6. • Every year there are around 60 volcanic
eruptions around the world. You don’t hear
of these grounding planes…
• This volcano is under an ice sheet – the
magma is shattered into finer ash – it
travels higher, further and is more
abrasive…really bad news for jet engines!
• The last big eruption here lasted 1821-
1823…two years!!
13. Iceland is located on the Mid-Atlantic
Ridge.
The North-American and Eurasian
plates move apart- called constructive
plates.
This causes magma to rise to the
surface and form volcanoes.
The latest eruption occurred under a
glacier.
The water cooled the lava quickly
resulting in glass particles entering the
Make a copy of this flow plume.
diagram in your book…
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fimmvorduhals_second_fissure_2010_04_02.JPG
15. Egypt
• More than 600 British holidaymakers are spending their fifth day
camping out at Sharm el-Sheikh's airport.
• They are mainly passengers with low-cost airlines such as Easyjet,
Monarch and Jet 2.
• Staff are reported to be providing lilos for people to sleep on.
• In all, there are estimated to be 18,000 British tourists currently in
the Red Sea resort.
“ It was fun at first, having a few extra days of holiday, but it's
become very frustrating because I just want to get back to
normal life. The kids want to go back to school”
Siobhan Harris, Oxfordshire
16. The particles erode Glass in the plume
the fans of the melts and coats the
engines. internal parts of the
engine.
The aircraft is likely
to be hit by lava. The particles can
sandblast the
windscreen making
Ash blocks the it difficult to land.
ventilation system,
causing the engines Make a copy of the Gases from the
to overheat and
shut down.
CORRECT statements volcano could cause
the pilots to pass
only…
out.
Ash can add
significant weight to Ash can cause damage to
Pilots are unable to navigate
the aircraft and instruments that measure
due to the poor visibility.
change its balance. pressure and airspeed.
17. United Kingdom
Austria
Belgium
Croatia
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Luxembourg
As correct 17th April 2010.
18. Moldova
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Romania
Serbia
Bosnia
Montenegro
Sweden
Switzerland
Ukraine
http://d-maps.com/carte.php?lib=europe_map&num_car=2233&lang=en
As correct 17th April 2010.
19. Teachers Stuck!
Ms Johnen and Mrs Swallow
– stuck in Singapore. Miss
Ruiz stuck in Tenerife.
Exam classes miss out!
Pupils Stuck…
Parents stuck…
Imports of fresh food not
coming in…
Businesses missing workers…
LEDC’s not able to export
goods.
20. Impacts on the airline industry…
• The most direct casualty of the ash is the airline industry.
• The International Air Transport Association (IATA)
estimates that airlines are collectively losing £130m per
day in lost revenues.
• If the disruption persists for several weeks, total losses
could run into billions, having a catastrophic effect on an
industry already set to lose £1.4bn this year.
• Travel companies are also losing out. TUI, the owner of
First Choice and Thomson and Europe's biggest travel
operator, says it is losing between £5m and £6m a day.
Impacts on other forms of transport…
• Other transport companies are benefiting as passengers
look for alternatives to flying.
• Ferry services have benefited from the flight restrictions
• Eurostar in particular has seen huge demand from
passengers since the disruption began on Thursday. The
company said it carried 50,000 extra passengers on
Thursday and Friday - an increase of nearly a third - with
services effectively full.
21. Impacts on students…
• Exam timetables could be readjusted to help pupils stranded
overseas by flight cancellations.
Impacts on passengers…
• A passenger group has expressed "outrage" that some travellers
may face extra charges for flights they rebook due to the ash
cloud.
Impacts on sport…
• Uefa says Liverpool must make the 900-mile trip (1,200 miles by
road) to Madrid for Thursday's Europa League semi-final
against Atletico, even if they cannot get on a plane.
• Fulham have made contingency plans to make a 570-mile road
journey to Hamburg for their own Europa League last-four
encounter should they be unable to fly.
• The England and Wales Cricket Board will wait until Wednesday
before considering contingency plans for travel to the ICC
World Twenty20 in the West Indies.
Impacts on the Kenyan flower industry…
22. IMPACTS OF THE
ERUPTION…
Take a whole page in your book.
Make a copy of the above. For
each section write as much
detail as you can about the
impacts.
24. Epic journeys…
• http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8631517.stm
• http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8630405.stm
Gary Lineker makes Match of the Day with 24-hour trip
• Presenter Gary Lineker made the Match of the Day line-up on Saturday night -
but only after enduring a near 24-hour journey from Tenerife to London.
• Lineker, who was on holiday with his family when the Icelandic volcanic ash closed
UK airspace, arrived back with only about two hours to spare.
• He had flown to Madrid, driven to Paris and caught a Eurostar train to London.
• Opening the BBC One highlights show, the ex-footballer said some fixtures were
worth going the "extra mile" for.
• "It was like one of those impossible challenges they have on Top Gear," he said.
• "I didn't have much chance to shut my eyes properly before the show - but I am going
to sleep for England on Sunday."
• Lineker said his wife Danielle, her daughter Ella, eight, and his sons George, 18,
Harry, 17, Tobias, 14, and Alex, 12, had "kept each other going" during the 2,050-
mile (3,311 km) journey by singing songs.
25. An importer of fruit.
An importer of fruit. Produce a similar diagram for one of
these individuals.
No flights GCSE student on holiday
GCSE student on holiday
No fruit can be imported.
A teacher on holiday
A teacher on holiday
Fruit is left to rot.
A self-employed builder
A self-employed builder
Importer loses money.
Construct a flow diagram
Fruit shortage and price rises? for each of the above to
write about the impacts
for that individual.
27. How volcanoes have shaped history
• In 1991, Mount Pinatubo on the island of Luzon, in the
Philippines, erupted just 90km (55 miles) north-west of the
capital, Manila.
• Over the course of several eruptions, the volcano ejected a
massive 10 cubic km of material, making it the second biggest
eruption of the 20th Century.
• While volcanic dust is in the upper atmosphere, it can have a
profound short-term effect on the global climate, because it
blocks out a portion of the sunlight able to reach the ground.
• The Mount Pinatubo eruption caused the average global
temperature to drop by 0.4-0.5C.
28. • Previous eruptions have been much more deadly. The
eruption of the volcano on Krakatoa in Indonesia in 1883
is one of the best known eruptions in relatively recent
times, because it occurred after the invention of the
telegraph.
• It killed thousands, pulverised two-thirds of the island
and drastically altered the ocean floor. But Krakatoa was
a mere baby compared with the eruption of Tambora,
also in Indonesia, some 68 years earlier.
• This was the most powerful eruption in recorded history.
Rivers of hot ash rolled down the 4,000m (13,000ft) -high
volcano, killing around 10,000 people on the island.
• It is thought to have ejected 50 cubic km or more of
material and pumped vast amounts of sulphur dioxide
into the atmosphere.
• The cloud from Tambora caused an unusual chill,
lowering global temperatures by an estimated 0.4-0.7C.
• In parts of Europe and in North America, 1816 became
known as "the year without a summer". Frosts killed off
crops in New England and Canada; Europe was also hit
badly.
29. • 70,000 years ago, a massive volcanic eruption may even have
threatened the existence of humankind.
• The "super-eruption" of Mount Toba on the Indonesian island of
Sumatra is thought by some to have caused a six-year long volcanic
winter followed by a 1,000-year-long freeze.
• Toba could have caused a mass die-off of plant life and a famine for
animal species.
• Some researchers have calculated that the human population
dropped to between 10,000 and 5,000 individuals, pushing Homo
sapiens to the brink of extinction.
• But others think the near extinction of human life may have pushed
people to new levels of ingenuity in order to survive; evidence of
advanced tool technology and some very early examples of art have
been dated to around the time of the Toba super-eruption.
Further back in history of course, massive volcanic episodes have
been linked to mass extinctions of life on Earth.
While mass volcanism in India was once considered as a cause of
the demise of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, a comet or
asteroid is now considered the most likely candidate for wiping out
the beasts.
