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Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
Romanesque
Architecture
Ar. Hena Tiwari
Gateway College of Architecture &
Design, Sonipat
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
Romanesque – means “Roman-like”
It flourished in the 12th century into the Gothic style,
marked by pointed arches.
The Romanesque style in England is traditionally
referred to as Norman architecture.
Romanesque reflects not only Roman characteristics
but also the Hiberno-Saxon linear patterns and even
some Islamic and Byzantine traditions.
It's the first European style. It can be found all around
Europe.
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
Typologies
• There are three main architectonical
typologies:
Church Monasteries Castles
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
Regional characteristics
Features of Romanesque architecture are seen in different areas
around Europe.
•Small churches are generally aisle- less, with a projecting apse.
•Large churches are basilicas with a nave flanked by aisles and
divided by an arcade.
•Abbey churches and cathedrals often had transepts.
•Round arches in arcades, windows, doors and vaults.
•Massive walls
•Towers
•Piers
•Stout columns
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
Groin vaulting
Portals with sculpture and moldings
Decorative arcades as an external feature, and frequently
internal also
Spiral ornament
Cushion capitals
Murals
Some large churches have projecting transepts.
Towers were freestanding and may be circular.
Windows were small.
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
Architectural Characteristics
 They recover the “round arch” used by the
Romans.
 The church is covered by stoned vaults,
called barrel vault, which is a succession of
round arches, one after another.
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
 The structure was very heavy and
as a consequence:
Walls are thick
They need strong buttresses
They use few and small windows
Sensations
 Intimate Sensation
 Stability
 Spiritual Sensation
 Symbolism: Latin cross
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
Church
 It was the main building
 It symbolized God’s kingdom
 The holiest part was the apse
 It had cross shape
 Symbolism was important:
 Circular parts reflect perfection so they were linked to God
Squared parts are related to the human.
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
• Characteristics:
– Monumental, trying to imitate the Roman models in
the Pilgrimage churches.
– Small in country churches.
– They were designed for advertising Catholic church
– They were lasting, made of stone
– Plans could be:
• Latin cross
• Polygonal
• Basilica Latin cross Poligonal Basilica
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
Monastery
• It was designed as a microcosm, as the city of God
• They had several dependencies:
– Church
– Cloister
– Chapter room
– Abbot’s house
– Monks/ nuns rooms
– Refectory
– Hospital
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
Castle
• Castles were defensive constructions
• They were fortified for providing shelter
• The wall was one of the essential elements
• They tend to be build in stepped areas, easier to defend.
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
Piazza dei Miracoli
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
•The Piazza dei Miracoli (Square of Miracles), formally known as Piazza del
Duomo (Cathedral Square), is a wide walled area located
in Pisa, Tuscany, Italy.
•It is recognized as an important center of European medieval art and one of
the finest architectural complexes in the world.
•Considered a sacred area by its owner, the Catholic Church, the square is
dominated by four great religious edifices:
the Pisa Cathedral,
the Pisa Baptistry,
the Leaning Tower of Pisa,
the Camposanto Monumentale(Monumental Cemetery).
Piazza dei Miracoli
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
•The name Piazza dei Miracoli was created by the Italian writer and
poet Gabriele d'Annunzio who, described the square as the "prato
dei Miracoli" or the "meadow of miracles".
•The square is sometimes called the Campo dei Miracoli (Field of
Miracles).
•In 1987 the whole square was declared a UNESCO World
Heritage Site.
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
Site plan
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
PISA CATHEDRAL ,ITALY (1063-92)
Plan
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
• Its construction began in 1064 by the architect Busketo, and set the
model for the distinctive Pisan Romanesque style of architecture.
• The plan is similar to Basilican Church.
• It has a long row of columns supporting arch, double aisles and
central nave, transepts and a segmental apse at each end.
• The exterior has bands of red and white marble, and the ground
storey is faced with wall relief by tiers of wall passages which rise
one above another right into the gable.
• The elliptical dome over the crossing is of later date.
• The building depends for its interest on its general proportions
and on the delicacy of its ornamental features
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
• The mosaics of the interior, as well as the pointed arches,
show a strong Byzantine influence.
• The façade, of grey marble and white stone set with discs
of coloured marble, was built by a master
named Rainaldo, as indicated by an inscription above the
middle door
• The massive bronze main doors were made in the
workshops of Giambologna, replacing the original doors
destroyed in a fire in 1595.
• The original central door was in bronze and made around
1180 by Bonanno Pisano, while the other two were
probably in wood.
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
Elevation
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
Section
• The coffer ceiling of the nave was replaced after the fire of 1595. The
present gold-decorated ceiling carries the coat of arms of the Medici.
• The elaborately carved pulpit (1302–1310), which also survived the
fire, was made by Giovanni Pisano and is one the masterworks of
medieval sculpture.
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
Panaroma view
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
The Pisa Baptistery
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
 The Baptistery, dedicated to St.
John the Baptist, stands opposite
the west end of the Duomo.
 The round Romanesque building
begun in the mid 12th century.
 It was built in Romanesque style by
an architect known
as Diotisalvi ("God Save You"),
who worked also in the church of
the Holy Sepulchre in the city.
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
 It is the largest baptistery in Italy.
 Its circumference measures 107.25 m.
 Taking into account the statue of St. John the Baptist
(attributed to Turino di Sano) on top of the dome, it is even
a few centimeters higher than the Leaning Tower.
 It has notable acoustics also.
 The lintel is divided in two tiers.
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
 The portal, facing the façade of the cathedral, is flanked by
two classical columns, while the inner jambs are executed
in Byzantine style.
 The lower one depicts several episodes in the life of St.
John the Baptist, while the upper one shows Christ
between the Madonna and St John the Baptist, flanked by
angels and the evangelists.
 The immensity of the interior is overwhelming, but it is
surprisingly plain and lacks decoration.
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
Leaning Tower of Pisa
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
 The leaning Tower of Pisa is famous
because it leans.
 The last of the three major buildings
on the piazza to be built, construction
of the bell tower began in 1173 and
took place in three stages over the
course of 177 years, with the bell-
chamber only added in 1372.
 Although it was designed to be
perfectly vertical, it started to lean
during construction.
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
 However, even without this famous characteristic, this
building would still be one of the most remarkable
architectural structures from medieval Europe.
 It stands at 60 metres and until 1990 was leaning at about
a 10 degree angle.
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
 The leaning Tower of Pisa
was designed as a circular
bell tower that would stand
185 feet high.
 It is constructed of white
marble.
 The tower has eight storeys,
including the chamber for
the bells.
 The bottom story consists of
15 marble arches.
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
 Each of the next six storeys
contains 30 arches that
surround the tower.
 The final storey is the bell
chamber itself, which has 16
arches.
 There is a 297-step spiral
staircase inside the tower
leading to the top.
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
 Construction of the tower occurred in three stages across
199 years.
 Work on the ground floor of the white marble campanile
began on August 14, 1173, during a period of military
success and prosperity.
 This ground floor is a blind arcade articulated by engaged
columns with classical Corinthian capitals.
 The tower began to sink after construction had progressed
to the second floor in 1178.
Construction
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
 Construction was subsequently halted for almost a
century, because the Republic of Pisa was almost
continually engaged in battles with Genoa, Lucca,
and Florence.
 This allowed time for the underlying soil to settle.
Otherwise, the tower would almost certainly have
toppled.
 In 1198 clocks were temporarily installed on the third floor
of the unfinished construction.
 In 1272 construction resumed under Giovanni di Simone,
architect of the Camposanto.
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
 In an effort to compensate for the tilt, the engineers built
upper floors with one side taller than the other.
 Because of this, the tower is actually curved.
 Construction was halted again in 1284, when the Pisans
were defeated by the Genoans in the Battle of Meloria.
 The seventh floor was completed in 1319.
• The bell-chamber was finally added in 1372.
• There are seven bells, one for each note of the musical
major scale.
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
 The Camposanto Monumentale (Monumental Cemetery),
also known as Campo Santo or Camposanto Vecchio (Old
Cemetery), is located at the northern edge of the square.
 This walled cemetery—which some believe to be the
most beautiful cemetery in the world—is said to have
been built around a shipload of sacred soil from Calvary,
brought back to Pisa from the Fourth Crusade by Ubaldo
de' Lanfranchi, the archbishop of Pisa in the 12th century.
This is where the name Campo Santo (Holy Field)
originates.
Camposanto Monumentale
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
 The building itself dates from a century later and was
erected over the earlier burial ground.
 The building of this huge, oblong Gothic cloister began in
1278 by the architect Giovanni di Simone.
 The cemetery was only completed in 1464.
 The outer wall is composed of 43 blind arches.
 There are two doorways.
 The one on the right is crowned by a gracious Gothic
tabernacle and contains the Virgin Mary with
Child surrounded by four saints.
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
 Most of the tombs are under the arcades, although a few
are on the central lawn.
 The inner court is surrounded by elaborate round arches
with slender mullions and plurilobed tracery.
 The Camposanto Monumentale once contained a large
collection of Roman sculptures and sarcophagi, but now
there are only 84 remaining.
• The walls were once covered in frescoes, the first were
applied in 1360, the last about three centuries later.
• The Stories of the Old Testament were situated in the north
gallery.
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
 The most remarkable fresco is The Triumph of Death, a
realistic work by Buonamico Buffalmacco.
 On 27 July 1944, incendiary bombs dropped
by Allied aircraft set the roof of the building on fire and
covered them in molten lead, all but destroying them.
 Since 1945, restoration works have been going on and now
the Campo Santo has been brought back to its original
state.
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017

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Hoa lec iii Romanesque intro

  • 1. Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017 Romanesque Architecture Ar. Hena Tiwari Gateway College of Architecture & Design, Sonipat
  • 2. Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017 Romanesque – means “Roman-like” It flourished in the 12th century into the Gothic style, marked by pointed arches. The Romanesque style in England is traditionally referred to as Norman architecture. Romanesque reflects not only Roman characteristics but also the Hiberno-Saxon linear patterns and even some Islamic and Byzantine traditions. It's the first European style. It can be found all around Europe.
  • 3. Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017 Typologies • There are three main architectonical typologies: Church Monasteries Castles
  • 4. Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017 Regional characteristics Features of Romanesque architecture are seen in different areas around Europe. •Small churches are generally aisle- less, with a projecting apse. •Large churches are basilicas with a nave flanked by aisles and divided by an arcade. •Abbey churches and cathedrals often had transepts. •Round arches in arcades, windows, doors and vaults. •Massive walls •Towers •Piers •Stout columns
  • 5. Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017 Groin vaulting Portals with sculpture and moldings Decorative arcades as an external feature, and frequently internal also Spiral ornament Cushion capitals Murals Some large churches have projecting transepts. Towers were freestanding and may be circular. Windows were small.
  • 6. Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017 Architectural Characteristics  They recover the “round arch” used by the Romans.  The church is covered by stoned vaults, called barrel vault, which is a succession of round arches, one after another.
  • 7. Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017  The structure was very heavy and as a consequence: Walls are thick They need strong buttresses They use few and small windows Sensations  Intimate Sensation  Stability  Spiritual Sensation  Symbolism: Latin cross
  • 8. Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017 Church  It was the main building  It symbolized God’s kingdom  The holiest part was the apse  It had cross shape  Symbolism was important:  Circular parts reflect perfection so they were linked to God Squared parts are related to the human.
  • 9. Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017 • Characteristics: – Monumental, trying to imitate the Roman models in the Pilgrimage churches. – Small in country churches. – They were designed for advertising Catholic church – They were lasting, made of stone – Plans could be: • Latin cross • Polygonal • Basilica Latin cross Poligonal Basilica
  • 10. Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017 Monastery • It was designed as a microcosm, as the city of God • They had several dependencies: – Church – Cloister – Chapter room – Abbot’s house – Monks/ nuns rooms – Refectory – Hospital
  • 11. Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017 Castle • Castles were defensive constructions • They were fortified for providing shelter • The wall was one of the essential elements • They tend to be build in stepped areas, easier to defend.
  • 13. Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017 •The Piazza dei Miracoli (Square of Miracles), formally known as Piazza del Duomo (Cathedral Square), is a wide walled area located in Pisa, Tuscany, Italy. •It is recognized as an important center of European medieval art and one of the finest architectural complexes in the world. •Considered a sacred area by its owner, the Catholic Church, the square is dominated by four great religious edifices: the Pisa Cathedral, the Pisa Baptistry, the Leaning Tower of Pisa, the Camposanto Monumentale(Monumental Cemetery). Piazza dei Miracoli
  • 14. Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017 •The name Piazza dei Miracoli was created by the Italian writer and poet Gabriele d'Annunzio who, described the square as the "prato dei Miracoli" or the "meadow of miracles". •The square is sometimes called the Campo dei Miracoli (Field of Miracles). •In 1987 the whole square was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
  • 16. Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017 PISA CATHEDRAL ,ITALY (1063-92) Plan
  • 17. Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017 • Its construction began in 1064 by the architect Busketo, and set the model for the distinctive Pisan Romanesque style of architecture. • The plan is similar to Basilican Church. • It has a long row of columns supporting arch, double aisles and central nave, transepts and a segmental apse at each end. • The exterior has bands of red and white marble, and the ground storey is faced with wall relief by tiers of wall passages which rise one above another right into the gable. • The elliptical dome over the crossing is of later date. • The building depends for its interest on its general proportions and on the delicacy of its ornamental features
  • 18. Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017 • The mosaics of the interior, as well as the pointed arches, show a strong Byzantine influence. • The façade, of grey marble and white stone set with discs of coloured marble, was built by a master named Rainaldo, as indicated by an inscription above the middle door • The massive bronze main doors were made in the workshops of Giambologna, replacing the original doors destroyed in a fire in 1595. • The original central door was in bronze and made around 1180 by Bonanno Pisano, while the other two were probably in wood.
  • 20. Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017 Section • The coffer ceiling of the nave was replaced after the fire of 1595. The present gold-decorated ceiling carries the coat of arms of the Medici. • The elaborately carved pulpit (1302–1310), which also survived the fire, was made by Giovanni Pisano and is one the masterworks of medieval sculpture.
  • 22. Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017 The Pisa Baptistery
  • 23. Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017  The Baptistery, dedicated to St. John the Baptist, stands opposite the west end of the Duomo.  The round Romanesque building begun in the mid 12th century.  It was built in Romanesque style by an architect known as Diotisalvi ("God Save You"), who worked also in the church of the Holy Sepulchre in the city.
  • 24. Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017  It is the largest baptistery in Italy.  Its circumference measures 107.25 m.  Taking into account the statue of St. John the Baptist (attributed to Turino di Sano) on top of the dome, it is even a few centimeters higher than the Leaning Tower.  It has notable acoustics also.  The lintel is divided in two tiers.
  • 25. Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017  The portal, facing the façade of the cathedral, is flanked by two classical columns, while the inner jambs are executed in Byzantine style.  The lower one depicts several episodes in the life of St. John the Baptist, while the upper one shows Christ between the Madonna and St John the Baptist, flanked by angels and the evangelists.  The immensity of the interior is overwhelming, but it is surprisingly plain and lacks decoration.
  • 27. Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017  The leaning Tower of Pisa is famous because it leans.  The last of the three major buildings on the piazza to be built, construction of the bell tower began in 1173 and took place in three stages over the course of 177 years, with the bell- chamber only added in 1372.  Although it was designed to be perfectly vertical, it started to lean during construction.
  • 28. Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017  However, even without this famous characteristic, this building would still be one of the most remarkable architectural structures from medieval Europe.  It stands at 60 metres and until 1990 was leaning at about a 10 degree angle.
  • 29. Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017  The leaning Tower of Pisa was designed as a circular bell tower that would stand 185 feet high.  It is constructed of white marble.  The tower has eight storeys, including the chamber for the bells.  The bottom story consists of 15 marble arches.
  • 30. Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017  Each of the next six storeys contains 30 arches that surround the tower.  The final storey is the bell chamber itself, which has 16 arches.  There is a 297-step spiral staircase inside the tower leading to the top.
  • 31. Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017  Construction of the tower occurred in three stages across 199 years.  Work on the ground floor of the white marble campanile began on August 14, 1173, during a period of military success and prosperity.  This ground floor is a blind arcade articulated by engaged columns with classical Corinthian capitals.  The tower began to sink after construction had progressed to the second floor in 1178. Construction
  • 32. Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017  Construction was subsequently halted for almost a century, because the Republic of Pisa was almost continually engaged in battles with Genoa, Lucca, and Florence.  This allowed time for the underlying soil to settle. Otherwise, the tower would almost certainly have toppled.  In 1198 clocks were temporarily installed on the third floor of the unfinished construction.  In 1272 construction resumed under Giovanni di Simone, architect of the Camposanto.
  • 33. Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017  In an effort to compensate for the tilt, the engineers built upper floors with one side taller than the other.  Because of this, the tower is actually curved.  Construction was halted again in 1284, when the Pisans were defeated by the Genoans in the Battle of Meloria.  The seventh floor was completed in 1319. • The bell-chamber was finally added in 1372. • There are seven bells, one for each note of the musical major scale.
  • 34. Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017  The Camposanto Monumentale (Monumental Cemetery), also known as Campo Santo or Camposanto Vecchio (Old Cemetery), is located at the northern edge of the square.  This walled cemetery—which some believe to be the most beautiful cemetery in the world—is said to have been built around a shipload of sacred soil from Calvary, brought back to Pisa from the Fourth Crusade by Ubaldo de' Lanfranchi, the archbishop of Pisa in the 12th century. This is where the name Campo Santo (Holy Field) originates. Camposanto Monumentale
  • 35. Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017  The building itself dates from a century later and was erected over the earlier burial ground.  The building of this huge, oblong Gothic cloister began in 1278 by the architect Giovanni di Simone.  The cemetery was only completed in 1464.  The outer wall is composed of 43 blind arches.  There are two doorways.  The one on the right is crowned by a gracious Gothic tabernacle and contains the Virgin Mary with Child surrounded by four saints.
  • 36. Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017  Most of the tombs are under the arcades, although a few are on the central lawn.  The inner court is surrounded by elaborate round arches with slender mullions and plurilobed tracery.  The Camposanto Monumentale once contained a large collection of Roman sculptures and sarcophagi, but now there are only 84 remaining. • The walls were once covered in frescoes, the first were applied in 1360, the last about three centuries later. • The Stories of the Old Testament were situated in the north gallery.
  • 38. Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017  The most remarkable fresco is The Triumph of Death, a realistic work by Buonamico Buffalmacco.  On 27 July 1944, incendiary bombs dropped by Allied aircraft set the roof of the building on fire and covered them in molten lead, all but destroying them.  Since 1945, restoration works have been going on and now the Campo Santo has been brought back to its original state.