The organic farming movement began in the 1930s-1940s as a reaction to agriculture's increasing reliance on synthetic fertilizers. Sir Albert Howard is considered the "father of organic farming". Organic farming aims to sustain soil, ecosystem and human health by relying on ecological processes rather than chemical inputs. It combines tradition, innovation and science to benefit the environment and promote fair relationships. Organic farming principles include sustaining health, working with ecological systems, ensuring fairness, and responsible management.
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Organic Agriculture
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4. What is Organic Farming? “ Organic farming is a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems and people. It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects. Organic farming combines tradition, innovation and science to benefit the shared environment and promote fair relationships and a good quality of life for all involved.” IFOAM, 2008
6. Manures Deposition N fixation Feed straw Sewage sludge Food processing waste Crop residues Nutrient supply CROPS LIVESTOCK SOIL PEOPLE
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11. Theoretical Potential of Plant Nutrient Supplies From Different Organic Sources Nature of Resource Annual production (MT) Nutrient content (MT) N P 2 O 5 K 2 O Wet dung and urine 354.21 3.442 1.307 2.214 Crop residues 336 1.68 2.016 5.040 City refuse 14 0.098 0.084 0.112 Sewage sludge 0.5 0.005 0.003 0.003 Press mud 5.O 0.060 0.105 0.100 Gaur and Singh (1995)
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13. Farmyard manure (FYM) Average percentage of N, P 2 O 5 and K 2 O in the fresh excreta of farm animals Source: Fertilizer statistics. 2003-04
17. Average nutrient composition of vermicompost Besides these nutrients, it contains growth hormones, vitamins, enzymes, Microflora like Phosphorus solublizing bacteria, N fixers, VAM fungi are also present Macronutrients (%) Micronutrients (ppm) N 1.5 Fe 3200 P 0.9 Mn 357 K 0.26 Zn 80 Ca 1.26 Cu 41 Mg 0.61 S 0.16
26. Lampkin et al. (2002 ) Nix & Hill (2002) Yields of organic and conventional crops Crop Organic Conventional Crop Organic Conventional Wheat (winter) 4.0 7.7 to 8.5 Potatoes 25 42.5 Wheat (spring) 3.2 5.8 Cabbage 25 to 35 30 Barley (winter) 3.7 6.4 Carrots 36 45 Barley (spring) 3.2 5.8 Onions 20 35 Oats (winter) 4.0 6.8 Apples 10.4 13 Oats (spring) 3.5 5.5
27. Yield of cotton from Conventional and Organic Farming Systems Sharma, P.D. ( 2003 )
28. Effect of organic manure and nitrogen on yield and net returns of barley Source : Kumawat and Jat ,2005
29. Comparison of Rice yield obtained under organic and conventional management T C Mendoza,2002
30. Relative yield and composition of vegetables grown with composted manure compared with mineral fertilizers; results of a 12 year experiment Lampkin, N. (1990). Yield: 24% lower Desirable components: 23% higher dry matter 18% more protein 19% more total sugar 13% more methionine 77% more iron 18% more potassium 10% more calcium 13% more phosphorus Undesirable components: 12% less sodium 93% less nitrate 42% less free amino acids
31. Differences in vitamin C between organic and conventional vegetables in five studied vegetables High nitrogen fertilization decreased the concentration of vitamin C in many different fruits and vegetables + and – signs refer to conventionally grown crops as baseline for comparison Vegetable Vitamin C (%) Lettuce +17 Spinach +52 Carrot -6 Potato +22 Cabbage +43 Worthington V., 2001
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34. Greenhouse gas emissions From Different Sectors Barker et al., (2007). The greenhouse gas emissions from all sectors related to agriculture may potentially sum up to 25-30% of all GHG emissions.
35. Main sources of greenhouse gas emissions in the agricultural sector Smith et al. (2007)
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38. Emissions of GHG from the agricultural sector under conversion in EU Emissions in Tg CO 2 equivalents Dahlgaard T., 2000
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40. Soil Properties as Under Organic (bio) and Conventional (con) farming Soil property All ‘bio’ farms All ‘con’ farms Bulk density (Mg m -3 ) 1.07 1.15* Carbon (%) 4.84* 4.27 Respiration (µl O 2 h -1 g -1 ) 73.7* 55.4 Mineralizable N (mg kg -1 ) 140.0* 105.9 CEC (cmol kg -1 ) 21.5* 19.6
43. Nitrate leaching Annual nitrate leaching was 4.4 - 5.6 times higher in conventional plots than in organic plots, with the integrated plots in between. Treatment and subplots Annual NO 3 - leaching,g of NO 3 - N at 100 cm Organic Compost 241.26 Integrated CaNO 3 + compost 772.83 Conventional CaNO 3 1,352.52
