anatomy and physiology, immune system, integumentary system, tissues

1. Chapter 4
Tissues
Anatomy and
Physiology

2. • Epithelial-covers body surfaces
• Connective-protects, supports, immunity
• Muscular-movement
• Nervous-detects change, homeostasis
Types of Tissues

3. *TWO TYPES
*COVERING AND LINING
*GLANDULAR
Epithelial Tissue

4. General Features
• Closely packed cells with little in between
them
• Apical (superficial), lateral and basal
layers (deep)
• Avascular- lack blood vessels
• Have a nerve supply
• High renewal and cell division

5. Shapes of Epithelium
• Squamous-flat like tiles, thin
• Cuboidal-tall and wide, sometimes contain
microvilli, function in secretion and
absorption

6. Shapes
• Columnar- very tall, protect underlying
tissues, may have microvilli or cilia,
secretion and absorption.
• Transitional- change their shape as the
organs stretch

8. Simple Epithelium
• This is a single layer of cells found in
areas where diffusion, osmosis, filtration,
secretion, and absorption occur.
• Simple squamous
• Simple Cuboidal
• Simple Columnar

18. Stratified Epithelium
• Contains two or more layers of cells used
for protection of underlying tissues.
• Stratified squamous
• Stratified cuboidal
• Stratified columnar
• Transitional-variable in appearance

27. Pseudostratified Epithelium
• All cells are connected to basement
membrane but some do not reach the
surface therefore from the side, it gives
the impression of layers.

30. Glandular Epithelium
• Main function is to secrete materials.
• A gland can consist of one cell or group of
cells .
• Endocrine-release into the body
• Exocrine-release outside the body

35. Vocabulary
Cards
Basement membrane
Avascular
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Transistional
Simple
Stratified
pseudostratified

36. 6 TYPES
*LOOSE
*DENSE
*CARTILAGE
*BONE
*BLOOD
*LYMPH
Connective Tissue

37. General Features
• The matrix is the material between the
widely spaced cells.
• All connective tissue except cartilage has
a nerve supply.
• It is highly vascular except for cartilage.

38. Connective Tissue Cells
• Fibroblasts-large, flat and branching, most
numerous, secrete fibers
• Macrophages- irregular shape, and engulf
bacteria and debris by phagocytosis, may
be free or fixed

39. Connective Tissue Cells
• Mast cells- produce histamine in response
to injury
• Adipocytes- fat cells that store fats below
the skin and around organs.

41. Connective Tissue Matrix
• Ground substance- between cells, binds
them together, supports cells, contain
hyaluronic acid to lubricate and bind the
cells.
• Fibers- 3 types- collagen, elastic and
reticular

42. Fibers
*Collagen- most abundant protein in the
body, strong but flexible
*Elastic- contain elastin and fibrillin,
strong but very flexible
*Reticular- thinner and form the basement
membrane and support the soft organs like
the spleen and lymph nodes.

43. Loose Connective Tissue
• Areolar-widely distributed, contains all
three types of fibers, strength, elasticity
and support
• Adipose- contain adipocytes, store fat
under the skin and around organs
• Reticular-forms soft organs and smooth
muscle cells

50. Dense Connective Tissue
• Regular- collagen arranged in a regular
pattern of bundles for strength
• Irregular- collagen fibers are irregular
arranged and often pulled in many
directions
• Elastic- strong and can recoil to original
shape, lung and heart

57. Cartilage
• Cells are called chondrocytes.
• Contain collagen and chondroitin sulfate
for strength and elasticity.
• Hyaline-most abundant, reduces friction
and absorbs shock, joints
• Fibrocartilage- very strong and rigid, discs
between vertebrae.
• Elastic- very flexible, ear and nose

64. Bone Tissue
• Cells are called osteocytes.
• Haversion canal contains blood
supply.
• Two types: compact and spongy
• Bone supports soft tissues, protects
delicate structures, allows for
movement with muscles and
produces bone marrow for
immunity.

65. Blood Tissue
• Has a liquid matrix called blood
plasma.
• Red blood and white blood cells
are present.
• Platelets participate in blood
clotting.
• Lymph-fluid that flows in
lymphatic vessels, clear

66. MUSCULAR
TISSUE
3 TYPES
*SKELETAL
*CARDIAC
*SMOOTH

67. Skeletal Muscle
• Attached to bones of the skeleton
• Striated-contains bands of muscle
• voluntary

68. Cardiac Muscle
• Striated and very strong
• Involuntary
• Found only in the heart
• Fibers are more branched

69. Smooth Muscle
• Located in walls of organs, blood vessels
and airways
• Involuntary
• Non-striated (smooth)

70. Vocabulary
Cards
Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Mast cells
Adipocytes
Ground substance
Loose connective
tissue
Dense connective
tissue
Cartilage
striated

71. The Skin is AWESOME!
• The skin or cutaneous membrane covers
the external surface of the body.
• It’s the largest organ!
• 16% of total body weight!

72. Structure of the skin
• Two main parts
• Epidermis-superficial
• Dermis-deep
• Deep to the dermis but not part of the
actual skin is the subcutaneous layer,
serves as an anchor

73. Epidermis
• Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
• Contains 4 types of cells
• Keratinocytes-produce keratin
• Melanocytes-color of skin
• Langerhans cells-immune response
• Merkel cells-touch sensations

74. Epidermal Layers
• Stratum basale-deepest, cell division
• Stratum spinosum
• Stratum granum-water repellent, sealant
• Stratum lucidum-dead cells on fingertips,
palms and soles
• Stratum corneum-protection

78. Skin Color
• Melanin, carotene and hemoglobin are
three pigments that impart a wide variety
of colors to the skin.
• Melanocytes create melanin and most
people have around the same number of
these.
• Exposure to UV light stimulate melanin
production
• Repeated exposure can cause skin
cancer.

79. Hair (pili)
• Each hair is a thread of fused, dead
keratinized cells that consist of a shaft and
a root.
• Surrounding the root is the hair follicle.
• Arrector pili are smooth muscles in the
hair follicle and cause goosebumps to
occur.

81. Glands
• Sebaceous glands-oil glands
(sebum), open to hair follicles, not
found in palms and soles, excessive
sebum accumulation can result in
acne.

82. Glands
• Sudoriferous glands-sweat glands,
two types, eccrine (normal sweat
glands) and apocrine(thicker sweat
normally found in armpits and genital
areas (cold sweat)
• Ceruminous-ear canal, wax

83. Nails
• Nails are tightly packed, hard,
keratinized cells of the epidermis.
• The white area that looks like a
moon is the lunula.
• The cuticle is the tiny flap of skin
that protects the nail root.

87. Vocabulary
Cards
Epidermis
Dermis
Melanocytes
Keratinocytes
Arrector pili
Lunula
Sebaceous glands
Sudiferous glands
Ceruminous glands

88. Chapter 17 The
Immune System
Anatomy and
Physiology

89. Lymphatic System
• Drain excess fluid.
• Transport dietary lipids.
• Carry out immune response.
• Consist of veins and capillaries similiar to
blood vessels.
• Contain lymph nodes to filter interstitial
fluid.

94. Lymphatic organs and tissues
• Thymus- two-lobed organ, located medial
to the lungs and superior to the heart,
contains T cells and macrophages, clear
dead and dying cells
• Lymph nodes- 600 bean shaped nodes, B
cells, T cells, macrophages, filter lymph
and circulate lymph through valves and
vessels

95. Lymphatic Organs and Tissues
• Spleen- between stomach and diaphragm,
lymphocytes and macrophages,
macrophages destroy pathogens, storage
of platelets, production of fetal blood cells,
B and T cells carry out immune responses

96. Lymphatic Organs and Tissues
• Lymphatic nodules are egg shaped,
tonsils
• 5 tonsils
• Pharyngeal, adenoid, two palatine tonsils
(obvious ones) 2 lingual tonsils at the base
of the tongue.

98. Barrier Defenses-non-specific
• External barriers
prevent pathogens
from entering the
body:
• Skin
• Mucous membranes
• Saliva
• Tears
• Cilia
• Hair
• Sweat
• oil

99. Internal Defenses
• Interferon- protein
that interferes with
virus replication
• Complement system-
proteins that enhance
other immune
responses, normally
inactive
• Natural killer cells-
kills microbes and
tumors
• Phagocytes- ingest
microbes
• Macrophages-
developed from
monocytes, eat
microbes

101. Inflammation and Fever Responses
• Helps prevent the spread of microbes.
• Allows more blood to flow to the injury site.
• Helps remove toxins.
• Carries immune cells to the site faster
• Fever is caused by interleukins.
• Elevated body temperature increases the
effects of interferon, and speeds up bodily
reactions and repair.

102. Vocabulary
Cards
Inflammation
Interferon
Macrophage
Natural killer cells
phagocyte

103. Lymphocytes-Specific response
• B and T cells.
• Contain antigen receptors.
• Cell-mediated response- directly attack
invaders
• Antibody mediated response- release
antibodies against the microbe.

104. Antigens and Antibodies
• An antigen causes the body to produce
antibodies.
• Specific T cells will react to certain
proteins and toxins.
• MHC molecules (major histocompatibility
complex)-unique proteins that identify you
to help T cells recognize foreign invaders.
• Major roadblock to organ transplantation.

105. Antigens and Antibodies
• Antigens induce plasma cells to secrete
proteins called antibodies against them.
• The antibody fits against the antigen on
the surface of the microbe.
• Antibodies belong to a group of proteins
called immunoglobulins.
• Each has a distinct function and chemical
structure.

108. T Cells
• The presence of antigens inform
the T cells to begin attack but it
only becomes active once the
foreign antigen binds with it.
• APC or antigen presenting cell
must ingest a foreign antigen,
process it and present it to a T cell
for recognition. Dendritic cells,
helper T cells and macrophages
can do this.

110. T Cells
• T cells also need a second stimulator
to prevent false alarms. Interleukin
does this.
• Once activated, the T cell clones
itself into an army.
• Causes swollen lymph nodes.

111. 3 types of T Cells
• Helper T cells release interleukins and
also offer antigens.
• Cytotoxic T cells kill cells that are infected
with precision using enzymes.
• Memory T cells remain in the body to
prevent reinfection.

112. B cells
• Usually stay in the lymph nodes.
• Secrete antibodies once activated
by T cells and interleukins.
• Can receive unprocessed
antigens but respond faster to
processed ones
• Can become memory cells to
respond to the same antigen in
the future

113. Immunity
• Naturally Acquired Active- get sick,
memory cells remember and prevent
future attacks
• Naturally Acquired Passive- Antibody
transfer from mother to fetus across
placenta, or breastfeeding

114. Immunity
• Artificially Acquired Active- vaccinations
cause an immune response without
causing sickness, usually involves
injecting antigens or weakened viruses
• Artificially Acquired Passive- injection of
immunoglobulins (antibodies)

116. Vocabulary
Cards
B cell
T cell
Antigen
Antibody
Memory cell
Vaccine
MHC
APC (antigen
processing cell)
40
total
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