10. According to the “Rock Cycle,”
New IGNEOUS ROCK can be made from:
A.) Sedimentary Rock
B.) Metamorphic Rock
C.) Older Igneous Rock
D.) All of the Above
E.) Only A and B
F.) None of the Above –
It Only Comes from the Mantle
14. THE BASEMENT COMPLEX
Continuous Beneath The Entire Country
Southwest at
Gebel Uweinat
Scattered southern
portions of the
Western Desert
15. THE BASEMENT COMPLEX
Continuous Beneath The Entire Country
Southern
Portion of
the Sinai
Southwest at
Gebel Uweinat
Scattered southern
portions of the
Western Desert
16. THE BASEMENT COMPLEX
Continuous Beneath The Entire Country
High
Mountains
Eastern
Desert
Southern
Portion of
the Sinai
Southwest at
Gebel Uweinat
Scattered southern
portions of the
Western Desert
17. THE BASEMENT COMPLEX
Continuous Beneath The Entire Country
High
Mountains
Eastern
Desert
Southern
Portion of
the Sinai
Aswan at the
First Nile Cataract
Southwest at
Gebel Uweinat
Scattered southern
portions of the
Western Desert
24. THE PRECAMBRIAN ROCKS OF EGYPT
ARE COMPOSED OF:
A.) Igneous Rocks
B.) Metamorphic Rocks
C.) Sedimentary Rocks
D.) All of the Above
E.) Only A and B
25. INTERMEDIATE ROCK UNITS
Paleocene – 55 to 65 million years ago
Shale (mud)
Late Cretaceous – 80 to 90 million years ago
Fine, White Limestone (often called Chalk)
Shale (mud)
Nubian Sandstone
28. INTERMEDIATE ROCK UNITS
Paleocene – 55 to 65 million years ago
Shale (mud)
Late Cretaceous – 80 to 90 million years ago
Fine, White Limestone (often called Chalk)
Shale (mud)
Nubian Sandstone
30. INTERMEDIATE ROCK UNITS
Nubian Sandstone
• medium-sized silica gains
• loosely cemented with quartz and iron oxide
(ferruginous) cements and chlorite clays
• highly porous and friable
easy to quarry and carve
• strength – sparse
but always present due to quartz cement
• iron produces yellow-red-brown color
• manganese sometimes present produces
purple to black color
32. THE NUBIAN SANDSTONE OF EGYPT IS:
A.) Well Cemented, Very Dense and Hard
B.) Moderately Cemented and Reasonably
Durable due to Quartz Cement
C.) Poorly Cemented and NO Use
as a Building Stone
D.) Only Found as Loose Sand in Wide-spread
Sand Sheets throughout the Western Desert
E.) Never Exposed at the Surface
34. INTERMEDIATE ROCK UNITS
Paleocene – 55 to 65 million years ago
Shale (mud)
Late Cretaceous – 80 to 90 million years ago
Fine, White Limestone (often called Chalk)
Shale (mud)
Nubian Sandstone
35. INTERMEDIATE ROCK UNITS
Paleocene – 55 to 65 million years ago
Shale (mud)
Late Cretaceous – 80 to 90 million years ago
Fine, White Limestone (often called Chalk)
Shale (mud)
Nubian Sandstone
38. INTERMEDIATE ROCK UNITS
Paleocene – 55 to 65 million years ago
Shale (mud)
Late Cretaceous – 80 to 90 million years ago
Fine, White Limestone (often called Chalk)
Shale (mud)
Nubian Sandstone
39. INTERMEDIATE ROCK UNITS
Paleocene – 55 to 65 million years ago
Shale (mud)
Late Cretaceous – 80 to 90 million years ago
Fine, White Limestone (often called Chalk)
Shale (mud)
Nubian Sandstone
43. UPPER ROCK UNITS
Present
• Alluvium deposited in Nile River Valley, Sand Sheets and
Dunes in the Western Desert and Sinai
Pliocene 5.1 to 2 million years ago
• Seas retreat - Erosion and Denudation
Miocene 24.6 to 5.1 million years ago
• Limestones
Oligocene 38 to 24.6 million years ago
• Regional Tectonics as Red Sea begins to open
• Basalt sheet flows
• Conglomerates along coast
Eocene – 38 million to 55 million years ago
• Limestone
44. UPPER ROCK UNITS
Present
• Alluvium deposited in Nile River Valley, Sand Sheets and
Dunes in the Western Desert and Sinai
Pliocene 5.1 to 2 million years ago
• Seas retreat - Erosion and Denudation
Miocene 24.6 to 5.1 million years ago
• Limestones
Oligocene 38 to 24.6 million years ago
• Regional Tectonics as Red Sea begins to open
• Basalt sheet flows
Conglomerates along coast
Eocene – 38 million to 55 million years ago
• Limestone
46. UPPER ROCK UNITS
Eocene – 38 million to 55 million years ago
Limestone
• thickness varies due to deposition on folded
substrate (north-south compression at end of
Cretaceous Period)
• composition varies due to deposition during
transgression of Tethys Sea
• various members (sub-layers) can be distinguished
• units become thicker basinward toward the north
due to that portion always being covered by
the transgressing Tethys Sea
• units dip gently to the north due to
post-depositional tectonic uplift
48. LIMESTONE WOULD BE EXPECTED TO
OCCUR ______________ THE ROCK
SEQUENCE DUE TO A TRANSGRESSIVE
EVENT (RISE IN SEA LEVEL)
A.) at the Top of
B.) at the Bottom of
C.) at the Middle of
D.) Throughout
E.) Nowhere in
49. UPPER ROCK UNITS
Present
• Alluvium deposited in Nile River Valley, Sand Sheets and
Dunes in the Western Desert and Sinai
Pliocene 5.1 to 2 million years ago
• Seas retreat - Erosion and Denudation
Miocene 24.6 to 5.1 million years ago
• Limestones
Oligocene 38 to 24.6 million years ago
• Regional Tectonics as Red Sea begins to open
• Basalt sheet flows
• Conglomerates along coast
Eocene – 38 million to 55 million years ago
• Limestone
50. The
Geologic
Time
Scale
Oligocene
38 to 24.6 million
years ago
UPPER
ROCK UNITS
• Regional Tectonics as Red
Sea begins to open
• Basalt sheet flows in SW
near Gebel Uweinat,
Gilf Kebir, north of
Fayum to NE of Cairo
• Tethys Sea coast-latitude of
Fayum Depression &
Cairo
• Conglomerates with land
animal fossils and large
tree trunks deposited in
streams along coast
54. EGYPT
BEDROCK
Tethys Sea coast at
latitude of Fayum
Depression & Cairo
Conglomerates with
land animal fossils
and large tree trunks
deposited in streams
along coast
55. UPPER ROCK UNITS
Present
• Alluvium deposited in Nile River Valley, Sand Sheets and
Dunes in the Western Desert and Sinai
Pliocene 5.1 to 2 million years ago
• Seas retreat - Erosion and Denudation
Miocene 24.6 to 5.1 million years ago
• Limestones
Oligocene 38 to 24.6 million years ago
• Regional Tectonics as Red Sea begins to open
• Basalt sheet flows
• Conglomerates along coast
Eocene – 38 million to 55 million years ago
• Limestone
56. The
Geologic
Time
Scale
Miocene
24.6 to 5.1 million
years ago
UPPER
ROCK UNITS
Limestones deposited south
of modern Mediterranean
Sea coast and Gulf of Suez
coast (early-mid Miocene)
58. UPPER ROCK UNITS
Present
• Alluvium deposited in Nile River Valley, Sand Sheets and
Dunes in the Western Desert and Sinai
Pliocene 5.1 to 2 million years ago
• Seas retreat - Erosion and Denudation
Miocene 24.6 to 5.1 million years ago
• Limestones
Oligocene 38 to 24.6 million years ago
• Regional Tectonics as Red Sea begins to open
• Basalt sheet flows
• Conglomerates along coast
Eocene – 38 million to 55 million years ago
• Limestone
59. TRUE or FLASE
Extensive, area-wide erosion took place during
the Pliocene due to a regression (relative drop in
sea level or tectonic rise in land elevation)
60. The
Geologic
Time
Scale
Pliocene
5.1 to 2 million
years ago
UPPER
ROCK UNITS
• Seas retreated
probably land uplifted
• Erosion and denudation
variable throughout
Egypt
• Bedrock exposed as
erosion proceeded
61. UPPER ROCK UNITS
Present
• Alluvium deposited in Nile River Valley, Sand Sheets and
Dunes in the Western Desert and Sinai
Pliocene 5.1 to 2 million years ago
• Seas retreat - Erosion and Denudation
Miocene 24.6 to 5.1 million years ago
• Limestones
Oligocene 38 to 24.6 million years ago
• Regional Tectonics as Red Sea begins to open
• Basalt sheet flows
• Conglomerates along coast
Eocene – 38 million to 55 million years ago
• Limestone
63. EGYPT
BEDROCK
Alluvium deposited
in Nile River Valley
Sand Sheets and
Dunes deposited
in the Western
Desert
Sand Sheets
and Dunes
deposited in
the Sinai
Delta Growth