What’s shale gas ? Finding the sweet spot? How is shale gas formed? How to produce the shale gas ? Why We Fracture Shale Gas Wells…! Shale Gas; Shale Gas Revolution; Main Shale Gas Reservoir Characterization; produce the shale gas; Shale Gas Play; Roadmap to Shale Gas; EVALUATION SHALE GAS; Shale Gas Production Cost Curve

1. Hassan Z. Harraz
hharraz2006@yahoo.com
Spring 2018
@Hassan Harraz 2018
Shale Gas
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2. Outline Lecture
• Introduction
• Shale Gas
• Shale Gas Revolution
• Main Shale Gas Reservoir Characterization
• Shale Gas Play
• Roadmap to Shale Gas:
Geochemical approach
Geological approach
Geophysical approach
Geomechanical approach
Petrophysical approach
• Sweet Spot
• EVALUATION SHALE GAS
• Production
• Shale Gas Production Cost Curve
• Conclusion
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What’s shale gas ?
Finding the sweet spot?
How is shale gas formed?
How to produce the shale gas ?
Why We Fracture Shale Gas Wells…!

3. Shale Gas and Tight Gas
What are we talking about?

4. An illustration of shale gas compared to other types of gas deposits.
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Shale Gas

5. Shales: What’s the Big Deal?
International Energy Agency Projections
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Source: Source: International Energy Agency, Golden Rules for a GoldenAge of Gas: World Energy Outlook,
Special Reporton UnconventionalGas, OECD/IEA,May 29, 2012
@Hassan Harraz 2018 Shale Gas
Shale Revolution

6. Shales: What’s the Big Deal?

7. 7
Shales: What’s the Big Deal?
@Hassan Harraz 2018 Shale Gas

8. SHALE GAS

9. What is Shale Gas?
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10. Main Shale Gas Reservoir Characterization

11. How is gas stored in the shale reservoirs?

12. Summary Table for Major Characteristics of Shale Gas
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Shale Gas

13. Shale Gas Reservoir
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Shale Gas

14. How is shale gas formed?

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Shale Gas

16. Table 5: Estimated worldwide shale gas resources
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Shale Gas
Presence of Shale Gas worldwide
Map of 48 major shale gas basins in 32 countries

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19. Shale Gas Production Cost Curve

20. Background Shale Gas Production
France
3%
Poland
3%
Norway
1%
Other
Europe
3%
United
States
13%
Canada
6%
Mexico
10%
China
19%
Other Asia
2%
Australia
6%
South
Africa
7%
Libya
4%
Algeria
3%
Other
Africa
1%
Argentina
12%
Brazil
3%
Other
L.America
3%
 Rapid Shale Gas Growth in US
Currently, U.S. is the largest natural gas production country, outstripping Russia. In United States, shale gas will increase annually at 7
million ton-LNG, and explain 47% of total gas production by 2035 in DOE’s estimate.
 Global Potential of Shale Gas
Shale gas resource is reported to be largely endowed in Europe, China and the other countries as well as USA, having potentially impact on
future international gas market. In Europe, Poland is at the forefront of shale gas exploration activity, offering attractive fiscal terms
for participation of multiple companies actively drilling in multiple basins. In addition, there has been great interest in China’s
potential for shale gas production, and several international companies have partnered with Chinese companies to explore potential
shale resources.
U.S. Gas Production Outlook
Shale Gas Resource (technically
recoverable resource (TRR))
Total Shale Gas Resource： 6,622 tcf
*Total Conventional Gas Resource： 6,609 tcf
(Global Gas Consumption：100 tcf)(Source) EIA/DOE (Source) EIA/DOE
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21. Shale Revolution in USA
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22. U.S. Shale Production Forecast to Dramatically Increase, Resulting in
Lower in Natural Gas Prices
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Source: EIA (http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/er/executive_summary.cfm)
@Hassan Harraz 2018 Shale Gas
“The United States may be close to self-sufficiency in energy by 2030 because of a
"Shale Revolution" in the country.”
BP CEO Bob Dudley, January 17, 2013

23. EVALUATION SHALE GAS
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24. Shale Gas Play

25. SEM Comparison
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26. ELEMENTS OF A SUCCESSFUL SHALE GAS PLAY
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27. Roadmap to shale play
The key factors to defined individual shale play are:
i) Fracability:
ii) Productibility:
iii) Sustainability:

28. i) Fracability
Brittleness index equation
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Fracability: capability of the reservoir to be fracture stimulated effectively.

29. ii) Productibility

30. Geochemical approach
The key factor plays in geochemistry study is:
1) TOC % (Total organic carbon)
2) Kerogen type;
3) Thermal maturity Ro.
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Gas Maturation

31. TOC
• This factor is usually the major factor used when
judging the productivity of the shale.
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32. Type of kerogen
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33. Geological approach

34. Geophysical approach

35. Geomechanical approach
Natural Fracture
FCI, fracture complexity index.
SRV stimulated reservoir volume
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36. Petrophysical approach
Potential reservoir
to product
logs template
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37. Sweet Spots

38. Extraction
Steps
1) Leasing land
2) Exploration
3) Drilling:
 Hydraulic fracturing
 Horizontal drilling
4) Collecting
5) Restoration
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Shale Gas

39. Producefrom sweet spot Conclusion
Horizontal drilling Map productivity
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PRODUCTION

40. Complex Hydraulic Fracturing
• Requirement for sealed natural fracture shale gas
systems
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41. Shale Gas Extraction
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42. Why We Fracture Shale Gas Wells…!

43. References
• Rogner H: “An Assessment of World Hydrocarbon Resources,” Institute for Integrated Energy System,
University Of Victoria (1997).
• IFP: “Gas Reserves, Discoveries, and Production”, Panorama (2006).
• Energy Information Agency: Annual Energy Outlook, 2006.
• Johnston D: “Technological Advances Expand Potential Pay”, Oil & Gas Journal 102, number 3 (January 19,
2004).
• Fisher MK, Heinze JR, Harris CD, Davidson BM, Wright CA, and Dunn KP:
• “Optimizing Horizontal Completion Techniques in the Barnett Shale Using Microseismic Fracture Mapping,”
paper SPE 90051presented at the SPE Annual
• Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston, Texas (September 26-29, 2004).
• Campbell SM, Fairchild Jr. NR, and Arnold DL: “Liquid CO2 and Sand Stimulations in the Lewis Shale, San
Juan Basin, New Mexico: A Case Study,” paper SPE 60317 presented at the SPE Rocky Mountain
Regional/Low-Permeability Reservoirs Symposium and Exhibition, Denver, Colorado (March 12–15, 2000).
• Faraj B, Williams H, Addison G, McKinstry B, et al: “Gas Potential of Selected Shale Formations in the
Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin,” GasTIPS 10, number 1 (Winter 2004): 21–25.
• http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2011/apr/08/shell-oil-gas-james-smith
• http://www.naturalgas.org/naturalgas/exploration.asp
• http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/ongc-finds-maiden-shale-gasreserves-in-india/123723/on
• http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=shale-gas-and-hydraulic-fracturing
• http://www.api.org/policy/exploration/hydraulicfracturing/shale_gas.cfm
• http://owni.eu/2011/02/14/shale-gas-energy-revolution-or-ecological-threat/
• http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-26/indiabusiness/28380148_1_shale-gas-damodar-basin-gas-
source
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale_gas
• http://www.deccanherald.com/content/44366/shale-gas-game-changer-india.html
• http://www.energytomorrow.org/Shale_Gas.asp
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44. Outline of Lectures:
Topic 1: Natural Gas (Overview).
Topic 2: Unconventional Gas Reservoir
Topic 3: Shale Gas
Topic 4:Coalbed Methane (CBM)
Topic 5: Tight Reservoir
Topic 6: Gas Hydrates
Topic 7: Hydraulic Fracturing.
Topic 8 : Separating and Treating Well Fluids
Topic 9 : Natural Gas Processes
Topic 10 : Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Life Cycle Overview.
Topic 11 : Egyptian Natural Gas Resource (Overview).
@Hassan Harraz 2018
Nature Gas
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