Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median and Mode
Breathing systems open circuit- shoeib
1. J.J.M MEDICAL COLLEGE, DAVANGEREDEPARTMENT OF ANESTHESIOLOGY SEMINAR ON BREATHING SYSTEMS OPEN CIRCUIT CHAIR PERSON PRESENTED BY DR. PRIYADARSHINI M.B DR. SHOEIB M.D P.G IN ANESTHESIA ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DATE-- 01-06-2010.
2. “NECESSITY IS MOTHER OF INVENTION” Earlier circuits were simple, differing in the type of anesthetic agent administered. The purpose of breathing systems that have evolved in anesthetic practice is to deliver Gas & Vapor to the patient in an appropriate, controlled & efficient manner.
5. 1907 Barth used it to administer N₂O. 1909 Teter`s apparatus developed. 1909-13 F.W.Hewitts developed Hewitt`s apparatus.
6. 1913 Gwathemy Apparatus developed. 1917 Boyle`s Apparatus developed. 1928 Magill`s Circuit was developed. 1937 Philip Ayre introduced T piece.
7. 1972 J.A Bain & W.E Spoerel introduced Bain`s Circuit. 1975 Dr Gordon Jackson Rees developed Mapleson F system. Humphrey Davy, Brock & Downing developed combined ADE system.
8. Definition A breathing system is defined as an assembly of components, which connects the patient’s airway to the anesthetic machine creating an artificial atmosphere form and into which the patient breathes. The breathing system converts a continuous flow from the anaesthesia machine to an intermittent flow;
9. In practice the breathing system is usually regarded as extending from the point of fresh gas inlet to the point at which gas escapes to the atmosphere or a scavenging system. Rebreathing: in anesthetic systems, it now conventionally refers to the breathing again of some or all of the previously exhaled gases including CO2 & water vapor.
10. Components of breathing system: Formally these were called breathing apparatus or breathing circuits. These names have been abandoned. It primarily consists of A fresh gas entry port/delivery tube through which gases are delivered from the machine to the systems. A port to connect it to the patients airway. A reservoir for a gas in the form of a bag or a corrugated tube to meet the peak inspiratory flow requirements
11. d) An expiratory port/valve through which the expired gas is vented to the atmosphere. e) Corrugated tubes for connecting these components. f) Flow directing valves may or may not be used. g) A CO2 absorber if total rebreathing is to be allowed.
12. h) Connectors & adaptors A connector is a fitting that joins together 2 or more similar components. An adaptor is a specialized connector that establishes functional continuity between otherwise disparate or incompatible components. There sizes are universal & either male/female, 15/22mm connections. Some incorporate gas sampling ports.
13. Bacterial filters- they prevent transmission of infection to the patients or contamination of equipments. Generally a new filter should be used for every patient or in the absence of filter, a disposable system should be used on every patient.
14. j) Heat & Moisture Exchange (HME Filters)- These humidify & warm the Anesthetic gases being delivered to the patients. These devices also help to dehumidify the gases that are been sampled for analysis by the side stream devices
18. ASTM Standards specifies – For bags < 1.5L, min pressure 30cms. & max pressure 50cms of water. For bags > 1.5L, min pressure more than 35cms & max pressure not exceeding 60cms of water.
21. Resistance to gas flow <1mm of H₂O/litre/min of flow Corrugations prevent kinking & increased flexibility. Backlash seen during spontaneous breathing. Wasted ventilation seen during controlled breathing. Functions Act as reservoir in certain systems. They provide connection from 1part of system to another.
22. Adjustable Pressure Limiting Valve (APL Valve) Also called as expiratory valve, pressure relief valve, pop off valve, Heidbrink valve, Dump valve, Exhaust valve, Spill valve etc
30. Desirable/Secondary Criteria The desirable requirements are economy of fresh gas. b) conservation of heat. c) adequate humidification of inspired gas. d) light weight
31. e) Convenience during use. f) Efficiency during spontaneous as well as controlled ventilation (efficiency is determined in terms of CO2 elimination and fresh gas utilization) g) Adaptability for adults, children and mechanical ventilators h) Provision to reduce theatre pollution
32. Dripps classification It is based on rebreathing, presence or absence of reservoir, CO2 absorption & directional valves. Insufflation system – gases are delivered directly into the patient’s airways, no reservoir bag, no valves, no CO2 absorber – open drop method Open type – gases are directed to the patient from anesthesia machine, and valves direct exhaled gases to the atmosphere – intermittent flow machines, systems with non rebreathing valves
33. Semiopen type – mixing of inspired and expired gases occur and rebreathing depends on fresh gas flow. No CO2 absorber – Mapleson systems Semiclosed system – part of the exhaled gases go out to the atmosphere, part of it gets mixed with inspired gases and is rebreathed. CO2 absorber is present Closed system – complete rebreathing of expired gas. CO2 absorber is present.
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35. Breathing systems without CO2 absorber 1) Unidirectional flow non rebreathing system They make use of non-rebreathing valves. To prevent rebreathing FGF =MV.
36. Though it satisfies all the 4 essential requirements, still not very popular because Fresh gas flow has to be constantly adjusted and is not economical. 2) There is no humidification of inspired gases. 3) There is no conservation of heat
37. 4) The valve is bulky and has to be placed close to the patient. 5) Malfunctioning of the valve can occur due to condensation of moisture. 6) Can be noisy at times. 7) Cleaning and sterilization is somewhat difficult
39. MAPLESON BREATHING SYSTEM In 1954 – on advice of William Mushin, Mapleson reported on functional analysis of Breathing systems.
40. For better understanding of functional analysis they have been classified as Afferent Reservoir System (ARS) 2) Enclosed Afferent Reservoir System 3) Efferent Reservoir System 4) Combined System The efficiency of a system is determined in terms of CO₂ elimination & FGF utilization.
41. Afferent limb is that part of the breathing system which delivers the fresh gas from the machine to the patient. If the reservoir is placed in this limb as in Mapleson A, B, C and Lack’s systems they are called as afferent reservoir system. Efferent limb is that part of the breathing system which carries the expired gas from the patient and vents it to the atmosphere through the expiratory valve/port. If the reservoir is placed in this limb as in Mapleson D, E, F and Bain systems they are called efferent reservoir system
42. For spontaneous ventilation in the order of efficiency – ADCB (All Dogs Can Bite). For controlled ventilation – DBCA (Dead Bodies Can’t Argue) Here D includes E, F and Bain`s system
43. Mapleson postulates (1954) Mapleson has analyzed these bi-directional flow systems & few basic assumptions have been made which are of historical interest. Gases move En-bloc i.e they maintain their identity as fresh gas, dead space gas & alveolar gas. There is no mixing of these gases.
44. Reservoir bags continues to fill up, without offering any resistance till it is full. The expiratory valve opens as soon as the reservoir bag is full & pressure inside the system goes above the atmospheric pressure. The valve remains open throughout the expiratory phase without offering any resistance to gas flow & closes at the start of next inspiration.
45. Mapleson A/Magill’s system Originally described by Evan Magill. Length of breathing tube 110-180 cms. FGF from machine end. APL close to patient. Sampling ports to be placed between APL valve & the tube.
49. Controlled Ventilation These systems are inneficient for controlled ventilation. FGF >20L/min required for CO₂ elimination. This system cannot be used in patients less than 30kgs.
50. Function Lack system Co-axial Mapleson A. Outer tube 30mm in diameter. Inner tube 14mm in diameter. APL valve placed near patients end.
51. Testing for Leaks in Magills & Lacks Magill – tested for leaks by occluding the patient end & closing valve & pressurizing the system. Opening the APL valve will conform proper functioning of the component. In addition the user or patient should breathe through the system to rule out block.
52. Lack – tested same as for Mapleson A with testing integrity of inner tube. ET tube is attached to inner tube & valve is closed. Air is blown. If leak is present, excursions will be seen in the reservoir bag. Occlude both the limbs with APL valve open, squeeze the bag. Any leak is confirmed by release of gas from APL valve.
53. Mapleson B system This circuit functions similarly during both spontaneous & controlled ventilation. FGF > 2x Min Volume used for both spontaneous & controlled ventilation.
54. Mapleson C system Also called as Westminster face piece FGF > 2 x Min Volume for both Spontaneous & controlled. Used for short periods during transportation of patient.
55. Enclosed Afferent Reservoir System Described by Miller & Miller. Consists of Mapleson A system enclosed within a non-distensible structure Spontaneous ventilation variable orifice kept open, behaves like Mapleson A. Controlled ventilation variable orifice partially closed. It is more efficient than Bain`s system when FG is > than Alveolar Ventilation.
56. Efferent Reservoir System Mapleson D,E,& F systems, all have a T piece in common. T piece is 3 way tubular connector, 1cm in diameter & 5cm in length. It has 3 ports To Patient The expiratory Port. Fresh Gas Port. FGF = PIFR has been used to prevent air dilution.
57. Bain modification of Mapleson D system Originally modified by Bain & Sporel in 1972. Is co-axial system. Usual length is 180cm. Outer tube Diameter -22mm. Carries exhaled gas. Inner tube Diameter-7mm. Carries fresh gas.
58. Spontaneous Ventilation FGF of atleast 1.5-3 times MV is advised to prevent rebreathing. Based on body wt. 200 ml/kg/min flow has been recommended.
59. Controlled Ventilation FGF to maintain normocarbia is advised to be around 70ml/kg/min. Most efficient among the Mapleson Systems.
60. Recommendations by Bain & Sporel 2L/min FGF in patients <10kg. 3.5L/min FGF in patients between 10-50 kg. 70ml/kg/min FGF in patients more than 60kg. Tidal volume to be set at 10ml/kg. Respiratory rate at 12-16 breaths/min.
61. Advantages of Bains circuit 1) light weight 2) convenient to use 3) easily sterilized and reusable 4) scavenging of exhaled gases is facilitated 5) exhaled gases in the outer tubing add warmth to the inspired gases 6) a long corrugated tubing with an aluminium APL valve may be used to ventilate a patient undergoing MRI
62. Testing – For the integrity of the inner tube Set a low flow of O2 on the flow meter and occluding the inner tube (with a finger or the barren of a small syringe) at the patient end while observing the flowmeter indicator. If the inner tube is intact and correctly connected, the indicator will fall.
63. 2) Pethick’s test – High flow O2 is fed into the circuit while the patient end is occluded until the bag is filled. The patient end is opened and simultaneously ‘O2 flush’ is activated. If the inner tube is intact, the Venturi effect occurring at the patient end, causes a decrease in pressure within the circuit and the reservoir bag deflates. Conversely if there is a leak in the inner tube, gas escapes into the outer tube and the reservoir bag remains inflated
64. Mapleson E system Modification of Ayre`s T Piece. Used initially for pediatric patients undergoing palate repair & intracranial surgery. Minimal dead space, no valves, v.little resistance. Volume of expiratory limb > Pts tidal volume to prevent air dilution.
65. Used in children weighing 25-30kg. Sampling port is between expiratory port & tubing. FGF > 3 times min. volume
66. Problems with this system are Air dilution of the expiratory limb is short. 2) High fresh gas flow is required to prevent rebreathing and air dilution. 3) During controlled ventilation feel of the bag is not there and hence hazard of ‘barotrauma’ is a possibility. Used to administer O₂ for spontaneously breathing patients in ICU.
67. Mapleson F system(JACKSON-REES) T piece arrangement with a reservoir bag. Relief mechanism is either an adjustable valve at end of bag or a hole on side of Bag. Newer modification incorporates APL valve before the reservoir bag. Pressure relief is actuated at 30cms of water. FGF = 2-3 x MV for spontaneous respiration. FGF = Bain`s for controlled respiration.
68. 1) light weight 2) simple construction 3) inexpensive 4) minimal resistance 5) minimal dead space 6) controlled ventilation is easily done 7) scavenging is easily facilitated.
69. Hazards 1) lack of humidification 2) need for high fresh gas flows 3) occlusion of relief valve can increase the airway pressure, producing barotraumas
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71. Advantages of Mapleson systems the equipment is simple, inexpensive and rugged. 2) components can be easily disassembled and can be sterilized. 3) the systems provide buffering effect so that variations in minute volume affect end tidal CO2 less than in a circle system 4) rebreathing will result in retention of heat and moisture 5) resistance is within the recommended ranges
72. 6) light weight and not bulky 7) do not cause excessive drag on ET tube 8) easy to position conveniently. 9) compression & compliance losses are less with these systems than with circle systems. 10) Changes in fresh gas concentration result in rapid changes in inspiratory gas composition
73. Disadvantages require high gas flows, higher costs, increased atmospheric pollution. 2) optimal fresh gas flow may be difficult to determine. Necessary to change fresh gas flows when changing from spontaneous to controlled mode. 3) anything that causes decreased fresh gas flow can produce dangerous rebreathing
74. 4) in Mapleson A, B and C system the APL valve is close to the patient end and may be inaccessible. 5) Mapleson E and F are difficult to scavenge. 6) These are not suitable for patients with Malignant Hyperthermia because it may not be possible to increase the fresh gas flow enough to remove the increased CO2 load.
75. Combined systems Designed by Humphrey D, Brock & Downing. Has 2 reservoirs, Afferent Efferent. While in use, only 1 reservoir functions. Lever helps in switch over function. Can be used in adults as well as in children. Not yet widely used.
76. REFERENCES: Dorsch J.A, Dorsch S.E. Understanding Anesthesia Equipment; 4th edition Ward C S. Anaesthetic Equipment; 2nd edition. Eisenkraft JB, Ehrenwerth J. Anesthesia Equipment. 1st edition Ravishankar M. Man and the Machine – Anesthetic Breathing Systems Barasch PG, Cullen BF, Stoelting RK. Clinical Anesthesia. 5th edition. Wylie and Churchill Davidsons. A practice of anesthesia. 5th edition. RACE 2008- Breathing Circuits by Dr M R Shankar.
