The document discusses the process of collecting qualitative data through various methods such as observations, interviews, documents, and audiovisual materials. It provides details on purposeful sampling strategies, gaining access to research sites and participants, developing data collection forms like interview protocols, and ethical considerations in qualitative data collection. The key steps and advantages and disadvantages of different qualitative data collection methods are also outlined.
5. To develop a detailed understanding Select people or sites who can best help us understand our phenomenon Select representative individuals To generalize from sample to the population Purposeful “Qualitative” sampling Random “Quantitative” sampling To make “claims” about the population To build/test “theories” that explain the population. That might provide useful information. That might help people learn about the phenomenon. That might give voice to silenced people.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17. WHEN DOES SAMPLING OCCUR Before data collection? After data collection has started? What is the intent? What is the intent? To develop Many perspectives
21. Several strategies might prove useful when negotiating qualitative research through the (IRB) process: 1- Determine if individuals reviewing proposals on the review board are familiar with qualitative research. 2- Develop detailed descriptions of the procedures so that reviewers have a full disclosure of the potential risks to people and sites in the study. 3- Detail ways you will protect the anonymity participants. 4- Discuss the need to respect the research site and to disturb or disrupt it as little as possible. 5- Detail how the study will provide opportunities to “give back” and reciprocate in some way to those individuals you study. 6- Acknowledge that during your prolonged interaction with participants, you may adopt their beliefs and even become an advocate for their ideas.
22. 7- specify potential power imbalances that may occur between yourself and participants, and how your study will address these imbalances. 8- Detail how much time you will spend at the research site. 9- Include in the project description a list of the interview questions so reviewers on the institutional board can determine how sensitive the questions may be.
25. A COMPENDIUM OF DATA COLLECTION APPROACHES IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
26.
27.
28.
29. The process of observing: 1- Select a site to be observed that can help you best understand the central phenomenon. 2- Ease into the site slowly by looking around; getting a general sense of the site; and taking limited notes, at least initially. 3- At the site, identify who or what to observe, when to observe, and how long to observe. 4- Determine, initially, your role as an observer. 5- Conduct multiple observations over time to obtain the best understanding of the site and the individuals. 6- design some means for recording notes during an observation. Fieldnotes: are text recorded by the researcher during an observation in a qualitative study.
30. 7- Consider what information you will record during an observation. 8- Record descriptive and reflective fieldnotes. Descriptive fieldnotes: record a description of the events, activities, and people. Reflective fieldnotes: record personal thoughts that researchers have that relate to their insights, hunches, or board ideas or themes that emerge during the observation. 9- Make yourself known, but remain unobtrusive. 10- After observing, slowly withdraw from the site.
34. Types of interviews and open-ended questions on questionnaires: 2- focus group interviews: the process of collecting data through interviews with a group of people, typically four to six. 3- telephone interviews: is the process of gathering data using the telephone and asking a small number of general questions. 4- electronic e-mail interviews : consist of collecting open-ended data through interviews with individuals using computer and the internet to do so. 1- one-on-one interviews: is a data-collection process in which the researcher asks questions to and records answers from only one participant in the study at a time.
35.
36. DOCUMENTS Consist of public and private records that qualitative researchers obtain about a site or participants in a study and they can include newspapers, minutes of meeting, personal journals, and letters.
37. DOCUMENTS Advantages: 1- Being in the language and words of the participants. 2- Ready for analysis without the necessary transcription that is required observational or interview data. Disadvantages: 1- Documents are some times difficult to locate and obtain. 2- Information may not be available to the public. 3- Information may be located in distant archives, requiring the researcher to travel, which take time and can be expensive. 4- The documents may be incomplete, inauthentic, or inaccurate. 5- In personal documents such as diaries or letters, the handwriting may be hard to read.
38. COLLECTING DOCUMENTS: 1- Identify the type of documents that can provide useful information to answer your qualitative research questions. 2- consider both public and private documents as sources of information of your research. 3- once the documents are located, seek permission to use them from the appropriate individuals in charge of the materials. 4- if you ask participants to keep a journal, provide specific instructions about the procedure. 5- once you have permission to use documents, examine them for accuracy, completeness, and usefulness in answering the research questions in your study. 6- record information from the documents.
39.
40.
41.
42. STEPS OF COLLECTING AUDIOVISUAL : MATERIALS 1- determine what visual material can provide information to answer research questions and how that material might augment existing forms of data, such as interviews and observations . 2- identify the visual materials available and obtain permission to use it. 3- check the accuracy and authenticity of the visual materials if you do not record it yourself. 4- collect the data and organize it.
43.
44. Interview protocol Is a form designed by the researcher that contains instructions for the process of the interview, the questions to be asked, and space to take notes of responses from the interviewee.
45. DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN OF AN INTERVIEW PROTOCOL 1- It contains a header to record essential information about the interview, statements about the purpose of the study a reminder that participants need to sign the consent form, and suggestion to make preliminary test of the recording equipment. 2- following this header are five brief open-ended questions that allow participants maximum flexibility for responding to the questions. 3- the core questions, 2 through 4, address major research in the study.
![WHAT IS THE PROCESS OF QUALTATIVE DATA CLLECTION? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)