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(14)Webster's New World College Dictionary, OP. CIT, P.1400.
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(20)Drucker, P., The Effective Executive, N.Y.: Harper and Row, 1982, P.26.
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@
"hqvvJG+vv9vv$vv:G)OGQIGvvEvvJ0vv<vv71vv.$Ovv!vv.HGvvcvv!vv$vv2kvv2G8vvHvv.PGvvrvvLGQGJ
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+vvKGG/+vv9vv$vv.e#vv)#vv(vvvv!vvsR0vv.OIkvv.bvv!vv1vv7G8vvHvv.PGvvrvvLGQGJ,hG/Q8vvrvv.A1vv(vv.bvv1vv7
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bvv!vv/G$Ovv.vv1vv3Gvv9vvrvv!vv1vvJ0vv7kvv2G8vvHvv.PGvvrvvLGQGJ;#vv<vv"COvv!vv.HGvvHvv2vvLIE/kvv2
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G)OGQj0.#1.
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C;vvLtvv2vv1vvLkvv2R0vv.OIkvv.bvv!vv1vv7G8vvHvv.P8vv!vvvGvvrvvLGQGJhG/Q8vvrvv.A1vv(vv.bvv1vv9vv,vv.,tvv$vv.kvv2
8.k1LG.q:hG?,JhG9u.1m.
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67
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(1)#vv0Fvvuvv7,bvv2vvJGvvcvvM0vvM#vvEvv$vvJ,EOGQIGvv.qvv:kvv2G$bvv$vv.d1vv.vv$vv$vv!vvuvv7GvvcvvL1vv1vv7GvvPvvcvv.O0vv7,1vv(vvvGvvrvv.+vvLI
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U5.
(2)Taylor, F., Shop Management, Harper and Brothers. N. Y.: 1903, P. 21.
(3)Fayol, H., General And Industrial Management, N.Y: Pitman Pub. Co.,Marshal:1949. P.6.
(4)tv.&v9vMhChOh&v1v":tv.8v2v.fC#vL0vuv1v.fbvLXv.kv2tv9v.1v,v$v."G)OGQI:&v_v.ev9vEv!v1v"Gv.^v.FvmG)OGQ0v7"Cf
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G)OGQI.G&_L:(bPuL,O$1LCD$J,CU.dG)OGQI,OGQGr!%,O12,1987e,U23).
(5)bPuL,O$1LCD$J,CU.dG)OGQI,#L>dO.1s,U23.
(6)b2JG.+.H,b!2,#rJ#7k2G)OGQI,#c,JG)OGQIGc.#7,GL0.V,1982e,U13.
(7)h8L,#E$JX.+L,OhQGM#)k2G)OGQI,G$2c7Gc!$17,O#Ss,OJ,U1919VL
qa.
(8)81$3,OG0",EOGQIG.q:,#L>dO.1s,U32.
(9)Helmer, P., E., Time Management For Engineers And Constructors, OP. CIT., P.2.
(10)Ovv0#vv7,Ovv,vv1vv"kvv,vvJ,EOGQIGvv.qvv::#vv(vv,vv@#vv9vvvv.Qvv!vv(vv?vv.M,Gvv$vv(vv_vv$vv7GvvcvvL1vv1vv7vv!vvcvv!vv.eG)OGQ0vv7,EOGQI
G2E.KhGJQGO.J,b$.f,1988e,U17.
(11)#v0Fvuv7,bv2vJGvcvM0vM#vEv$vJ,EOGQIGv.qv:kv2G$bv$v.d1v.v$v$v!vuv7GvcvL1v1v7GvPvcv.O0v7,#vL>vdOv.1vs,
U7.
(12)h8L,#E$JX.+L,OhQGM#)k2G)OGQI,#L>dO.1s,U2019VL
qa.
(13)+vv(vvLj>vv.&vv::#vv)bvv!vv$vv.AG)OGQI,h+vv.0vv(vv9vv$vv2vv$vvJQOvv7G)OGQIGvvcvv!vv$vv1vv7,GOvv9vvvv.YCf0vvYvv1vvmEvv/
Cbv$v.d8v.0v!vLUv1vfv7Gv.Uv7v*OvLGYkv2E&v?v.RGvcv$v"hGOv9v$vLGQ0v9v-.hqvJbv$v"#v)C>v"PvvGvLGFv]
O$q.+.GLGF]>.&:.G&_L:(h8L,#E$JX.+L,OhQGM#)k2G)OGQI,#L>dO.1s,U17).
(14)G$L>d&lP-,U17.
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CUvvv.dG)OGQI,#vvvL>vvvdOvvv.1vvvs,U38.hh8vvvL,#vvvEvvv$vvvJXvvv.+vvvL,OhQGvvvM#vvv)kvvv2G)OGQI,#vvvL>vvvd
O.1s,U17).
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GyqZ{GyD9!, G9u7[6wG9MOdGFOGQj
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(19)G&_L,G,.GQj,O1J#E$.O,#2.O+G)OGQI,#u927b1)R$Q,Gr.+LI,1977e,U296-300.
(20)h8L,#E$JX.+L,OhQGM#)k2G)OGQI,#L>dO.1s,U21-2219VL
qa.
(21)Evv9vv.f#vv.0vv.:b
ovvLa#vv(vv,vv@Gvvcvv0qvv.JG)&vvPvv.&vv1vv7#vv)Gvv0d#vv?vv$vv.bvv7Gvv9vv?vv.QHGvv9vv2C>vvL0vv:1vv$vvVvv.&vvd
h0vvPvv9vvLfEvvuvv9vvL0vvvG$#vvL0vvuvv1vv7#vv.1vv1vv)bvv.#vv21924-1932e8vvEvv:ERvvLGaEvv9vv.f#vv.0vv.(1880-
1949e)COvv9vv.PGvv2vvEvv.KGvvVvv(vv.bvv1vv71vvuvv!vv1vv7EOGQIG$bvv$vv.d1vv?vv.#vvcvv7+vv.QkvvLO,hbvvLkvv:8vv!vvvGvv9vv?vv.QH
19?.QHG,.h;.Qf.(bPuL,O$1LCD$J,CU.dG)OGQI,#L>dO.1s,U40-41).
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#2.O+G)OGQI,#2c7G.J1)G.1J,>.#c7O#Ss,O#Ss,1975e,U126-128.
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h#l.+1%,OGQR+LGf,b$q.f,1997e,U131).
(24)tvL0vQBQ>v1vL0vQ:G&v9vrvJkv2tv9v.1v.8v-Gv(v_vL0v7
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k2G)OGQI,#L>dO.1s,U24).
(25)Q&vPv1vQv1vuvLJ:tv9v3bv)Gvrv1v.OIhGvcv$v"Gv?v$v.bv2hqv.ekv2>v.#vcv7#v1v9vSv1v?v)1v9vv.0vLCQ1vcv7C&v_v$v7
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G)OGQI,#L>dO.1s,U24.hbPuL,O$1LCD$J,CU.dG)OGQI,#L>dO.1s,U345).
(26)+vvL1vvLJOvv1vv$vv.f:tvv9vv3bvv)GvvrvvLGQGJh8vvPvv!vvPvv!vv,vv.hbvv)Gvv,vvLeGvv9vv(vv_vv1vv$vv2,hh>vvJCf1vv(vv.Ag0vv9vv%#vv)
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U24)
(27)G&_L:G$L>d&lP-,U23-24.
(28)Ovv!vv1vv$vv.f,Dvv(vvlvv2#vvEvv$vv.O,G)OGQI:#vv(vv,vv@Rvv.#vv",OGQGvv?vv.#vvcvv7Gvv$vvVvvL0vv7,G/Ovvuvv(vvJQ0vv7,1978e,
U161.
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69
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(30)h8L,#E$JX.+L,OhQGM#)k2G)OGQI,#L>dO.1s,U3719VL
qa.
(31)G&_L:h8L,#E$JX.+L,OhQGM#)k2G)OGQI,#L>dO.1s,U37-38.
(32)O0#7,O,1"1)k,J,EOGQIG.q:#(,@#9.qQ!(?.M,#L>dO.1s,U79.
(33)81$3,OG0",EOGQIG.q:,#L>dO.1s,U500.
(34)O0#7,O,1"1)k,J,EOGQIG.q:#(,@#9.Q!(?.M,#L>dO.1s,U79.
(35)G&_L:h8L,#E$JX.+L,OhQGM#)k2G)OGQI,#L>dO.1s,U117-120.
(36)O0#7,O,1"1)k,J,EOGQIG.q:#(,@#9.Q!(?.M,#L>dO.1s,U83.
(37)C1.R1H7,&.OQCD$J,EOGQIG.q:,OGQ#?J/hj,b$.f,1991e,U36-37.
(38)G&_L:O0#7,O,1"1)k,J,EOGQIG.q:#(,@#9.Q!(?.M,#L>dO.1s,U88-89.
(39)h8L,#E$JX.+L,OhQGM#)k2G)OGQI,#L>dO.1s,U202.
(40)G&v_vL:O0vlvM,tv1v=,GvPv!v.cG)&vPv.&v2kv2Gvcv$v",8vL>v$v7Ov1vJbv2vJGvLDv$v)#vLOv2h#vEv$vJEOv$v.bv1v"
0.Om,OGQ&,Y7#VL,Gr.+LI,1974e,U512-516.
(41)O0#7,O,1"1)k,J,EOGQIG.q:#(,@#9.Q!(?.M,#L>dO.1s,U89-9019VL
qa.
(42)h8L,#E$JX.+L,OhQGM#)k2G)OGQI,#L>dO.1s,U23019VL
qa.
(43)G&v_vL:GvHv.v2,Ov1vJ#vEv$v.O,kv.bv!v1v7EOGQIGv.qv:hG8vHv.PGvrvLGQGJG)OGQ0v7,#vuv9v2v7bv1v)Rv$vQ,
Gr.+LI,1994e.
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اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي
اداره الوقت من منظور اسلامي

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