An x-ray machine uses x-rays to generate images of structures inside the body. It is a complex device used for purposes like airport security screening and medical imaging. Maintenance of x-ray machines includes repairs, preventative maintenance, and scheduled inspections to increase availability and reliability. Troubleshooting involves testing different components like transformers, cables, and tubes to diagnose issues like failed power supply or exposure problems.

1. X-RAY MACHINE

2.  An x ray machine is a complex device used in variety
of circumstances around the world. With the ability to
penetrate hard objects, they are used for purposes such
as air port security check points to see into backs, or in
the medical community to look for broken bones or
problems within the body.

3. Background SCOPE OF STUDY
 A German physicist William  The scope is to provide
Rontgen is usually credited as information for common
the discoverer of x- rays procedures involved in
because he was the first to diagnosis or repairing the
systematically study them, problems. Most of these
though he is not the first to procedures are applicable to
have observed their effects. all of fault diagnosis and
He is also the one who got repairs of medical device.
them the name “x-ray”
.though many referred to this
as “Rontgen rays” (x-ray
radiographs or Rontgen
grams).After their discovery
and to this day in some
language including Rontgen
native Germany though x-ray
overtook popular usage.

4. GENERAL OBJECTIVES
 To demonstrate understanding, knowledge and skills in
applying maintenance methodology strategies and
quantitative techniques to medical device to increase
its availability, reliability and maintainability.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
 Get equipment back into operation as quickly as
possible.
 Control cost of repairs.
 Control cost of the operation of repair shops.
 Control the investment in replacement spare parts.
 Control the investment in standby or backup machines.
 Perform the appropriate amount of repairs at each
malfunction

5.  During our work some of the problems we face were:
unavailability of internet connection in our lab,
transport problem and sometimes x-ray technician in
Jimma university specialized hospital is busy to give us
information. So it was difficult for us to collect a lot of
information.

6. X-RAY MACHINE

7.  An x-ray machine is essentially a camera. Instead of
visible light, however, it uses X-rays to expose the
film. X-rays are like light in that they are
electromagnetic waves, but they are more energetic so
they can penetrate many materials to varying degrees.
When the X-rays hit the film, they expose it just as
light would. Since bone, fat, muscle, tumors and other
masses all absorb X-rays at different levels, the image
on the film lets you see different (distinct) structures
inside the body because of the different levels of
exposure on the film.

9.  X-Ray Generator: High voltage generator: modifies
incoming voltage and current to provide an x-ray tube
with the power needed to produce an x-ray beam of the
desired peak-kilo-voltage (k V p) and current (mA) and
duration (Time).
 Control panel: Permits the selection of technique
factors and initiation of radiographic exposures mA,
kV, Time
 Transformer: Transformers modify the voltage of
incoming alternating-current (AC) electrical signals to
increase or decrease the voltage in a circuit.

10.  Step-up transformer: Supplies the high voltage to the
x-ray tube (voltage increases and current decreases)
 Step-down transformer: Supplies power to heat the
filament of the x-ray tube (voltage decreases and
current increases)
 Autotransformer: Supplies the voltage for the two
circuits and provide a location for the K v p meter
(indicates the voltage applied across the x-ray tube)
 Rectifiers: Convert AC into the direct current (DC)
required by the x-ray tube. A rectifier restricts current
flow in an x-ray tube to one direction (from cathode to
anode), thereby preventing damage to the x-ray tube
filament. Two types: Half wave and Full wave.

11.  X-RAY TUBE: It is an expensive wearing element in
medical radiological equipment. It consists of
 Anode,
 Expansion bellows (provide space for oil to expand),
 Cathode (and heating-coil),
 Tube envelope (evacuated) ,
 Tube housing,
 Cooling dielectric oil,
 Rotor,

12.  High Tension Cable: Special highly insulated cables
Considered are the cable capacitance (130-230 pF/m)
because it affects the average value of the voltage and
current across the x-ray tube (increases the power
delivered to the tube.
 Collimators and Grids: They are used to increase
the image contrast and to reduce the dose to the
patient by mean limiting the x-ray beam to the area of
interest.
 Collimator: It is placed between the x-ray tube and
the patient and Usually provided with an optical
device, by which the x-ray filed can be exactly
simulated by a light filed.
 Grid: It is inserted between the patient and the film
cassette in order to reduce the loss of contrast due to
scattered radiation.

13.  X-ray film: X-ray film is a sensitive material (sheet)
for the x-ray. A film that has been exposed to x-rays
shows an image of the x-ray intensity.

14.  11) cassette holder 12) Cable 13) Imaging hand switch 14) Control panel 15)
Generator 16) Display screen 17) Stretcher 18) X-ray tube 19) Collimator
20) Cassette 21) Interface cable 22) trolley 46) Hand grip 66)tube

15. X-RAY MACHINE 300mA. 125 KVP Full Wave Rectified
X-ray Generator for Radiography
suitable for single Tube.
TIMER The exposure timer should be digital &
from 0.02to 5 sec.
CONTROL Consisting of On & Off Switches, with
Voltmeter, Voltage Compensator, Tube
overload indicator provided, Space
charge compensator. etc
Static balancer 30 KVA capable of converting 3-phase
in range 365-400 VAC with 0.2 ohms
resistance at 50-60Hz to single phase
230VAC/50Hz
HV TRANSFORMER Compact Heavy Duty Transformer
comprising HV Silicon Rectifiers,
Filament Transformer, bushings all
immersed in oil.

16. ACCESSORIES Hand Switch with Flexible long cord enables
the operator to keep away from the Radiation
area during exposure.
- Aluminum Filter.
POWER SUPPLY REQUIREMENT 440V + 10% V AC, 50 Hz, Three Phase
TUBE UNIT One No. 20/40 Rotating Anode Tube (BEL /
TOSHIBA or equivalent) with Dual Focus
(Large & Small).
HV CABLE One Pair of 10 meter High Voltage Cables
Sleeping’s - Straight.
STAND Floor to Ceiling Stand & with Counter
Balanced Tube Head (Rotatable+180
Degree), 360 Degree Rotatable;
TABLE 5 Position Table Hand tilt; 15 Degree
trendelenburg to vertical
VERTICAL BUCKY Vertical Bucky Stand with moving Grid of
Ratio 8:1, 103 lines/inch.

17.  TROUBLESHOOTING: Trouble shooting is a
procedure of observation then making suitable test to
either to eliminate or confirm a suitable section of
device
Trouble shooting tips for the X-ray
equipment
 No X-rays
 Check for warning lamps. FC: implies burnt filament,
CW: implies inadequate cooling water flow, OLL:
implies an overload problem -- common during
filament aging and usually can just be restarted,

18.  Check the voltage and current meter, on the two older
generators (Denali and tick).
 If there is voltage but zero current, then it is likely that
the filament has blown, on the newest generator (flea),
both meters will indicate 0 when the filament has burnt
out.
 If no voltage or current, check for X-ray ready lamp on
front panel and on light pole (flea).
 If ready lamp is not on , Try starting target rotation (TR
or T-REV) , Check for burnt out X-ray warning lamps
on the front panel and on the generator table top, or
"Christmas tree" (light pole), Check for water flow
problems.

19. MAITENANCE ACTIVITIES INCLUDE:
 Repairs
 Repair activities are reactive.
 Breakdowns and malfunctions typically occur when
equipment is in use.
 Standby machines and parts can speed repairs.
 Preventive Maintenance (PM)
 Regularly scheduled inspections are performed.
 PM activities are performed before equipment fails.
 PM is usually performed during idle periods.

20.  Fault 1: no display after booting console (to send non
power)
 Diagnosis: check power (the console power switch on
the light is bright, if not check the light), Check the
power outlet has power, Joints between the console and
the columns is plugged in, Fuse box , fuse is good ,
Power switch is good , If the light is checked , Console
within the control panel of the cable is loose, Circuit
board component and welding has a problem

21.  Fault 2: the boot that exposure
 Diagnosis: check of Exposure switch hands (hand
break) remove from the console, remote control battery
removed, power is no longer than exposure, check the
hand break switch,
 Fault 3: exposure burning insurance
 Diagnosis: check of Column between console and
unplug the connector, turn the exposure, check the
console is working properly, if not properly check the
control panel whether the cable, short piece if not
replace the console .

22.  Console and the column will be inserted between the
joint the x-ray source component (head) removed after
the push to the highest position, check console is
working properly. If the above are normal check the
console diode and 300 ohm variable resistor is
damaged. If the above is normal replace the x-ray
source component
 Fault4: perspective image place is not suitable
 Diagnosis: disconnect switch and check 24v DC
voltage, then open switch and DC voltage decrease 14v
and inspect bridge pile output load normal.

23.  Preventive maintenance program are available and
include: X-ray room inspection and minor repairs
(adjustment) check calibration., High voltage cables
and electrical wiring inspection., Electrical and
mechanical locks adjustment., Tube stand and table
anchors inspection., Bearing and tracks lubrication.,
Handles and knobs inspection., Verify processor
temperature., Cassette identification., Id printer
operation., Check ID card quality., Certificate of
completion.

24.  It integrate preventive, predictive testing and
inspection, repair/reactive maintenance and proactive
maintenance to increase the probability that the
machine or component will function in required
manner over its design life cycle with a minimum
amount of maintenance and down times.

25.  Scheduled maintenance reduce incidence of failure
through inspection designs to detect potential problems
before they become reality. It is performed on an
annual or semiannual basis, according to device uses or
history. Equipment required for scheduled
maintenance: Cleaning supplies, Vacuum cleaners,
Lubrication, Tools etc.

26.  Planned maintenance is maintenance organized and
carried out with for thought, control, and records, to a
predetermined plan. In doing this, the following factors
have to be kept in mind: The extent of utilization (is the
machine working), Severity of utilization (is the
machine work under normal load condition), Operating
condition, Are there any other specific factors that may
affect the instrument

27.  Reliability is the probability that an item will survive a
given period, under specified operating condition
without failure.
 Maintainability was defined as “the ability to
maintain the least amount of time at the lowest cost”.
 Availability is the probability that the device were
used under stated condition in an ideal support
environment, will operate satisfactorily at any point in
time as required. It includes preventive or scheduled
maintenance action and administrative delay time.

28. Some o f the spare parts provided for x-ray machine are:
 Cable
 Cassette
 Film
 X-ray tube
 Lead shield etc

29.  The typical reconditioning process consists of
 assessment
 visual inspection
 EDDY current
 cleaning preparation
 chemical stripping
 sand blasting
 repair
 machine shopping service
 coating

30.  A CMMS is a software package that contains a
computer database of information about an
organization’s maintenance operations.
IT ASSISTS IN MANAGEMENT OF:
 Scheduling maintenance projects
 Maintenance cost reports by production department,
cost category, and other classifications
 Inventory status reports for maintenance parts and
supplies
 Parts failure data
 Operations analysis studies

31. CONCLUSION
 Information on the status of the equipment surveyed
has been collected and a data base to that effect has
been prepared.
 It is intended that the result in this survey help in
establishing a maintenance program to protect
investment in the x-ray machine, through regular and
adequate maintenance.
 It was also noted that most of the equipment had no
maintenance records.

32.  Since maintenance activity and its element require
availability and the proper balance of various levels of
skills, it is recommended that the integrated approach to
the program should start with the users who have the basic
knowledge of maintenance, quality control and fault
detection.
 There should be well trained technician that can recover
malfunctioning x-ray machine to normal operating
condition.
 Since there is no enough spare parts the health institution
should have provide additional spare parts to increase the
life time of the equipment.