping,
flying,
crawling
& digging
Multiple locomotion capabilities
Flying,
walking,
swimming &
diving
Neural networks
& expert systems
Non-Electro Active Polymers (NEAP)
• Conductive and Photonic Polymers
• Smart Structures and Materials
• Deformable Polymers
– Chemically Activated
– Shape Memory Polymers
– Inflatable Structures
– Light Activated Polymers
– Magnetically Activated Polymers
Non-electrical mechanically activated polymers
Shape Memory Polymers
Heat/pressure activation (W.
Sokolowski, JPL)McKibben Artificial
Muscles
Air Pressure activation
(Hannaford, B.U. Washington)
Smart Structures
Polymers with Stable shapes
(S. Poland, Luna Innovations, VA
)
Ionic Gel Polymers
Chemical transduction (P.
Calvert, UA)
Laser Illuminated Polymer
Light activation (H. Misawa, Japan )
Ferrogel
Magnetic Activation (M. Zrinyi,
Hungary)
Historical prospective
• Roentgen [1880] is credited for the first experiment with EAP electro-
activating rubber-band to move a cantilever with mass attached to the
free-end
• Sacerdote [1899] formulated the strain response of polymers to electric
field activation
• Eguchi [1925] discovery of electrets* marks the first developed EAP
− Obtained when carnauba wax, rosin and beeswax are solidified by cooling while
subjected to DC bias field.
• Another important milestone is Kawai [1969] observation of a
substantial piezoelectric activity in PVF2.
− PVF2 films were applied as sensors, miniature actuators and speakers.
• Since the early 70’s the list of new EAP materials has grown
considerably, but the most progress was made after 1990.
* Electrets are dielectric materials that can store charges for long times and produce field variation in reaction to pressure.
Electroactive Polymers (EAP)
ELECTRONIC EAP
• Dielectric EAP
• Electrostrictive Graft Elastomers
• Electrostrictive Paper
• Electro-Viscoelastic Elastomers
• Ferroelectric Polymers
• Liquid Crystal Elastomers (LCE)
IONIC EAP
• Carbon Nanotubes (CNT)
• Conductive Polymers (CP)
• ElectroRheological Fluids (ERF)
• Ionic Polymer Gels (IPG)
• Ionic Polymer Metallic Composite (IPMC)
Electronic EAP
ELECTRIC FIELD OR COULOMB FORCES DRIVEN ACTUATORS
Ferroelectric
[Q. Zhang, Penn State U.]
Graft Elastomer
[J. Su, NASA LaRC]
Liquid crystals
(Piezoelectric and thermo-mechanic)
[B. R. Ratna, NRL]
Voltage Off Voltage On
Dielectric EAP
[R. Kornbluh, et al., SRI International]
Paper EAP
[J. Kim, Inha University, Korea]
Temperature (C)
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
Strain(%)
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5 Heating
Cooling
Applied tensile stress: 8kPa
Heating/cooling rate: 0.5oC/min
MAOC4/MACC5
(50/50 mole%)
with 10mole% of
hexanediol
diacrylate
crosslinker
Ionic EAP
Turning chemistry to actuation
IPMC
[JPL using ONRI, Japan & UNM
materials] ElectroRheological Fluids (ERF)
[ER Fluids Developments Ltd]
Ionic Gel
[T. Hirai, Shinshu University, Japan]
Carbon-Nanotubes
[R. Baughman et al, Honeywell, et al]
Current EAP
Advantages and disadvantages
EAP type Advantages Disadvantages
Electronic
EAP
· Can operate in room conditions for a
long time
· Rapid response (mSec levels)
· Can hold strain under DC activation
· Induces relatively large actuation forces
· Requires high voltages
(~150V/µm)
· Requires compromise between
strain and stress
· Glass transition temperature is
inadequate for low temperature
actuation tasks
Ionic EAP · Large bending displacements
· Provides mostly bending actuation
(longitudinal mechanisms can be
constructed)
· Requires low voltage
· Except for CPs, ionic EAPs do not
hold strain under DC voltage
· Slow response (fraction of a second)
· Bending EAPs induce a relatively
low actuation force
· Except for CPs, it is difficult to
produce a consistent material
(particularly IPMC)
· In aqueous systems the material
sustains hydrolysis at >1.23-V
Considered planetary applications
Dust wiper
Bending EAP is used
as a surface wiper
Sample handling robotics
Extending EAP lowers a robotic arm, while
bending EAP fingers operate as a gripper
MEMICA
(MEchanical MIrroring using Controlled stiffness and Actuators)
Electro-Rheological Fluid at reference (left) and
activated states (right). [Smart Technology Ltd, UK]
MEMICA-based
exoskeleton for
countermeasure of
astronauts bones and
muscles loss in
microgravity. It has
potential application as:
• Assist patient rehabilitation
• Enhance human mobility
EAP infrastructure
Computational chemistry
New material synthesis
Material properties
characterization
Ionic Gel Nanotubes
Dielectric
EAP
IonicEAP Electronic EAP
IPMC Ferroelectric
Microlayering
(ISAM & inkjet
printing)
Material
fabrication
techniques
Shaping
(fibers, films,
etc.)
Support processes and
integration (electroding,
protective coating,
bonding, etc.)
Miniaturization
techniques
Sensors Actuators MEMS
Miniature Robotics
Insect-like robots
End effectors
Manipulators
Miniature locomotives
General applications and devices
Medical devices
Shape control
Muscle-like actuators
Active weaving and haptics
Devices/Applications
Tools/support elements
EAP processing
EAP mechanism
understanding and
enhancement
EAP material pool
Conductive
polymers
Nonlinear
electromechanical
modeling
Graft
elastomer
Applications
Underway or under consideration
• Mechanisms
– Lenses with controlled configuration
– Mechanical Lock
– Noise reduction
– Flight control surfaces/Jet flow control
– Anti G-Suit
• Robotics, Toys and Animatronics
– Biologically-inspired Robots
– Toys and Animatronics
• Human-Machine Interfaces
– Haptic interfaces
– Tactile interfaces
– Orientation indicator
– Smart flight/diving Suits
– Artificial Nose
– Braille display (for Blind Persons)
• Planetary Applications
– Sensor cleaner/wiper
– Shape control of gossamer structures
• Medical Applications
– EAP for Biological Muscle
Augmentation or Replacement
– Miniature in-Vivo EAP Robots for
Diagnostics and Microsurgery
– Catheter Steering Mechanism
– Tissues Growth Engineering
– Interfacing Neuron to Electronic
Devices Using EAP
– Active Bandage
• Liquid and Gases Flow Control
• Controlled Weaving
– Garment and Clothing
• MEMS
• EM Polymer Sensors &Transducers
Platforms for EAP Implementation
Robotic hand platform for EAP
[G. Whiteley, Sheffield Hallam U., UK]
Android making facial expressions
[Sculptured by D. Hanson, U. of Texas, Dallas, and instrumented
by jointly with G. Pioggia, University of Pisa, Italy]
Related recent and upcoming books
http://ndeaa.jpl.nasa.gov/nasa-nde/yosi/yosi-books.htm
Other References
Proceedings
SPIE
• Y. Bar-Cohen, (Ed.), "Electro-Active Polymer (EAP) Actuators and Devices," Proceedings of the
SPIE's 6th Annual International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials, Vol. 3669, ISBN 0-
8194-3143-5, (1999), pp. 1-414.
• Y. Bar-Cohen, (Ed.), Proceedings of the SPIE’s Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices Conf.,
7th Smart Structures and Materials Symposium, Vol. 3987, ISBN 0-8194-3605-4 (2000), pp 1-360.
• Y. Bar-Cohen, (Ed.), Proceedings of the SPIE’s Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices, 8th
Smart Structures and Materials Symposium, Vol. 4329, ISBN 0-8194-4015-9 (2001), pp. 1-524.
• Y. Bar-Cohen, (Ed.), Proceedings of the SPIE’s Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices, 9th
Smart Structures and Materials Symposium, Vol. 4695 , (2002), to be published.
MRS
• Q.M. Zhang, T. Furukawa, Y. Bar-Cohen, and J. Scheinbeim (Eds), “Electroactive Polymers (EAP),”
ISBN 1-55899-508-0, 1999 MRS Symposium Proceedings, Vol. 600, Warrendale, PA, (2001), pp 1-
336.
• Y. Bar-Cohen, Q.M. Zhang, E. Fukada, S. Bauer, D. B. Chrisey, and S. C. Danorth (Eds),
“Electroactive Polymers (EAP) and Rapid Prototyping,” ISBN 1-55899-634-6, 2001 MRS
Symposium Proceedings, Vol. 698, Warrendale, PA, (2002), pp 1-359.
Websites
• WW-EAP Webhub: http://ndeaa.jpl.nasa.gov/nasa-nde/lommas/eap/EAP-web.htm
WW-EAP Newsletter
• http://ndeaa.jpl.nasa.gov/nasa-nde/lommas/eap/WW-EAP-Newsletter.html
SUMMARY
• Artificial technologies (AI, AM, and others) for making biologically
inspired devices and instruments are increasingly being commercialized.
– Autonomous robotics, wireless communication, miniature electronics,
effective materials, powerful information technology are some of the critical
support technologies that have evolved enormously in recent years.
• Materials that resemble human and animals are widely used by movie
industry and animatronics have advanced to become powerful tools.
• Electroactive polymers are human made actuators that are the closest to
resemble biological muscle potentially enabling unique robotic
capabilities.
• Technology has advanced to the level that biologically inspired robots are
taking increasing role making science fiction ideas closer to an
engineering reality.
The grand challenge for EAP as
Artificial Muscles

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Bar cohen-jpl-biomimetic-robots

  • 1. Biologically-Inspired Intelligent Robots Using Artificial Muscles Yoseph Bar-Cohen, JPL/Caltech, Pasadena, CA 818-354-2610, yosi@jpl.nasa.gov http://ndeaa.jpl.nasa.gov/ Keynote Presentation, 2002 AMS Workshop IAP 5/06 Advanced Mechatronic Systems, Belgian Universities Consortium PMA/KULeuven , Belgium October 30, 2002
  • 2. NDEAA Technologies • Sensors – USDC as a platform for bit integrated sensors – In-process and in-service monitoring ( SAW and Bulk Acoustic Wave (BAW) sensors) • NDE – Materials properties and flaws characterization using LLW and polar backscattering • Ultrasonic Medical Diagnostics and Treatment – High power ultrasound (FMPUL): blood clot lysing, spine trauma and cancer treatment – Acoustic Microscopy Endoscope (200MHz) • Advanced Actuators – Ultrasonic/Sonic Driller/Corer (USDC) for planetary exploration – Ultrasonic motors (USM), Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) motors and Piezopump – Artificial muscles using electroactive polymers • Applications: Radiation sources, Robotics, etc. – Ferrosource for multiple radiation types – Biomimetics – Noninvasive geophysical probing system (NGPS) – Multifunction Automated Crawling System (MACS) – Adjustable gossamer and membrane structures – MEMICA as Haptic interfaces
  • 3. Nature as a model for robotics engineering Glider (Alsomitra macrocarpa) Aerodynamic dispersion of seeds (Courtesy of Wayne's Word) Ref: http://waynesword.palomar.edu/plfeb99.htm#helicopters Octopus adaptive shape, texture and camouflage Ref: http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/octopus/ Courtesy of Roger T. Hanlon, Director, Marine Resources Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA Tumbleweed Helicopter (Tipuana tipu) Courtesy of William M. Kier, of North Carolina
  • 4. Lemur - 6-legged robots at JPL
  • 5. Robot that responds to human expressions Cynthia Breazeal and her robot Donna
  • 6. Elements of an EAP actuated robots Power EAP Actuator Propulsion/Mobility/ Locomotion Functions Swimming and/or diving Walking Hopping and/or flying Microswitching and positioning Sensing EAP actuation sensors Imaging Other sensors as needed Communication Intelligent control Navigation Collision avoidance Autonomous performance
  • 7. • Most conventional mechanisms are driven by actuators requiring gears, bearings, and other complex components. • Emulating biological muscles can enable various novel manipulation capabilities that are impossible today. • Electroactive polymers (EAP) are emerging with capability that can mimic muscles to actuate biologically inspired mechanisms. • EAP are resilient, fracture tolerant, noiseless actuators that can be made miniature, low mass, inexpensive and consume low power. • EAP can potentially be used to construct 3-D systems, such as robotics, which can be imagined today as science fiction. Background
  • 8. Comparison between EAP and widely used transducing actuators Property EAP EAC SMA Actuation strain >10% 0.1 - 0.3 % <8% short fatigue life Force (MPa) 0.1 – 3 30-40 about 700 Reaction speed µsec to sec µsec to sec sec to min Density 1- 2.5 g/cc 6-8 g/cc 5 - 6 g/cc Drive voltage 2-7V/ 10-100V/µm 50 - 800 V NA Consumed Power* m-watts watts watts Fracture toughness resilient, elastic fragile elastic * Note: Power values are compared for documented devices driven by such actuators.
  • 9. BIOLOGICALLY INSPIRED ROBOTICS IN-SITU MULTI-TASKING MISSIONS USING SCALABLE AUTONOMOUS ROBOTS FOR COLONIZED EXPLORATION Models for EAP Actuated Flexible Robots Soft landing Coordinated robotics Hopping, flying, crawling & digging Multiple locomotion capabilities Flying, walking, swimming & diving Neural networks & expert systems
  • 10. Non-Electro Active Polymers (NEAP) • Conductive and Photonic Polymers • Smart Structures and Materials • Deformable Polymers – Chemically Activated – Shape Memory Polymers – Inflatable Structures – Light Activated Polymers – Magnetically Activated Polymers
  • 11. Non-electrical mechanically activated polymers Shape Memory Polymers Heat/pressure activation (W. Sokolowski, JPL)McKibben Artificial Muscles Air Pressure activation (Hannaford, B.U. Washington) Smart Structures Polymers with Stable shapes (S. Poland, Luna Innovations, VA ) Ionic Gel Polymers Chemical transduction (P. Calvert, UA) Laser Illuminated Polymer Light activation (H. Misawa, Japan ) Ferrogel Magnetic Activation (M. Zrinyi, Hungary)
  • 12. Historical prospective • Roentgen [1880] is credited for the first experiment with EAP electro- activating rubber-band to move a cantilever with mass attached to the free-end • Sacerdote [1899] formulated the strain response of polymers to electric field activation • Eguchi [1925] discovery of electrets* marks the first developed EAP − Obtained when carnauba wax, rosin and beeswax are solidified by cooling while subjected to DC bias field. • Another important milestone is Kawai [1969] observation of a substantial piezoelectric activity in PVF2. − PVF2 films were applied as sensors, miniature actuators and speakers. • Since the early 70’s the list of new EAP materials has grown considerably, but the most progress was made after 1990. * Electrets are dielectric materials that can store charges for long times and produce field variation in reaction to pressure.
  • 13. Electroactive Polymers (EAP) ELECTRONIC EAP • Dielectric EAP • Electrostrictive Graft Elastomers • Electrostrictive Paper • Electro-Viscoelastic Elastomers • Ferroelectric Polymers • Liquid Crystal Elastomers (LCE) IONIC EAP • Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) • Conductive Polymers (CP) • ElectroRheological Fluids (ERF) • Ionic Polymer Gels (IPG) • Ionic Polymer Metallic Composite (IPMC)
  • 14. Electronic EAP ELECTRIC FIELD OR COULOMB FORCES DRIVEN ACTUATORS Ferroelectric [Q. Zhang, Penn State U.] Graft Elastomer [J. Su, NASA LaRC] Liquid crystals (Piezoelectric and thermo-mechanic) [B. R. Ratna, NRL] Voltage Off Voltage On Dielectric EAP [R. Kornbluh, et al., SRI International] Paper EAP [J. Kim, Inha University, Korea] Temperature (C) 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 Strain(%) -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 Heating Cooling Applied tensile stress: 8kPa Heating/cooling rate: 0.5oC/min MAOC4/MACC5 (50/50 mole%) with 10mole% of hexanediol diacrylate crosslinker
  • 15. Ionic EAP Turning chemistry to actuation IPMC [JPL using ONRI, Japan & UNM materials] ElectroRheological Fluids (ERF) [ER Fluids Developments Ltd] Ionic Gel [T. Hirai, Shinshu University, Japan] Carbon-Nanotubes [R. Baughman et al, Honeywell, et al]
  • 16. Current EAP Advantages and disadvantages EAP type Advantages Disadvantages Electronic EAP · Can operate in room conditions for a long time · Rapid response (mSec levels) · Can hold strain under DC activation · Induces relatively large actuation forces · Requires high voltages (~150V/µm) · Requires compromise between strain and stress · Glass transition temperature is inadequate for low temperature actuation tasks Ionic EAP · Large bending displacements · Provides mostly bending actuation (longitudinal mechanisms can be constructed) · Requires low voltage · Except for CPs, ionic EAPs do not hold strain under DC voltage · Slow response (fraction of a second) · Bending EAPs induce a relatively low actuation force · Except for CPs, it is difficult to produce a consistent material (particularly IPMC) · In aqueous systems the material sustains hydrolysis at >1.23-V
  • 17. Considered planetary applications Dust wiper Bending EAP is used as a surface wiper Sample handling robotics Extending EAP lowers a robotic arm, while bending EAP fingers operate as a gripper
  • 18. MEMICA (MEchanical MIrroring using Controlled stiffness and Actuators) Electro-Rheological Fluid at reference (left) and activated states (right). [Smart Technology Ltd, UK]
  • 19. MEMICA-based exoskeleton for countermeasure of astronauts bones and muscles loss in microgravity. It has potential application as: • Assist patient rehabilitation • Enhance human mobility
  • 20. EAP infrastructure Computational chemistry New material synthesis Material properties characterization Ionic Gel Nanotubes Dielectric EAP IonicEAP Electronic EAP IPMC Ferroelectric Microlayering (ISAM & inkjet printing) Material fabrication techniques Shaping (fibers, films, etc.) Support processes and integration (electroding, protective coating, bonding, etc.) Miniaturization techniques Sensors Actuators MEMS Miniature Robotics Insect-like robots End effectors Manipulators Miniature locomotives General applications and devices Medical devices Shape control Muscle-like actuators Active weaving and haptics Devices/Applications Tools/support elements EAP processing EAP mechanism understanding and enhancement EAP material pool Conductive polymers Nonlinear electromechanical modeling Graft elastomer
  • 21. Applications Underway or under consideration • Mechanisms – Lenses with controlled configuration – Mechanical Lock – Noise reduction – Flight control surfaces/Jet flow control – Anti G-Suit • Robotics, Toys and Animatronics – Biologically-inspired Robots – Toys and Animatronics • Human-Machine Interfaces – Haptic interfaces – Tactile interfaces – Orientation indicator – Smart flight/diving Suits – Artificial Nose – Braille display (for Blind Persons) • Planetary Applications – Sensor cleaner/wiper – Shape control of gossamer structures • Medical Applications – EAP for Biological Muscle Augmentation or Replacement – Miniature in-Vivo EAP Robots for Diagnostics and Microsurgery – Catheter Steering Mechanism – Tissues Growth Engineering – Interfacing Neuron to Electronic Devices Using EAP – Active Bandage • Liquid and Gases Flow Control • Controlled Weaving – Garment and Clothing • MEMS • EM Polymer Sensors &Transducers
  • 22. Platforms for EAP Implementation Robotic hand platform for EAP [G. Whiteley, Sheffield Hallam U., UK] Android making facial expressions [Sculptured by D. Hanson, U. of Texas, Dallas, and instrumented by jointly with G. Pioggia, University of Pisa, Italy]
  • 23. Related recent and upcoming books http://ndeaa.jpl.nasa.gov/nasa-nde/yosi/yosi-books.htm
  • 24. Other References Proceedings SPIE • Y. Bar-Cohen, (Ed.), "Electro-Active Polymer (EAP) Actuators and Devices," Proceedings of the SPIE's 6th Annual International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials, Vol. 3669, ISBN 0- 8194-3143-5, (1999), pp. 1-414. • Y. Bar-Cohen, (Ed.), Proceedings of the SPIE’s Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices Conf., 7th Smart Structures and Materials Symposium, Vol. 3987, ISBN 0-8194-3605-4 (2000), pp 1-360. • Y. Bar-Cohen, (Ed.), Proceedings of the SPIE’s Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices, 8th Smart Structures and Materials Symposium, Vol. 4329, ISBN 0-8194-4015-9 (2001), pp. 1-524. • Y. Bar-Cohen, (Ed.), Proceedings of the SPIE’s Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices, 9th Smart Structures and Materials Symposium, Vol. 4695 , (2002), to be published. MRS • Q.M. Zhang, T. Furukawa, Y. Bar-Cohen, and J. Scheinbeim (Eds), “Electroactive Polymers (EAP),” ISBN 1-55899-508-0, 1999 MRS Symposium Proceedings, Vol. 600, Warrendale, PA, (2001), pp 1- 336. • Y. Bar-Cohen, Q.M. Zhang, E. Fukada, S. Bauer, D. B. Chrisey, and S. C. Danorth (Eds), “Electroactive Polymers (EAP) and Rapid Prototyping,” ISBN 1-55899-634-6, 2001 MRS Symposium Proceedings, Vol. 698, Warrendale, PA, (2002), pp 1-359. Websites • WW-EAP Webhub: http://ndeaa.jpl.nasa.gov/nasa-nde/lommas/eap/EAP-web.htm WW-EAP Newsletter • http://ndeaa.jpl.nasa.gov/nasa-nde/lommas/eap/WW-EAP-Newsletter.html
  • 25. SUMMARY • Artificial technologies (AI, AM, and others) for making biologically inspired devices and instruments are increasingly being commercialized. – Autonomous robotics, wireless communication, miniature electronics, effective materials, powerful information technology are some of the critical support technologies that have evolved enormously in recent years. • Materials that resemble human and animals are widely used by movie industry and animatronics have advanced to become powerful tools. • Electroactive polymers are human made actuators that are the closest to resemble biological muscle potentially enabling unique robotic capabilities. • Technology has advanced to the level that biologically inspired robots are taking increasing role making science fiction ideas closer to an engineering reality.
  • 26. The grand challenge for EAP as Artificial Muscles