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Tissue and Cell 48 (2016) 81–88
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Tissue and Cell
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tice
The role of curcumin in streptozotocin-induced hepatic damage and
the trans-differentiation of hepatic stellate cells
Hesham N. Mustafa∗
Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 5 December 2015
Received in revised form 19 January 2016
Accepted 7 February 2016
Available online 9 February 2016
Keywords:
Curcumin
Hepatic stellate cells
Streptozotocin
Lipid peroxidation
Trans-differentiation
a b s t r a c t
Diabetic patients frequently suffer from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. The current study aimed to inves-
tigate the role of curcumin and the response of hepatic stellate cells in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced
hepatic damage. Sixty male rats were divided into three groups. The normal control injected with a
citrate buffer vehicle and the diabetic control group which was injected intraperitoneally (IP) with a
single-dose of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg body weight) and a diabetic group was treated with an oral
dose of curcumin at 80 mg/kg body weight daily for 60 days. Curcumin effectively counteracts oxidative
stress-mediated hepatic damage and improves biochemical parameters. Alpha-smooth muscle actin (␣-
SMA) was significantly reduced, and insulin antibodies showed strong positive immunoreactivity with
curcumin administration. These results optimistically demonstrate the potential use of curcumin, which
is attributed to its antiradical/antioxidant activities and its potential ␤-cell regenerative properties. Also,
it has the capability to encourage the trans-differentiation of hepatic stellate cells into insulin-producing
cells for a period of time. In addition, as it is an anti-fibrotic mediator that inhibits hepatic stellate
cell activation and the transition to myofibroblast-like cells, this suggests the possibility of considering
curcumin’s novel therapeutic effects in reducing hepatic dysfunction in diabetic patients.
© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Diabetic patients frequently suffer from a hepatic impairment
recognized as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis which is associated
with severe complications such as deposition of glycogen, steatosis,
cirrhosis, fibrosis and occasionally hepatic cancer (Bugianesi et al.,
2007).
Streptozotocin (STZ) is an N-nitroso-N-methylurea derivative
of 2-deoxy-d-glucose which is a diabetogenic agent that damages
the islet ␤-cells in the pancreas selectively to produce insulin-
dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) (Yang et al., 2010).
Alpha-smooth muscle actin (␣-SMA) is an indicator for the
recognition of myofibroblast-like cells plus hepatic stellate cells
(HSCs) which are also known as Ito cells (Clement et al., 2010).
In diabetes, the glucose accessibility is increased and this leads
to an accelerated formation of advanced glycation end products
(AGEs). AGEs interact with the receptor for AGEs (RAGEs) and
consequently increase oxidative stress and cellular growth. This
∗ Corresponding author at: King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Medicine,
Anatomy Department, Ground Floor Building No. 8, P.O. Box: 80205, Jeddah 21589,
Saudi Arabia. Tel.: +966 566 764 762.
E-mail address: hesham977@hotmail.com
leads to an increased proliferation of HSCs, which is noticed during
hepatic fibrogenesis that is accompanied by the up-regulation of
RAGEs.
Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the chronic complications
of the diabetic liver, where it is associated with an overproduc-
tion of oxygen free radicals and lipid peroxidation (Saravanan and
Ponmurugan, 2011).
The use of herbal medicine in defending against STZ-induced
liver damage looks promising. Curcumin has been gaining atten-
tion because of its health benefits, such as its anti-inflammatory,
antioxidant, and immune modulatory effects. Curcumin is the chief
curcuminoid of Curcuma Longa, which is a member of the Zingib-
eraceae family (Kumar et al., 2015).
The polyphenol curcumin improves diabetes-induced dysfunc-
tion by decreasing the level of glucose, inhibiting protein-kinase
C, and lowering superoxide production (Rungseesantivanon et al.,
2010). It reverses insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and hyper-
lipidemia by inhibiting the pro-inflammatory transcription factors,
signal transducers and stimulating anti-inflammatory signaling
pathways (Tang and Chen, 2010).
This study aimed to investigate the probable influence of hepatic
stellate cells in the protective capability of curcumin in STZ-induced
liver damage. It was also intended to provide an important support
in understanding the mechanism of curcumin treatment for hepatic
dysfunction.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tice.2016.02.003
0040-8166/© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
82 H.N. Mustafa / Tissue and Cell 48 (2016) 81–88
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Ethical approval
This study was conducted after receiving the approval of the
Medical Research Ethics Committee, Faculty of Medicine, King
Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
2.2. Chemicals and Reagents
Streptozotocin (STZ) and curcumin were purchased from
Sigma–Aldrich Chemicals (St. Louis, MO, USA). Alanine amino-
transferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline
phosphatase (ALP) kits were purchased from Randox Laboratories
Ltd. (Crumlin, County Antrim, UK). Serum albumin, total protein,
and total bilirubin colorimetric kits were supplied by the Bio Diag-
nostic Company (Cairo, Egypt).
2.3. Animals
Sixty male adult albino Wistar rats, weighing 190 ± 20 g, that
were used were obtained from the animal house. Animals were
housed in a (24 ◦C ± 3 ◦C) temperature-controlled room with
40–70% humidity and 12/12 h light/dark cycle. Rats were fed a
standard diet and tap water ad libitum throughout the experiment.
The experimental procedures were performed in accordance with
the international guidelines for the care and the use of animals in
a laboratory.
2.4. Induction of diabetes
Fasted rats (12 h) received a single intraperitoneal (IP) injection
of freshly prepared STZ (50 mg/kg body weight) dissolved in 0.1 M
citrate buffer (pH 4.5). STZ-injected animals were given a 5% glu-
cose solution for 24 h to overcome drug-induced hypoglycemia. On
the third day after STZ injection, glucose levels were estimated by
obtaining blood samples from the cut tip of the tail using Diagnos-
tic Accu-Chek test strips (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany).
Blood glucose levels of 250 mg/dl or more were considered diabetic.
2.5. Experimental design
The animals were distributed into 3 groups (20/group). Group
1 (normal control) was injected IP with a citrate buffer vehicle.
Group 2 (diabetic control) received a single IP injection of STZ
(50 mg/kg body weight). Group 3 received a single IP injection of
STZ (50 mg/kg body weight) and, on the third day after the STZ
injection, curcumin was given orally with a dosage of 80 mg/kg
body weight and continued daily for 60 days (Zhang et al., 2013). At
the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected from the
retro-orbital sinus in heparinized capillary tubes for serum anal-
ysis. Animals from all groups were sacrificed, and the livers were
processed for histological studies.
2.6. Plasma glucose estimation
Plasma glucose was measured using an enzymatic colorimet-
ric method with commercially available kits (Randox Laboratories,
Ltd., Antrim, UK).
2.7. Plasma insulin estimation
Plasma insulin was determined using an insulin enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (code no. AKRIN-010T; Shibayagi
Co., Ltd., Gunma, Japan).
2.8. Serum parameters
ALT, AST, and ALP, which were increased following hepatocyte
injury, were assessed according to the protocol detailed in the
manuals of the diagnostic kits (Randox Laboratories Ltd., Crum-
lin, County Antrim, UK). Serum albumin, total protein, and total
bilirubin were determined by spectrophotometer using the cor-
responding colorimetric kits supplied by Bio Diagnostic Company
(Cairo, Egypt) (Lee et al., 2012).
2.9. Histological examination
Livers were washed with a phosphate buffer solution and then
fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Tissues were dehydrated
through a graded series of alcohol, cleared in xylene, and embed-
ded in paraffin wax. Tissues were then cut into sections of 3–5 ␮m
in thickness using a microtome and stained with hematoxylin and
eosin (H&E) for histopathological evaluation and with periodic
Acid-Schiff (PAS) for observation of glycogen. For each specimen,
at least three to five slides were examined using an Olympus
BX53 microscope equipped with a DP73 camera (Olympus, Tokyo,
Japan).
2.10. Histopathological evaluation
The sections were analyzed for hydropic swelling, parenchy-
matous degeneration, microvesicular vacuole, macrovesicular
vacuole, focal necrosis, inflammatory infiltrations, fibrosis, and
sinusoids hyperemia. At the end of the analyses, the findings were
presented in a table which showed the degree of degeneration
(Guven et al., 2006). Score levels of 0, +1, +2, +3 were equiva-
lent to no, mild, moderate, and severe, respectively. The scores
represented values obtained from the tissue sections of six ani-
mals from each group with five fields/section (Mustafa et al.,
2015).
2.11. Immunohistochemical examination
The standard peroxidase immunohistochemistry technique was
applied to slides of paraffin-embedded tissue. Sections were
de-waxed in xylene, rehydrated, and pretreated with 3% of hydro-
gen peroxide solution to block endogenous peroxidase activity.
Microwave-assisted antigen retrieval was performed for 20 min.
Slides were then incubated overnight at 4 ◦C with the primary
antibody against ␣-SMA (a mouse monoclonal antibody [Dako,
Carpinteria, California, USA] with a dilution of 1:50; cellular site was
cytoplasmic) as a marker of activated HSCs with varying degrees
of intensity in smooth muscles and myofibroblasts. They were
similarly incubated with the primary antibody against insulin (a
mouse monoclonal antibody [Dako, Carpinteria, California, USA]
with a dilution of 1:100; cellular site was cytoplasmic). The sections
were incubated with biotinylated IgG and then with streptavidin-
peroxidase conjugate (Zymed Corp, San Francisco, CA, USA).
Sections were then washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)
and incubated with 3, 3 -diaminobenzidine tetrachloride (DAB)
substrate chromogen solution (1 drop of DAB chromogen/1 mL of
substrate buffer) for 5 min to detect immunoreactivity. All sections
were counter-stained with Mayer’s hematoxylin. Negative control
sections were prepared by omitting the primary antibody. Positive
control standard laboratory slides were used for all stains to prove
the success of the technique. All slides were examined under light
microscopy, and the presence of labeled cells was documented.
Absence of staining was recognized as a negative result (−), while
the presence of brown staining was recognized as positive result
(+) (Mustafa et al., 2015).
H.N. Mustafa / Tissue and Cell 48 (2016) 81–88 83
Table 1
Body and liver weight of different groups.
Normal control (n = 20) STZ-diabetic control (n = 20) STZ-diabetes + curcumin (n = 20)
Liver weight (g) 11.14 ± 1.54 9.91 ± 1.04
P* < 0.01
10.83 ± 0.85
*P > 0.05
**P < 0.05
Body weight (g) 187.65 ± 6.11 163.94 ± 4.9
*P < 0.001
180.47 ± 3.89
*P < 0.001
**P < 0.001
Values are means ± SD (n = 20 each group). ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test.
*P: compared to normal control. **P: compared to diabetic control.
Fig. 1. Body and liver weight of different groups. The mean is given in columns, and error bars represent the standard deviation (SD).
2.12. Quantitative morphometric measurements
Ten non-overlapping fields for each animal were selected indis-
criminately and analyzed. The measurements were done by using
Image-Pro Plus v6.0 software (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring,
MD, USA) and the NIH ImageJ (v1.50) program (http://rsb.info.
nih.gov/ij/) with an Olympus BX53 microscope (Olympus, Tokyo,
Japan). The area percentages of ␣-SMA immunopositive cells and
the insulin-positive cells number were evaluated (Hussein et al.,
2015).
2.13. Statistical analysis
Quantitative data were expressed as the mean ± SD of different
parameters for the treated groups. The data were analyzed using
one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s post hoc
test. The statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS version
23. The values were considered significant when p < 0.05.
3. Results
3.1. Effect on liver and body weight
At the end of 60 days, curcumin treated specimens showed a
significant increase in the body and liver weight as compared to
the diabetic control (Table 1 and Fig. 1).
3.2. Biochemical parameters
The mean glucose level of the diabetic control group was signif-
icantly increased while curcumin treatment showed a significant
improvement in glucose level (Table 2 and Fig. 2). The mean insulin
level of the diabetic control group was significantly decreased while
curcumin treatment showed a significant improvement in insulin
level (Table 2 and Fig. 2).
Plasma ALT, AST, and ALP levels were elevated in the diabetic
control group in comparison to those of the normal control group,
while with curcumin treatment all of these parameters are reduced
significantly. Furthermore, there was a significant decrease in the
albumin and total protein in the diabetic control group, while
curcumin treatment showed a significant increase in these param-
eters compared to those of the diabetic control group. Conversely,
the total bilirubin was increased in the diabetic control group
and decreased significantly with curcumin treatment (Table 2 and
Fig. 3).
3.3. Histopathological findings
The normal control group showed normal cytoarchitecture. The
diabetic control group showed parenchymatous degeneration and
loss of architecture. With curcumin treatment, hepatic changes
were reduced (Table 3).
PAS-stained sections of the normal control group showed PAS-
positive red granules in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes and
more granules around the central vein (Fig. 4A), while those
of the diabetic control group showed few PAS-positive granules
(Fig. 4B). With curcumin treatment, mild PAS-positive granules
were observed (Fig. 4C and Table 3).
3.4. Immunohistochemistry-stained sections
In the normal control group, ␣-SMA staining was observed only
in the media of the blood vessels (portal veins, hepatic artery
branches, and central veins) (Fig. 5A). While the diabetic control
group showed positive ␣-SMA immunoreactivity in the media of
the portal vessels and the periportal area and along the perisinu-
soidal spaces (Fig. 5B and C). In the curcumin treatment group,
mild immunoreactivity was observed (Fig. 5D). The area percent-
age of ␣-SMA positive cells was significantly higher in the diabetic
control group, while in the curcumin treatment group it was
reduced significantly (Table 4 and Fig. 7).
Insulin-immunostained sections for both the normal control
(Fig. 6A) and diabetic control (Fig. 6B) groups showed no or mini-
mal insulin immune positive cells. The curcumin treatment group
showed many insulin positive immune cells in the portal area
around the bile ductule (Fig. 6C). The number of insulin positive
cells was significantly higher in the curcumin treated group (Table 4
and Fig. 7).
84 H.N. Mustafa / Tissue and Cell 48 (2016) 81–88
Fig. 2. Plasma glucose and insulin of different groups. The mean is given in columns, and error bars represent the standard deviation (SD).
Table 2
Biochemical parameters of the different groups.
Parameters Normal control STZ-diabetic control STZ-diabetes + curcumin
Plasma glucose (mg/dl) 87.14 ± 4.28 280.12 ± 57.24
*P < 0.001
160.12 ± 63.27
*P < 0.001
**P < 0.001
Plasma insulin (mIU/L) 5.17 ± 0.73 0.54 ± 0.11
*P < 0.001
4.06 ± 0.45
*P < 0.001
**P < 0.001
ALT (U/l) 65.4 ± 1.2 119.6 ± 2.30
*P < 0.001
76.8 ± 4.60
*P < 0.001
**P < 0.001
AST (U/l) 139.13 ± 3.82 321.35 ± 2.80
*P < 0.001
204.68 ± 1.96
*P < 0.001
**P < 0.001
ALP (U/l) 68.10 ± 2.30 85.2 ± 4.60
*P < 0.001
79.5 ± 8.10
*P < 0.001
**P < 0.01
Albumin (g/dl) 4.14 ± 0.60 1.3 ± 0.87
*P < 0.001
3.81 ± 0.40
*P > 0.05
**P < 0.001
Total protein (g/dL) 5.94 ± 0.89 2.03 ± 0.78
*P < 0.001
4.62 ± 0.13
*P < 0.001
**P < 0.001
Total bilirubin (mg/dL) 0.24 ± 0.20 0.78 ± 0.07
*P < 0.001
0.36 ± 0.06
*P < 0.05
*P < 0.001
Values are means ± SD (n = 20 each group). ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test.
*P: compared to normal control. **P: compared to diabetic control.
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; mg/dl, milligrams per deciliter; mIU/L, milli-international units per liter; U/l,
units per liter; g/dl, grams per deciliter.
4. Discussion
In the current study, the diabetic control group revealed a reduc-
tion in body weight, which is attributed to the muscle destruction or
catabolism of structural protein and fat (Salahuddin and Jalalpure,
2010). Curcumin administration improves the body weight, and
this indicates the effect of curcumin on the degradation of struc-
tural protein, control of muscle wasting, and increase of metabolic
processes in the body.
The current data showed a significant decrease in the plasma
insulin levels, which coincides with other findings (Abdel Aziz et al.,
2013). Improved insulin level supports the hypothesis that cur-
cumin causes ␤-cells neogenesis and protection (Meghana et al.,
2007), and this was evidently proven by this study. Furthermore,
it is proposed that controlling hyperglycemia encourages further
regeneration of ␤-cells (Guz et al., 2001). This may be attributed
to the suggestion that dying ␤-cells are regenerated continuously
(Montanya et al., 2000).
Hepatocellular injury is credited to reactive oxygen species
(ROS) and lipid peroxidation that causes direct damage to hepa-
tocytes by disrupting the membranes, protein, and DNA (Asmah
Rahmat, 2015). The injured hepatocytes release aldehyde end prod-
ucts, which causes further hepatocellular damage and emergence of
fibrosis (Novo and Parola, 2012). Also, lipid peroxidation causes an
inflammatory reaction that involves the occurrence of cytokines,
mainly tumor necrosis factor (TNF-␣), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and
consensus interferon (IFN-c) (Sugano et al., 2006). Meanwhile, cur-
cumin treatment alleviates the hepatocellular injuries.
In the present study, the diabetic control group revealed a con-
gestion of the portal triad with inflammation and notable fibrosis
near the central vein. This is attributed to tissue degradations that
are caused by depletion of the endogenous antioxidant enzyme
stores as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) (Chang
and Chuang, 2010) and promotion of de novo generation of free
radicals (Maritim et al., 2003). Consequently, the higher level of
antioxidants that exists in curcumin could boost the quenching of
some free radicals inside hepatocytes, which defend the hepatic
tissue against oxidative stress damage (Afrin et al., 2015), and this
is supported by the current findings.
In liver impairment, hepatic stellate cells (Ito cells)
undergo trans-differentiation from lipid storing pericytes to
myofibroblast-like cells that lead to an increased collagen and
extracellular matrix that is the crucial event in hepatic fibrogenesis
(She et al., 2005). Curcumin treatment in the current study caused
a reduction of ␣-SMA positive cells, which is the marker of Ito
cell activation and in turn, indicates inhibition of Ito cells and the
improvement of hepatic fibrosis (Erenoglu et al., 2011).
Curcumin suppresses the AGEs mediated by the stimula-
tion of RAGEs gene expression. This leads to inhibition of the
RAGE activated pathways which, in turn, prevents oxidative
H.N. Mustafa / Tissue and Cell 48 (2016) 81–88 85
Fig. 3. Biochemical parameters of different groups. The mean is given in columns, and error bars represent the standard deviation (SD).
Table 3
Histopathological findings of the liver.
Normal
control
STZ-diabetic
control
STZ-
diabetes +
curcumin
Hydropic swelling 0 +2 +1
Parenchymatous degeneration 0 +2 +1
Microvesicular vacuole 0 +0.5 +1
Macrovesicular vacuole 0 +0.5 +1
Focal necrosis 0 +2 +0.5
Inflammatory infiltrations 0 +1 +1
Fibrosis 0 +1 +0.5
Sinusoids hyperemia 0 +2 +1
PAS +3 +1 +2
N = 20; Scale: No (0), mild (+1), moderate (+2), severe (+3).
stress, inflammation, and hepatic stellate cell activation, a hall-
mark of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatic fibrogenesis
associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (Stefanska, 2012). More-
over, AGE-encouraged production of reactive oxygen species and
lipid peroxides was attenuated after treatment with curcumin
(Stefanska, 2012).
In the current findings, the trans-differentiation of Ito cells into
myofibroblast-like cells is attributed to intercellular connections
between Ito cells and activated Kupffer cells, damaged hepatocytes,
and inflammatory cytokines (Hellerbrand, 2013). Other factors that
cause this trans-differentiation include the platelet-derived growth
factor (PDGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and transforming
growth factor ␤1 (TGF-␤1) that are released after activation of
Kupffer cells (Nosseir et al., 2012).
In hyperglycemic conditions, the diabetic control group in the
current study showed minimal insulin immune reactions of hepatic
stellate cells. This indicates that diabetes encourages the transi-
tion of hepatic stellate cells to insulin-producing cells but it cannot
maintain their production. Furthermore, it was found that this
trans-differentiation occurs early and lasts for two weeks in the
diabetic liver (Kim et al., 2007). This transition is attributed to the
fact that both the liver and the pancreas originate from the upper
primitive foregut endoderm appendages (Lammert et al., 2003) and
the late separation of the pancreas and liver during organogenesis
might leave pluripotent cells, which are able to give rise to both
pancreatic and hepatic lineage (Meivar-Levy and Ferber, 2003).
In supporting this hypothesis, a previous study has discussed the
existence of extra-pancreatic insulin-producing cells in the liver in
the hyperglycemic condition. However, the number and produc-
tion of these insulin-producing cells are not enough to improve the
hyperglycemic condition (Kojima et al., 2004). The current results
support the hypothesis that the hypoglycemic effect of curcumin is
attributed to preserving functional insulin-producing cells. In the
curcumin group in the current study, insulin immune positive cells
were increased which supports the suggestion that curcumin may
maintain insulin production by trans-differentiated hepatic stellate
cells for a period after STZ injection.
These results optimistically demonstrate the potential use
of curcumin for the treatment of STZ-induced liver damage
because of its antiradical/antioxidant activities, potential ␤-cell
regenerative properties, and capability to encourage the trans-
differentiation of hepatic stellate cells into insulin-producing cells
for a period of time. In addition, as it is an anti-fibrotic mediator
that inhibits hepatic stellate cell activation and the transition to
86 H.N. Mustafa / Tissue and Cell 48 (2016) 81–88
Fig. 4. (A) Normal control group showed PAS-positive reaction (distribution of liver glycogen) (arrow); (B) diabetic control group showed few PAS-positive reaction (arrow);
(C) curcumin treatment group showed mild PAS-positive reaction (arrow) (PAS, scale bar 20 ␮m).
Fig. 5. (A) Normal control group showed minimal immunostaining (arrow); (B) diabetic control group showed positive immunostaining (activated HSCs) in the media of the
portal blood vessels and scattered in the periportal area (arrow); (C) the previous group with positive immunostained cells in the perisinusoidal spaces (arrow); (D) curcumin
treatment group showed mild immunostaining (arrow) (␣-SMA, scale bar 20 ␮m).
H.N. Mustafa / Tissue and Cell 48 (2016) 81–88 87
Table 4
Mean ± SD of the area percentage of ␣-smooth muscle actin positive cells and the number of insulin-positive cells.
Normal control STZ-diabetic control STZ-diabetes + curcumin
Area % of ␣-SMA 0.43 ± 0.28 10.20 ± 0.62
*P < 0.001
1.06 ± 0.87
*P < 0.01
**P < 0.001
Number of insulin positive cells 0.00 0.28 ± 0.01
*P > 0.05
5.10 ± 3.50
*P < 0.001
**P < 0.001
Values are means ± SD (n = 20 each group). ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test.
*P: compared to normal control. **P: compared to diabetic control.
Fig. 6. (A) Normal control group showed a negative immune reaction; (B) diabetic control group showed a minimal immune reaction; (C) the curcumin treatment group
showed strong positive immunoreactivity (insulin-producing cells) (arrows) (insulin immune reaction, scale bar 20 ␮m).
Fig. 7. Area % of ␣-SMA and number of insulin positive cells. The mean is given in columns, and error bars represent the standard deviation (SD).
myofibroblast-like cells, consequently the way is now open to
consider curcumin’s novel therapeutic effects in reducing hepatic
dysfunction in diabetic patients.
5. Conclusion
The current data suggest that curcumin affects hepatic stel-
late cell activation, which represents a key event of non-alcoholic
steatohepatitis and hepatic fibrogenesis associated with diabetes.
Conflicts of interest
None.
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The role of curcumin in streptozotocin induced hepatic damage and the trans-differentiation of hepatic stellate cells

  • 1. LS ELSEVIER TssueSiCellVolume 48 Issue 2 April 2016 Pages 81-144 ISSN 0040-8166 vj &&ÿ nM. mik s§ mH* &3& IsV Xu k -1 . iwjP* . ... A % <&, . ' 231 t .V
  • 2. Tissue and Cell 48 (2016) 81–88 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Tissue and Cell journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tice The role of curcumin in streptozotocin-induced hepatic damage and the trans-differentiation of hepatic stellate cells Hesham N. Mustafa∗ Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 5 December 2015 Received in revised form 19 January 2016 Accepted 7 February 2016 Available online 9 February 2016 Keywords: Curcumin Hepatic stellate cells Streptozotocin Lipid peroxidation Trans-differentiation a b s t r a c t Diabetic patients frequently suffer from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. The current study aimed to inves- tigate the role of curcumin and the response of hepatic stellate cells in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hepatic damage. Sixty male rats were divided into three groups. The normal control injected with a citrate buffer vehicle and the diabetic control group which was injected intraperitoneally (IP) with a single-dose of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg body weight) and a diabetic group was treated with an oral dose of curcumin at 80 mg/kg body weight daily for 60 days. Curcumin effectively counteracts oxidative stress-mediated hepatic damage and improves biochemical parameters. Alpha-smooth muscle actin (␣- SMA) was significantly reduced, and insulin antibodies showed strong positive immunoreactivity with curcumin administration. These results optimistically demonstrate the potential use of curcumin, which is attributed to its antiradical/antioxidant activities and its potential ␤-cell regenerative properties. Also, it has the capability to encourage the trans-differentiation of hepatic stellate cells into insulin-producing cells for a period of time. In addition, as it is an anti-fibrotic mediator that inhibits hepatic stellate cell activation and the transition to myofibroblast-like cells, this suggests the possibility of considering curcumin’s novel therapeutic effects in reducing hepatic dysfunction in diabetic patients. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Diabetic patients frequently suffer from a hepatic impairment recognized as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis which is associated with severe complications such as deposition of glycogen, steatosis, cirrhosis, fibrosis and occasionally hepatic cancer (Bugianesi et al., 2007). Streptozotocin (STZ) is an N-nitroso-N-methylurea derivative of 2-deoxy-d-glucose which is a diabetogenic agent that damages the islet ␤-cells in the pancreas selectively to produce insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) (Yang et al., 2010). Alpha-smooth muscle actin (␣-SMA) is an indicator for the recognition of myofibroblast-like cells plus hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) which are also known as Ito cells (Clement et al., 2010). In diabetes, the glucose accessibility is increased and this leads to an accelerated formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs interact with the receptor for AGEs (RAGEs) and consequently increase oxidative stress and cellular growth. This ∗ Corresponding author at: King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Medicine, Anatomy Department, Ground Floor Building No. 8, P.O. Box: 80205, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia. Tel.: +966 566 764 762. E-mail address: hesham977@hotmail.com leads to an increased proliferation of HSCs, which is noticed during hepatic fibrogenesis that is accompanied by the up-regulation of RAGEs. Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the chronic complications of the diabetic liver, where it is associated with an overproduc- tion of oxygen free radicals and lipid peroxidation (Saravanan and Ponmurugan, 2011). The use of herbal medicine in defending against STZ-induced liver damage looks promising. Curcumin has been gaining atten- tion because of its health benefits, such as its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune modulatory effects. Curcumin is the chief curcuminoid of Curcuma Longa, which is a member of the Zingib- eraceae family (Kumar et al., 2015). The polyphenol curcumin improves diabetes-induced dysfunc- tion by decreasing the level of glucose, inhibiting protein-kinase C, and lowering superoxide production (Rungseesantivanon et al., 2010). It reverses insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and hyper- lipidemia by inhibiting the pro-inflammatory transcription factors, signal transducers and stimulating anti-inflammatory signaling pathways (Tang and Chen, 2010). This study aimed to investigate the probable influence of hepatic stellate cells in the protective capability of curcumin in STZ-induced liver damage. It was also intended to provide an important support in understanding the mechanism of curcumin treatment for hepatic dysfunction. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tice.2016.02.003 0040-8166/© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
  • 3. 82 H.N. Mustafa / Tissue and Cell 48 (2016) 81–88 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Ethical approval This study was conducted after receiving the approval of the Medical Research Ethics Committee, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. 2.2. Chemicals and Reagents Streptozotocin (STZ) and curcumin were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich Chemicals (St. Louis, MO, USA). Alanine amino- transferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) kits were purchased from Randox Laboratories Ltd. (Crumlin, County Antrim, UK). Serum albumin, total protein, and total bilirubin colorimetric kits were supplied by the Bio Diag- nostic Company (Cairo, Egypt). 2.3. Animals Sixty male adult albino Wistar rats, weighing 190 ± 20 g, that were used were obtained from the animal house. Animals were housed in a (24 ◦C ± 3 ◦C) temperature-controlled room with 40–70% humidity and 12/12 h light/dark cycle. Rats were fed a standard diet and tap water ad libitum throughout the experiment. The experimental procedures were performed in accordance with the international guidelines for the care and the use of animals in a laboratory. 2.4. Induction of diabetes Fasted rats (12 h) received a single intraperitoneal (IP) injection of freshly prepared STZ (50 mg/kg body weight) dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH 4.5). STZ-injected animals were given a 5% glu- cose solution for 24 h to overcome drug-induced hypoglycemia. On the third day after STZ injection, glucose levels were estimated by obtaining blood samples from the cut tip of the tail using Diagnos- tic Accu-Chek test strips (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). Blood glucose levels of 250 mg/dl or more were considered diabetic. 2.5. Experimental design The animals were distributed into 3 groups (20/group). Group 1 (normal control) was injected IP with a citrate buffer vehicle. Group 2 (diabetic control) received a single IP injection of STZ (50 mg/kg body weight). Group 3 received a single IP injection of STZ (50 mg/kg body weight) and, on the third day after the STZ injection, curcumin was given orally with a dosage of 80 mg/kg body weight and continued daily for 60 days (Zhang et al., 2013). At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected from the retro-orbital sinus in heparinized capillary tubes for serum anal- ysis. Animals from all groups were sacrificed, and the livers were processed for histological studies. 2.6. Plasma glucose estimation Plasma glucose was measured using an enzymatic colorimet- ric method with commercially available kits (Randox Laboratories, Ltd., Antrim, UK). 2.7. Plasma insulin estimation Plasma insulin was determined using an insulin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (code no. AKRIN-010T; Shibayagi Co., Ltd., Gunma, Japan). 2.8. Serum parameters ALT, AST, and ALP, which were increased following hepatocyte injury, were assessed according to the protocol detailed in the manuals of the diagnostic kits (Randox Laboratories Ltd., Crum- lin, County Antrim, UK). Serum albumin, total protein, and total bilirubin were determined by spectrophotometer using the cor- responding colorimetric kits supplied by Bio Diagnostic Company (Cairo, Egypt) (Lee et al., 2012). 2.9. Histological examination Livers were washed with a phosphate buffer solution and then fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Tissues were dehydrated through a graded series of alcohol, cleared in xylene, and embed- ded in paraffin wax. Tissues were then cut into sections of 3–5 ␮m in thickness using a microtome and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for histopathological evaluation and with periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) for observation of glycogen. For each specimen, at least three to five slides were examined using an Olympus BX53 microscope equipped with a DP73 camera (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). 2.10. Histopathological evaluation The sections were analyzed for hydropic swelling, parenchy- matous degeneration, microvesicular vacuole, macrovesicular vacuole, focal necrosis, inflammatory infiltrations, fibrosis, and sinusoids hyperemia. At the end of the analyses, the findings were presented in a table which showed the degree of degeneration (Guven et al., 2006). Score levels of 0, +1, +2, +3 were equiva- lent to no, mild, moderate, and severe, respectively. The scores represented values obtained from the tissue sections of six ani- mals from each group with five fields/section (Mustafa et al., 2015). 2.11. Immunohistochemical examination The standard peroxidase immunohistochemistry technique was applied to slides of paraffin-embedded tissue. Sections were de-waxed in xylene, rehydrated, and pretreated with 3% of hydro- gen peroxide solution to block endogenous peroxidase activity. Microwave-assisted antigen retrieval was performed for 20 min. Slides were then incubated overnight at 4 ◦C with the primary antibody against ␣-SMA (a mouse monoclonal antibody [Dako, Carpinteria, California, USA] with a dilution of 1:50; cellular site was cytoplasmic) as a marker of activated HSCs with varying degrees of intensity in smooth muscles and myofibroblasts. They were similarly incubated with the primary antibody against insulin (a mouse monoclonal antibody [Dako, Carpinteria, California, USA] with a dilution of 1:100; cellular site was cytoplasmic). The sections were incubated with biotinylated IgG and then with streptavidin- peroxidase conjugate (Zymed Corp, San Francisco, CA, USA). Sections were then washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and incubated with 3, 3 -diaminobenzidine tetrachloride (DAB) substrate chromogen solution (1 drop of DAB chromogen/1 mL of substrate buffer) for 5 min to detect immunoreactivity. All sections were counter-stained with Mayer’s hematoxylin. Negative control sections were prepared by omitting the primary antibody. Positive control standard laboratory slides were used for all stains to prove the success of the technique. All slides were examined under light microscopy, and the presence of labeled cells was documented. Absence of staining was recognized as a negative result (−), while the presence of brown staining was recognized as positive result (+) (Mustafa et al., 2015).
  • 4. H.N. Mustafa / Tissue and Cell 48 (2016) 81–88 83 Table 1 Body and liver weight of different groups. Normal control (n = 20) STZ-diabetic control (n = 20) STZ-diabetes + curcumin (n = 20) Liver weight (g) 11.14 ± 1.54 9.91 ± 1.04 P* < 0.01 10.83 ± 0.85 *P > 0.05 **P < 0.05 Body weight (g) 187.65 ± 6.11 163.94 ± 4.9 *P < 0.001 180.47 ± 3.89 *P < 0.001 **P < 0.001 Values are means ± SD (n = 20 each group). ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. *P: compared to normal control. **P: compared to diabetic control. Fig. 1. Body and liver weight of different groups. The mean is given in columns, and error bars represent the standard deviation (SD). 2.12. Quantitative morphometric measurements Ten non-overlapping fields for each animal were selected indis- criminately and analyzed. The measurements were done by using Image-Pro Plus v6.0 software (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, MD, USA) and the NIH ImageJ (v1.50) program (http://rsb.info. nih.gov/ij/) with an Olympus BX53 microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). The area percentages of ␣-SMA immunopositive cells and the insulin-positive cells number were evaluated (Hussein et al., 2015). 2.13. Statistical analysis Quantitative data were expressed as the mean ± SD of different parameters for the treated groups. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. The statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS version 23. The values were considered significant when p < 0.05. 3. Results 3.1. Effect on liver and body weight At the end of 60 days, curcumin treated specimens showed a significant increase in the body and liver weight as compared to the diabetic control (Table 1 and Fig. 1). 3.2. Biochemical parameters The mean glucose level of the diabetic control group was signif- icantly increased while curcumin treatment showed a significant improvement in glucose level (Table 2 and Fig. 2). The mean insulin level of the diabetic control group was significantly decreased while curcumin treatment showed a significant improvement in insulin level (Table 2 and Fig. 2). Plasma ALT, AST, and ALP levels were elevated in the diabetic control group in comparison to those of the normal control group, while with curcumin treatment all of these parameters are reduced significantly. Furthermore, there was a significant decrease in the albumin and total protein in the diabetic control group, while curcumin treatment showed a significant increase in these param- eters compared to those of the diabetic control group. Conversely, the total bilirubin was increased in the diabetic control group and decreased significantly with curcumin treatment (Table 2 and Fig. 3). 3.3. Histopathological findings The normal control group showed normal cytoarchitecture. The diabetic control group showed parenchymatous degeneration and loss of architecture. With curcumin treatment, hepatic changes were reduced (Table 3). PAS-stained sections of the normal control group showed PAS- positive red granules in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes and more granules around the central vein (Fig. 4A), while those of the diabetic control group showed few PAS-positive granules (Fig. 4B). With curcumin treatment, mild PAS-positive granules were observed (Fig. 4C and Table 3). 3.4. Immunohistochemistry-stained sections In the normal control group, ␣-SMA staining was observed only in the media of the blood vessels (portal veins, hepatic artery branches, and central veins) (Fig. 5A). While the diabetic control group showed positive ␣-SMA immunoreactivity in the media of the portal vessels and the periportal area and along the perisinu- soidal spaces (Fig. 5B and C). In the curcumin treatment group, mild immunoreactivity was observed (Fig. 5D). The area percent- age of ␣-SMA positive cells was significantly higher in the diabetic control group, while in the curcumin treatment group it was reduced significantly (Table 4 and Fig. 7). Insulin-immunostained sections for both the normal control (Fig. 6A) and diabetic control (Fig. 6B) groups showed no or mini- mal insulin immune positive cells. The curcumin treatment group showed many insulin positive immune cells in the portal area around the bile ductule (Fig. 6C). The number of insulin positive cells was significantly higher in the curcumin treated group (Table 4 and Fig. 7).
  • 5. 84 H.N. Mustafa / Tissue and Cell 48 (2016) 81–88 Fig. 2. Plasma glucose and insulin of different groups. The mean is given in columns, and error bars represent the standard deviation (SD). Table 2 Biochemical parameters of the different groups. Parameters Normal control STZ-diabetic control STZ-diabetes + curcumin Plasma glucose (mg/dl) 87.14 ± 4.28 280.12 ± 57.24 *P < 0.001 160.12 ± 63.27 *P < 0.001 **P < 0.001 Plasma insulin (mIU/L) 5.17 ± 0.73 0.54 ± 0.11 *P < 0.001 4.06 ± 0.45 *P < 0.001 **P < 0.001 ALT (U/l) 65.4 ± 1.2 119.6 ± 2.30 *P < 0.001 76.8 ± 4.60 *P < 0.001 **P < 0.001 AST (U/l) 139.13 ± 3.82 321.35 ± 2.80 *P < 0.001 204.68 ± 1.96 *P < 0.001 **P < 0.001 ALP (U/l) 68.10 ± 2.30 85.2 ± 4.60 *P < 0.001 79.5 ± 8.10 *P < 0.001 **P < 0.01 Albumin (g/dl) 4.14 ± 0.60 1.3 ± 0.87 *P < 0.001 3.81 ± 0.40 *P > 0.05 **P < 0.001 Total protein (g/dL) 5.94 ± 0.89 2.03 ± 0.78 *P < 0.001 4.62 ± 0.13 *P < 0.001 **P < 0.001 Total bilirubin (mg/dL) 0.24 ± 0.20 0.78 ± 0.07 *P < 0.001 0.36 ± 0.06 *P < 0.05 *P < 0.001 Values are means ± SD (n = 20 each group). ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. *P: compared to normal control. **P: compared to diabetic control. ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; mg/dl, milligrams per deciliter; mIU/L, milli-international units per liter; U/l, units per liter; g/dl, grams per deciliter. 4. Discussion In the current study, the diabetic control group revealed a reduc- tion in body weight, which is attributed to the muscle destruction or catabolism of structural protein and fat (Salahuddin and Jalalpure, 2010). Curcumin administration improves the body weight, and this indicates the effect of curcumin on the degradation of struc- tural protein, control of muscle wasting, and increase of metabolic processes in the body. The current data showed a significant decrease in the plasma insulin levels, which coincides with other findings (Abdel Aziz et al., 2013). Improved insulin level supports the hypothesis that cur- cumin causes ␤-cells neogenesis and protection (Meghana et al., 2007), and this was evidently proven by this study. Furthermore, it is proposed that controlling hyperglycemia encourages further regeneration of ␤-cells (Guz et al., 2001). This may be attributed to the suggestion that dying ␤-cells are regenerated continuously (Montanya et al., 2000). Hepatocellular injury is credited to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation that causes direct damage to hepa- tocytes by disrupting the membranes, protein, and DNA (Asmah Rahmat, 2015). The injured hepatocytes release aldehyde end prod- ucts, which causes further hepatocellular damage and emergence of fibrosis (Novo and Parola, 2012). Also, lipid peroxidation causes an inflammatory reaction that involves the occurrence of cytokines, mainly tumor necrosis factor (TNF-␣), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and consensus interferon (IFN-c) (Sugano et al., 2006). Meanwhile, cur- cumin treatment alleviates the hepatocellular injuries. In the present study, the diabetic control group revealed a con- gestion of the portal triad with inflammation and notable fibrosis near the central vein. This is attributed to tissue degradations that are caused by depletion of the endogenous antioxidant enzyme stores as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) (Chang and Chuang, 2010) and promotion of de novo generation of free radicals (Maritim et al., 2003). Consequently, the higher level of antioxidants that exists in curcumin could boost the quenching of some free radicals inside hepatocytes, which defend the hepatic tissue against oxidative stress damage (Afrin et al., 2015), and this is supported by the current findings. In liver impairment, hepatic stellate cells (Ito cells) undergo trans-differentiation from lipid storing pericytes to myofibroblast-like cells that lead to an increased collagen and extracellular matrix that is the crucial event in hepatic fibrogenesis (She et al., 2005). Curcumin treatment in the current study caused a reduction of ␣-SMA positive cells, which is the marker of Ito cell activation and in turn, indicates inhibition of Ito cells and the improvement of hepatic fibrosis (Erenoglu et al., 2011). Curcumin suppresses the AGEs mediated by the stimula- tion of RAGEs gene expression. This leads to inhibition of the RAGE activated pathways which, in turn, prevents oxidative
  • 6. H.N. Mustafa / Tissue and Cell 48 (2016) 81–88 85 Fig. 3. Biochemical parameters of different groups. The mean is given in columns, and error bars represent the standard deviation (SD). Table 3 Histopathological findings of the liver. Normal control STZ-diabetic control STZ- diabetes + curcumin Hydropic swelling 0 +2 +1 Parenchymatous degeneration 0 +2 +1 Microvesicular vacuole 0 +0.5 +1 Macrovesicular vacuole 0 +0.5 +1 Focal necrosis 0 +2 +0.5 Inflammatory infiltrations 0 +1 +1 Fibrosis 0 +1 +0.5 Sinusoids hyperemia 0 +2 +1 PAS +3 +1 +2 N = 20; Scale: No (0), mild (+1), moderate (+2), severe (+3). stress, inflammation, and hepatic stellate cell activation, a hall- mark of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatic fibrogenesis associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (Stefanska, 2012). More- over, AGE-encouraged production of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxides was attenuated after treatment with curcumin (Stefanska, 2012). In the current findings, the trans-differentiation of Ito cells into myofibroblast-like cells is attributed to intercellular connections between Ito cells and activated Kupffer cells, damaged hepatocytes, and inflammatory cytokines (Hellerbrand, 2013). Other factors that cause this trans-differentiation include the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and transforming growth factor ␤1 (TGF-␤1) that are released after activation of Kupffer cells (Nosseir et al., 2012). In hyperglycemic conditions, the diabetic control group in the current study showed minimal insulin immune reactions of hepatic stellate cells. This indicates that diabetes encourages the transi- tion of hepatic stellate cells to insulin-producing cells but it cannot maintain their production. Furthermore, it was found that this trans-differentiation occurs early and lasts for two weeks in the diabetic liver (Kim et al., 2007). This transition is attributed to the fact that both the liver and the pancreas originate from the upper primitive foregut endoderm appendages (Lammert et al., 2003) and the late separation of the pancreas and liver during organogenesis might leave pluripotent cells, which are able to give rise to both pancreatic and hepatic lineage (Meivar-Levy and Ferber, 2003). In supporting this hypothesis, a previous study has discussed the existence of extra-pancreatic insulin-producing cells in the liver in the hyperglycemic condition. However, the number and produc- tion of these insulin-producing cells are not enough to improve the hyperglycemic condition (Kojima et al., 2004). The current results support the hypothesis that the hypoglycemic effect of curcumin is attributed to preserving functional insulin-producing cells. In the curcumin group in the current study, insulin immune positive cells were increased which supports the suggestion that curcumin may maintain insulin production by trans-differentiated hepatic stellate cells for a period after STZ injection. These results optimistically demonstrate the potential use of curcumin for the treatment of STZ-induced liver damage because of its antiradical/antioxidant activities, potential ␤-cell regenerative properties, and capability to encourage the trans- differentiation of hepatic stellate cells into insulin-producing cells for a period of time. In addition, as it is an anti-fibrotic mediator that inhibits hepatic stellate cell activation and the transition to
  • 7. 86 H.N. Mustafa / Tissue and Cell 48 (2016) 81–88 Fig. 4. (A) Normal control group showed PAS-positive reaction (distribution of liver glycogen) (arrow); (B) diabetic control group showed few PAS-positive reaction (arrow); (C) curcumin treatment group showed mild PAS-positive reaction (arrow) (PAS, scale bar 20 ␮m). Fig. 5. (A) Normal control group showed minimal immunostaining (arrow); (B) diabetic control group showed positive immunostaining (activated HSCs) in the media of the portal blood vessels and scattered in the periportal area (arrow); (C) the previous group with positive immunostained cells in the perisinusoidal spaces (arrow); (D) curcumin treatment group showed mild immunostaining (arrow) (␣-SMA, scale bar 20 ␮m).
  • 8. H.N. Mustafa / Tissue and Cell 48 (2016) 81–88 87 Table 4 Mean ± SD of the area percentage of ␣-smooth muscle actin positive cells and the number of insulin-positive cells. Normal control STZ-diabetic control STZ-diabetes + curcumin Area % of ␣-SMA 0.43 ± 0.28 10.20 ± 0.62 *P < 0.001 1.06 ± 0.87 *P < 0.01 **P < 0.001 Number of insulin positive cells 0.00 0.28 ± 0.01 *P > 0.05 5.10 ± 3.50 *P < 0.001 **P < 0.001 Values are means ± SD (n = 20 each group). ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. *P: compared to normal control. **P: compared to diabetic control. Fig. 6. (A) Normal control group showed a negative immune reaction; (B) diabetic control group showed a minimal immune reaction; (C) the curcumin treatment group showed strong positive immunoreactivity (insulin-producing cells) (arrows) (insulin immune reaction, scale bar 20 ␮m). Fig. 7. Area % of ␣-SMA and number of insulin positive cells. The mean is given in columns, and error bars represent the standard deviation (SD). myofibroblast-like cells, consequently the way is now open to consider curcumin’s novel therapeutic effects in reducing hepatic dysfunction in diabetic patients. 5. Conclusion The current data suggest that curcumin affects hepatic stel- late cell activation, which represents a key event of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatic fibrogenesis associated with diabetes. Conflicts of interest None. References Abdel Aziz, M.T., El-Asmar, M.F., Rezq, A.M., Mahfouz, S.M., Wassef, M.A., Fouad, H.H., Ahmed, H.H., Taha, F.M., 2013. The effect of a novel curcumin derivative on pancreatic islet regeneration in experimental type-1 diabetes in rats (long term study). Diabetol. Metab. Syndr. 5, 75.
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