Sq lite module8

MODULE 8: VIEWS AND (.)DOT COMMANDS
SQL and Scripting Training
(C) 2020-2021 Highervista, LLC 1

2
TOPICS
Creating views
Modifying existing views
Views and joins
Removing views
DML
DDL
Inserting Data
(.) dot commands
Scripting commands
CSV Import/Export
Cryptography
Database self checks
Summary
12/12/20 (C) 2020-2021 Highervista, LLC 2

CREATING VIEWS
SQL and Scripting
Training

4
VIEW
A View is referred to as a virtual table.
It is a SQL query that is saved and can be executed repeatedly
or referenced as a subquery by other queries.
Views are helpful when you find yourself repeatedly
constructing the same query (especially if the same query is
complex).
For example, in generating a quarterly or annual report, we
can prepare a View that is pre-calculated.

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TURNING PREVIOUS QUERIES INTO
VIEWS
SELECT
ROUND (AVG (Total), 2) AS [Average
Total]
FROM
invoices
NOTE: This is a previous query we built. NOTE: You can turn a previous query into a
View
CREATE VIEW V_AvgTotal AS
SELECT
Total]
FROM
invoices
NOTE: Naming views beginning with V_ is meaningful (not required), because
it lets anyone reading your code know that they are dealing with a View.

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VIEWS• When we execute this View statement,
we get a message that states "Query
executed successfully: CREATE
V_AvgTotal AS."
• In the SQLite browser, we can see our
Views listed.
CREATE VIEW V_AvgTotal AS
SELECT
Total]
FROM
invoices

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VIEWS
• Once the view is created, you can
right-click and get info about the it
using Browse Table.
• The Browse Table will move us to
the Browse tab where we can view
the contents of the code.

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WHY USE VIEWS?
Convenience is the main reason, since
you write them only once, but can use
them over and over.
Also, a view can be called up as a
subquery by using its name.
SELECT
InvoiceDate,
BillingAddress,
BillingCity,
Total
FROM
invoices
WHERE
Total <
(select *
from
V_AvgTotal)
ORDER BY
Total DESC

MODIFYING EXISTING VIEWS
SQL and Scripting
Training

10
MODIFYING VIEWS: AN ALTERNATIVE
The current iteration of DB Browser does not support modifying existing views.
As a workaround in SQLite, create a new view and give it a new name, or
delete the existing view first and use the same name.
Before deleting, though, you could
Open the old view
Open a new item
Paste the contents of the old into the new one
Delete the old view
Continue to modify the new item until it′s saved

VIEWS AND JOINS
SQL and Scripting
Training

12
CREATING A VIEW FROM JOINS
Joins are excellent candidates to add as Views because they
help you visualize the relationships between tables.
Joins are often more extensive queries.
You can continue using short aliases for Joins when creating a
View that contains a Join.

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SELECT
ii.InvoiceId,
ii.UnitePrice,
ii.Quality,
t.Name,
t.Composer,
t.Milliseconds
FROM
invoice_items ii
INNER JOIN
tracks t
ON iilTrackId = t.TrackId
CREATE VIEWV_Tracks_InvoiceItems AS
SELECT
ii.InvoiceId,
ii.UnitePrice,
ii.Quality,
t.Name,
t.Composer,
t.Milliseconds
FROM
invoice_items ii
INNER JOIN
tracks t
ON iilTrackId = t.TrackId
NOTE:
Create 2 Joins.
Join 1 of 2.

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CREATE VIEW V_inv_cus_emp AS
SELECT
i.InvoiceID,
i.InvoiceDate,
i.Total,
iCustomerId,
c.FirstName,
c.LastName,
c.SupportRepId,
e.EmployeeId,
e.LastName,
e.FirstName,
e.Title
FROM
invoices AS I
INNER JOIN
customers AS c
ON
i.CustomerId = c.CustomerId
INNER JOIN
employees AS e
ON
e.EmployeeId = c.SupportRepID
ORDER BY
InvoiceDate
NOTE: Create 2 Joins. Join 2 of 2.

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USING TWO VIEWS IN ONE QUERY
SELECT *
FROM
V_Tracks_InvoiceItems ii
INNER JOIN
V_inv_cus_emp ice
ON
ii.InvoiceId = ice.InvoiceId
NOTE: Using the two views that you created, you can query what tracks were sold by each
employee and which customer bought them. By aggregating data, you can also determine which
track was sold the most, how much revenue was generated per track, and the employee responsible
for the sale.

REMOVING VIEWS
SQL and Scripting
Training

17
REMOVING A VIEW USING THE DROP STATEMENT
In the SQLite Browser, you can remove a view by right-clicking
ton the view name and selecting DROP.
However, in the CLI, you can drop a view by:
DROP VIEW
V_AvgTotal

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QUERY TO BE USED IN THE TRY THIS
EXERCISE (NEXT)
SELECT
BillingCity,
AVG(Total) AS [City Average],
(select
avg(total)
from
invoices) AS [Global Average]
FROM
invoices
GROUP BY
BillingCity
ORDER BY
BillingCIty

THE ROLE OF DML
SQL and Scripting
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20
DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE (DML)
DML is used to change or alter the data that is stored in the tables of the
database (as noted previously).
DML (and DDL, or Data Definition Language) is often thought of as a
language separate from SQL, so it’s good to refresh your understanding of
DML.
DML involves INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE.
DML can be applied through the SQLite Browser or (as done before) through
the CLI interface of SQLite.
DML is often used with a scripting and/or a programming language like JSON
or Python to modify data in a database.

INSERTING DATA
SQL and Scripting
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DML: INSERT
Example
INSERT INTO
artists (Name) -- table name (field name)
VALUES (‘Bob Marley’). -- values associated with the field name

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DML: INSERT
INSERT INTO
Employees
VALUES (‘9’, ‘Martin’,
‘Ricky’, ‘Sales Support Agent’, ‘2’,
‘1975-02-07’, ‘2018-01-05’, ‘123
Houston St’, ‘New York’, ‘NY’,
‘United States’, ‘11201’, ‘(347)
525-8588’, ‘’,
‘rmartin@gmail.com’)

UPDATING DATA
SQL and Scripting
Training

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UPDATING DATA AND THE SET KEYWORD
UPDATE is used to modify existing data in a table.
UPDATE is generally used with the WHERE clause.
UPDATE
Employees
SET PostalCode = ‘11202’
WHERE
EmployeeId = 9
NOTE: If employee 9 does not exist, you
will receive a “No Such Column” error.

DELETING DATA
SQL and Scripting
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DELETING DATA
Deleting Data is used to remove existing records from a
table. DELETE does not remove the table, only its contents.
Before deleting a record, run a SELECT query to verify
that the data exists:
SELECT * FROM
employees
WHERE
EmployeeId = 9
DELETE FROM
employees
WHERE
EmployeeId = 9

SCRIPTING AND COMMANDS SQL and Scripting
Training

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TOPICS
Dot Commands
Changing Output Formats
Writing Results to a File
File I/O Functions
Querying the Database
Schema
CSV Import
CSV Export
Converting an Entire Database
to an ASCII Text File
Cryptographic Hashes of
Database Content
Database Content Self-Tests

DOT COMMANDS SQL and Scripting
Training

31
DOT COMMANDS – CONTROL COMMANDS
(NOT SQL)
A few of these were covered previously.
Ordinary SQL statements are free-form, can be spread across
multiple lines, and can have whitespace and comments
anywhere. Dot-commands are more restrictive:
A dot-command must begin with "." at the left margin with no
preceding whitespace.
A dot-command must be entirely contained on a single input
line.

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DOT COMMANDS – CONTROL COMMANDS
(NOT SQL)
A dot-command cannot occur in the middle of an ordinary SQL
statement. In other words, a dot-command cannot occur at a
continuation prompt.
Dot-commands do not recognize comments.
The dot-commands are interpreted by the sqlite3.exe
command-line program, not by SQLite itself.
Unlike SQL statements, dot commands do not end with a
semicolon.

CHANGING OUTPUT FORMATS SQL and Scripting
Training

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SQLITE
The sqlite3 program
can show the results of
a query the following
14 formats:
Format Format
ascii line
box list
csv markdown
column quote
html table
insert tabs
json tcl

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SWITCHING BETWEEN OUTPUT MODES
You can use the .mode dot command to switch between output
formats.
The default output mode is "list."
In list mode, each row of a query result is written on one line of
output and each column within that row is separated by a specific
separator string.
The default separator is a pipe symbol ( | ).
List mode is especially useful when you are going to send the output
of a query to another program (such as AWK) for additional
processing.

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.MODE LIST
!"#$%&'()*+,&(#$!%
!"#$%&'(!&#&-%(.(/0+*(%1#23
4&##+526
7++,18&596
!"#$%&'

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.SEPARATOR
Use the .separator dot command to change the separator. For
example, to change the separator to a comma and a space,
you could do this:
!"#$%&'()!&:;0;%+0(<=(>
!"#$%&'(!&#&-%(.(/0+*(%1#23
4&##+=(26
7++,18&=(96
!"#$%&'

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.MODE QUOTE
In quote mode, the output is formatted as SQL literals
Strings are enclosed in single quotes and internal single quotes are
escaped by doubling
Blobs are displayed in hexadecimal blob literal notation (Ex:
x′abcd′).
Numbers are displayed as ASCII text and NULL values are shown
as "NULL"
All columns are separated by a comma (or an alternative
character selected using .separator)

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.MODE QUOTE
!"#$%&'()*+,&("-+%&
!"#$%&'(!&#&.%(/(01+*(
%2#34
56&##+7839
5:++,2;&78<9
sqlite>

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MODE .LINE
In line mode, each column in a row of the database is shown on
its own line.
Each line consists of the column name, an equal sign, and the
column data.
Successive records are separated by a blank line.

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MODE .LINE
!"#$%&'()*+,&(#$-&
!"#$%&'(!&#&.%(/(01+*(%2#34
+-&(5(6&##+
%7+(5(38
+-&(5(9++,2:&
%7+(5(;8
!"#$%&'

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MODE .COLUMN
In column mode, each record is shown on a separate line
with the data aligned in columns.
!"#$%&'()*+,&(.+#<*-
!"#$%&'(!&#&.%(/(01+*(%2#34
+-&(((((((((((%7+(((((((
======== ===
6&##+(((((((((38((((((((
9++,2:&(((;8((((((((
!"#$%&'

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MODE .COLUMN OPTIONS
In column mode (and also box, table, and markdown modes)
the width of columns adjusts automatically.
You can override this, providing a minimum width for each
column using the .width command.
The arguments to .width are integers, which are the minimum
number of spaces to devote to each column.
Negative numbers mean right-justify.

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MODE .COLUMN OPTIONS
!"#$%&'()*+,&(.+#<*-
!"#$%&'()7$,%6(3;(=>
!"#$%&'(!&#&.%(/(01+*(%2#34
+-&(((((((((((((((((%7+
============ ======
6&##+?((((((((((( 38
9++,2:&((((((((((;8
!"#$%&'

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.MODE TABLE & .MODE BOX
!"#$%&'()*+,&(%-.#&
!"#$%&'(!&#&/%(0(12+*(%.#34
566666666666656666665
7(((+8&(((((((7((%9+(7
566666666666656666665
7(:&##+;(((((((7((3<(7
7(=++,.>&(7(((?<(7
566666666666656666665
!"#$%&'()*+,&(.+@
!"#$%&'(!&#&/%(0(12+*(%.#34
ABBBBBBBBBCBBBBBD
E(((+8&(((((((((((E((((%9+(E
FBBBBBBBBBGBBBBBH
E(:&##+;((((((((((E(3<((((((E
E(=++,.>&(((((E(?<((((((E
IBBBBBBBBBJBBBBBK
!"#$%&'12/12/20 (C) 2020-2021 Highervista, LLC 45

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MODE .INSERT
Another useful output mode is "insert"
In insert mode, the output is formatted to look like SQL INSERT
statements
Use insert mode to generate text that can later be used to input
data into a different database
When specifying insert mode, you must give an extra
argument—the name of the table to be inserted into.

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MODE .INSERT
!"#$%&'()*+,&($-!&1%(-&7@%A2#&
!"#$%&'(!&#&.%(/(01+*(%2#34
BCDEFG(BCGH(I-&7@%A2#&I(JKLMEDNO6&##+OP38Q4
BCDEFG(BCGH(I-&7@%A2#&I(
JKLMEDNO9++,2:&OP;8Q4
!"#$%&'
Other output modes include html, json, and tcl

WRITING RESULTS TO A FILE SQL and Scripting
Training

49
WRITING RESULTS TO A FILE
By default, sqlite3 sends query results to standard output or stdout.
You can change this using the .output and .once commands.
Just put the name of an output file as an argument to .output and all
subsequent query results will be written to that file.
Or use the .once command instead of .output and output will only be
redirected for the next command before reverting to the console.
Use .output with no arguments to begin writing to standard output again.

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!"#$%&'()*+,&(#$!%
!"#$%&'()!&:;0;%+0(5
!"#$%&'()+?%:?%(%&!%@/$#&@2)%A%
!"#$%&'(!&#&-%(.(/0+*(%1#23
!"#$%&'()&A$%
B(-;%(%&!%@/$#&@2)%A%
4&##+526
7++,18&596
B

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If the first character of the .output or .once filename is a pipe
symbol ( | ) then the remaining characters are treated as a
command and the output is sent to that command.
This makes it easy to pipe the results of a query into some other
process.
For example, the open -f command on a Mac opens a text
editor to display the content that it reads from standard input.

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So to see the results of a query in a text editor, you could type:
!"#$%&='()+>.&(5?+@&>(A07
!"#$%&='(BCDCEF(/(GHIJ(2$:FK2#&4

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In cases where the .output or .once commands have an
argument of -e the output is collected into a temporary file and
the system text editor is invoked on that text file.
Thus, the command .once -e achieves the same result as .once
'|open -f' but with the benefit of being portable across all
systems.

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If the .output or .once commands have a -x argument, that
causes them to accumulate output as comma-separated values
(CSV) in a temporary file, then invoke the default system utility
for viewing CSV files (usually a spreadsheet program) on the
result.
The .excel command is an alias for .once –x so it does the same
thing.
!"#$%&='()+>.&(LM
!"#$%&='(BCDCEF(/(GHIJ(2$:FK2#&4

FILE I/O FUNCTIONS SQL and Scripting
Training

56
FILE I/O FUNCTIONS
The command-line shell adds two application-defined SQL
functions that facilitate reading content from a file into a
table column, and writing the content of a column into a file,
respectively.
Link: https://www.sqlite.org/appfunc.html
The readfile(X) SQL function reads the entire content of the
file named X and returns the content as a BLOB. This can be
used to load content into a table.

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FILE I/O FUNCTIONS
!"#$%&'(RFEKGE(GKSLE($*A9&!N-A*&(GETGP(%:U&(GETGP($*9
SLHSQ4
!"#$%&'(BCDEFG(BCGH($*A9&!N-A*&P%:U&P$*9Q
)))'( JKLMEDNO$.+-OPOVU&9OP1&A,0$#&NO$.+-)VU9OQQ4

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FILE I/O FUNCTIONS
The writefile(X,Y) SQL function writes the blob Y into the file named
X and returns the number of bytes written. Use this function to
extract the content of a single table column into a file.
Note that the readfile(X) and writefile(X,Y) functions are extension
functions and are not built into the core SQLite library. These
routines are available as a loadable extension in the
ext/misc/fileio.c source file in the SQLite source code repositories.
!"#$%&'()*+*,-(./$%&0$#&12$34567892:$;9<(=>?@($;A9&!(BC*>*(5A;&D2$3452E

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THE EDIT( ) SQL FUNCTION
The CLI has another build-in SQL function named edit( ).
Edit ( ) takes one or two arguments.
The first argument is a value—usually a large multiline string to be edited.
The second argument is the name of a text editor.
If the second argument is omitted, the VISUAL environment variable is used.
The edit ( ) function writes its first argument into a temporary file, invokes the
editor on the temporary file, rereads the file back into memory after the
editor is done, then returns the edited text.
The edit ( ) function can be used to make changes to large text values.

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THE EDIT ( ) SQL FUNCTION
!"#$%&'(MWXKGE(,+.!(DEG(2+,:5&,$%N2+,:Q(YZEFE(
-A*&5O1&U+1%=3[O4
In this example, the content of the docs.body field for the entry
where docs. is "report-15" will be sent to the editor.
After the editor rename occurs, the result will be written back into
the docs.body field.

QUERYING THE DATABASE
SCHEMA
SQL and Scripting
Training

62
QUERYING THE DATABASE SCHEMA
The sqlite3 program provides several convenience commands
useful for looking at the schema of the database.
There is nothing these commands do that cannot be done by
other means (like the SQLite Browser).
!"#$%&'()%K2#&!
F2#3
%2#<
!"#$%&'

63
The ".tables" command is similar to setting list mode then
executing the following query:
SELECT name FROM sqlite_schema
WHERE type IN ('table','view') AND name NOT LIKE
'sqlite_%’
ORDER BY 1

64
The ".tables" command does more. It queries the sqlite_schema table
for all attached databases, not just the primary database. And it
arranges its output into neat columns.
The ".indexes" command works in a similar way to list all of the
indexes. If the ".indexes" command is given an argument which is the
name of a table, then it shows just indexes on that table.
The ".schema" command shows the complete schema for the database,
or for a single table if an optional tablename argument is provided

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!"#$%&'(6!3F&;A
3/&A%&(%AG#&(%G#H145&(IA/3FA/1HJ<:(%.4(!;A##$5%<
,>*K-*(-KL+*(%G#M(1
0H(IA/3FA/1NJ<(8/$;A/O(P&O:((
0M(%&Q%:((
0N(/&A#
<
!"#$%&'(6!3F&;A(%G#M
,>*K-*(-KL+*(%G#M(1
0H(IA/3FA/1NJ<(8/$;A/O(P&O:((
0M(%&Q%:((
0N(/&A#
<
!"#$%&'

CSV IMPORT SQL and Scripting
Training

67
CSV IMPORT
Use the ".import" command to import CSV (comma separated value)
data into an SQLite table.
The ".import" command takes two arguments which are the name of the
disk file from which CSV data is to be read and the name of the SQLite
table into which the CSV data is to be inserted.
Note that it is important to set the "mode" to "csv" before running the
".import" command. This is necessary to prevent the command-line shell
from trying to interpret the input file text as some other format.

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CSV IMPORT
!"#$%&'()$*+,-%(./01,-20!,*&34%4)5!6 %478
Two cases to consider: (1) Table "tab1" does not previously exist and (2)
table "tab1" does already exist.
1. When the table does not previously exist, the table is automatically created and
the content of the first row of the input CSV file is used to determine the name of
all the columns in the table. In other words, if the table does not previously exist,
the first row of the CSV file is interpreted to be column names and the actual data
starts on the second row of the CSV file.
2. When the table already exists, every row of the CSV file, including the first row, is
assumed to be actual content. If the CSV file contains an initial row of column
labels, you can cause the .import command to skip that initial row using the "--skip
1" option.

CSV EXPORT SQL and Scripting
Training

70
CSV EXPORT
To export an SQLite table (or part of a table) as CSV, simply
set the "mode" to "csv" and then run a query to extract the
desired rows of the table (Windows).
!"#$%&'()6&A,&1!(+-
!"#$%&'()*+,&(.!
!"#$%&'()+-.&(.]^7+1_^,A%A+<%).!
!"#$%&'(DELERG(/(`FHa(%A234
!"#$%&'()!:!%&*(.]^7+1_^,A%A+<%).!

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CSV EXPORT
The ".headers on" line causes column labels to be printed as the first row of output.
This means that the first row of the resulting CSV file will contain column labels. If
column labels are not desired, set ".headers off" instead. (The ".headers off"
setting is the default and can be omitted if the headers have not been previously
turned on.)
The ".once FILENAME" causes all query output to go into the named file instead of
being printed on the console. In the example above, that line causes the CSV
content to be written into a file named "C:/work/dataout.csv".
The ".system c:/work/dataout.csv” has the same effect as double-clicking on the
c:/work/dataout.csv file in Windows. This will typically bring up a spreadsheet
program to display the CSV file.

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CSV EXPORT
Prior command only works as written on Windows. The equivalent line on
a Mac would be:
Linux:
!"#$%&'()!:!%&*(+U&-(,A%A+<%).!
!"#$%&'()!:!%&*(b,9=+U&-(,A%A+<%).!

CONVERTING AN ENTIRE
DATABASE TO AN ASCII TEXT FILE
SQL and Scripting
Training

74
CONVERTING AN ENTIRE DATABASE TO AN
ASCII TEXT FILE
Use the ".dump" command to convert the entire contents of a
database into a single ASCII text file. This file can be converted
back into a database by piping it back into sqlite3.
This generates a file named ex1.dump.gz that contains
everything you need to reconstruct the database at a later
time, or on another machine.
B(!"#$%&C(&A2(),?*:(5(7D$: E-('&A2),?*:)7D

75
CONVERTING AN ENTIRE DATABASE TO AN
ASCII TEXT FILE
To reconstruct the database, just type:
c(d.A% &b3),<*U)9d(e(!"#$%&f(&b;

76
EXPORT INTO OTHER SQL ENGINES
The text format is pure SQL so you can also use the .dump
command to export a SQLite database into other popular SQL
database engines. For example:
B(-0&;%&,1 &A9B(!"#$%&C(&A2(),?*:(5(:!"# &A9

CRYPTOGRAPHIC HASHES
OF DATABASE CONTENT
SQL and Scripting
Training

78
CRYPTOGRAPHIC HASHES OF DATABASE CONTENT
The ".sha3sum" dot-command computes a SHA3 hash of the
content of the database.
To be clear, the hash is computed over the database content,
not its representation on disk.
This means, for example, that a VACUUM or similar data-
preserving transformation does not change the hash.

79
The ".sha3sum" command supports options "--sha3-224", "--
sha3-256", "--sha3-384", and "--sha3-512" to define which
variety of SHA3 to use for the hash. The default is SHA3-256.
The database schema (in the sqlite_schema table) is not
normally included in the hash, but can be added by the "--
schema" option.

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The ".sha3sum" command takes a single optional argument
which is a LIKE pattern. If this option is present, only tables
whose names match the LIKE pattern will be hashed.
The ".sha3sum" command is implemented with the help of the
extension function "sha3_query()" that is included with the
command-line shell.

DATABASE CONTENT SELF-
TESTS
SQL and Scripting
Training

82
DATABASE CONTENT SELF-TESTS
The ".selftest" command attempts to verify that a database is
intact and is not corrupt. The .selftest command looks for a table
in schema named "selftest" and defined as follows:
,>*K-*(-KL+*(!&#0%&!%1((
%54 RS-*T*>(U>R@K>V(W*V:((XX -&!%(5Y;G&/
48(-*Z-:(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((XX 2/Y52(4/(2;&;4[((
3; -*Z-:((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((XX )]+(34;;A5(%4(/Y5:(4/(%&Q%(40(^;&;4_
A5! -*Z-((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((66 L@M&/%&,(2&!N#%(+1(%:&(OPQ(/+**-8,R4

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The .selftest command reads the rows of the selftest table in selftest.tno
order.
For each 'memo' row, it writes the text in 'cmd' to the output. For each 'run'
row, it runs the 'cmd' text as SQL and compares the result to the value in
'ans', and shows an error message if the results differ.
If there is no selftest table, the ".selftest" command runs PRAGMA
integrity_check.
STLUVL(VUWQL(!&#1%&!%X((
%8+ YZVL[LT(TY]UT^(_L^`((66 V&!%(8N*.&2
+M(VLaV`(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((66 b2N8b(+2(b*&*+c((
/*, VLaV`((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((66 OPQ(/+**-8,(%+(2N8`(+2(%&@%(+1(d*&*+e
-8! VLaV((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((66 L@M&/%&,(2&!N#%(+1(%:&(OPQ(/+**-8,R4

84
The ".selftest --init" command creates the selftest table if it does not already exists,
then appends entries that check the SHA3 hash of the content of all tables.
Subsequent runs of ".selftest" will verify that the database has not been changed in
any way.
To generates tests to verify that a subset of the tables are unchanged, simply run
".selftest --init" then DELETE the selftest rows that refer to tables that are not constant.
STLUVL(VUWQL(!&#1%&!%X((
%8+ YZVL[LT(TY]UT^(_L^`((66 V&!%(8N*.&2
+M(VLaV`(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((66 b2N8b(+2(b*&*+c((
/*, VLaV`((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((66 OPQ(/+**-8,(%+(2N8`(+2(%&@%(+1(d*&*+e
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85
SUMMARY
Functions allow you to alter, reformat, and perform calculations on the data in your tables.
Queries containing numerical data can be manipulated with arithmetic operations and aggregate functions
Queries containing text can be split, concatenated, capitalized, etc.
Once data is aggregated with functions, it can be further sorted by the GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses.
The HAVING Clause does for aggregate fields what the WHERE clause does for non-aggregate fields.
The HAVING clause can be used in a query only if a GROUP BY clause is also present.
You can use GROUP BY with multiple fields to further narrow down your aggregated data.

86
SUMMARY
DML refers to the collection of clauses capable of creating and manipulating existing data in a database.
The INSERT statement is used to add new records to a database
The UPDATE statement is used to add new records to a database
The DELETE statement removes records entirely.
DML is often used in conjunction with a scripting and/or a programming language like JSON or Python.

87
REFERENCES
Allen, G., & Owens, M. (2010). The definitive guide to SQLite: / Grant Allen; Michael Owens.
Apress. (provided in .pdf format)
Shields, W. (2019). Sql quickstart guide: the simplified beginner's guide to managing,
analyzing, and manipulating data with Sql. Clydebank Media.
Tutorialspoint SQLite: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/sqlite/index.htm

88
INTRODUCTION
Ron McFarland
Technologist, Educator
Source: Microsoft Images

89
ABOUT THIS COURSE
This course is distributed free. I use several
sources. But importantly, I use the book noted
on the next slide.
If you are using these PowerPoints, please
attribute Highervista, LLC and me (Ron
McFarland). IN ADDITION, please attribute
the author noted on the next slide, as the
author’s textbook provides essential
information for this course.
Source: Microsoft Images

90
INTRODUCTION
This course is offered to you free. HOWEVER, please
purchase the following book, as it is a primary resource for
this course. I do not make any $ from this course or this
book. So, since a handful of good content is derived from the
following text, please support this author!
Title: SQL Quickstart Guide
Author: Walter Shields
Available: Amazon, B&N, and through ClydeBank media
website at:
https://www.clydebankmedia.com/books/programming-
tech/sql-quickstart-guide

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