Cloud native applications can create enormous business growth and value in a very short amount of time. Take Instagram as one example company. It took only two years to get a net asset value of 1 billion USD. However, cloud-native applications are often characterized by a highly implicit technological dependency on hosting cloud infrastructures. What happens if you are forced to leave your cloud service provider? What happens if your cloud is burning? The project Cloud TRANSIT investigates how to design cloud-native applications and services to reduce technological dependencies on underlying cloud infrastructures.

1. Prof. Dr. Nane Kratzke
What to do if your cloud is burning?
Well, be prepared ...

2. ESCAPE ROUTE (aka Agenda)
2
Burning cloud? What does that mean?
How long is your escape route in cloud computing?
Who takes care for escape routes in cloud computing?
How can escape routes look like in cloud computing?
Why to take the risk?

3. What is your major whish in a burning house?

4. Get out! Fast ...

5. Was ist ihr sehnlichster Wunsch
brennenden Haus?
However, there remains one
question ...

6. How to convince these both to
get in, just to get you out?

7. It is simple. They got a promise:
„If something happens, we will get you
out, what ever it takes!“

8. Cloud TRANSIT (a research project to get you out of a cloud)
8
• There are a lot of
approaches to get into
a cloud.
• But almost no
(pragmatic)
approaches exist to
leave a cloud or move
between clouds.
• But: If you know how
to get out, you are
more willing to take the
risk to go in.

9. What does it mean? My cloud is burning ...
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Praktische Informatik und betriebliche Informationssysteme
9
• Provider is insolvent ...
• Provider rises prices ...
• Provider reduces resource limits ...
• Provider terminates your contract ...
• Provider has availability problems ...
• Changing laws (data protection) ...
• Other governance/compliance reasons (data hosted on US
territory, NSA?)
There are a lot of (hardly predictable) reasons to
leave a cloud service provider.

10. ESCAPE ROUTE (Agenda)
10
Burning cloud? What does that mean?
How long is your escape route in cloud computing?
Who takes care for escape routes in cloud computing?
How can escape routes look like in cloud computing?
Why to take the risk?

11. Example: Instagram
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Praktische Informatik und betriebliche Informationssysteme
11
• Worldwide social network for image sharing
• 20 employees
• Hosted by Amazon Web Services
• Net asset value of 1 Bill. USD (that paid Facebook)
• No noteworthy IT assets or datacenters (just 20 laptops)
Years
It took only

12. Example: Instagram
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Praktische Informatik und betriebliche Informationssysteme
12
• Approximately 1 year for analysis and
• development of toolings (especially IP Collision Handling)
• About 4 to 8 weeks for all migration steps (inlcuding severe outages)
Question: How long does it take to transfer all Instagram services and
data into Facebook datacenters?
???
This was no ad-hoc transfer! This was a major project.

13. So, your escape route can be long, ...
... lonely,
cumbersome
and far away from any data highway.

14. ESCAPE ROUTE (Agenda)
14
Burning cloud? What does that mean?
How long is your escape route in cloud computing?
Who takes care for escape routes in cloud computing?
How can escape routes look like in cloud computing?
Why to take the risk?

15. Did you know ...
More than 95% of all enterprises are small enterprises?
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Praktische Informatik und betriebliche Informationssysteme
15
micro enterprises
small enterprises
medium enterprises
large enterprises
Category Employees Turnover
Micro enterprises < 10 < 2 Mio. €
Small enterprises < 50 < 10 Mio. €
Medium enterprises < 250 < 50 Mio. €
Large enterprises >= 250 >= 50 Mio. €
Distribution of ICT enterprises in the European Union (2014), EUSTAT

16. Current Cloud Computing Research ...
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Computer Science and Business Information Systems
16
• Has often implicit assumptions:
• Arbitrary companies with
• large IT-staffs providing the capability to handle
• arbitrary complexity of tools and methods.
• These “Super Tankers“ do not have to be afraid
of inconviences like vendor lock-in. They are big
enough to solve the problem ...

17. Our target group is different ...
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Computer Science and Business Information Systems
17
• Small sailing boat vs. Supertanker (weather)
• Small and medium sized enterprises (SME)
• 1 person IT-staffs
• Public and private cloud computing
• We analyze
• Container technologies (like Docker)
• Container cluster (like Kubernetes, Swarm,
Mesos)

18. According to that ....
Cloud fire protection for
(not just) small
enterprises (that means
95% of all enterprises)
looks like that ...
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Computer Science and Business Information Systems
18

19. ESCAPE ROUTE (Agenda)
19
Burning cloud? What does that mean?
How long is your escape route in cloud computing?
Who takes care for escape routes in cloud computing?
How can escape routes look like in cloud computing?
Why to take the risk?

20. Good News ...
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Praktische Informatik und betriebliche Informationssysteme
20
2006
2 cloud services
reflected by cloud
standards
2016
11 cloud services
reflected by cloud
standards
5 times more standardization than 10 years before !!!
Example:

21. But ...
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Praktische Informatik und betriebliche Informationssysteme
21
2 2
2 4 6
7
7
7 7 11 11
1 1
2 4 7
10
14
21 26 42 44
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Relation of considered services
considered by CIMI, OCCI, CDMI, OVF, OCI, TOSCA not considered
The relation of services reflected by cloud
standards to cloud services not reflected by
cloud standards decreased over the last 10
years!
Analyzed using over 2300 offical release notes of Amazon Web
Services (AWS). Data for other providers like Google, Azure,
Rackspace, etc. not presented. Basic conclusions for these
providers are the same.
Cloud-native applications
are vulnerable for vendor
lock-in. That is especially
true for SMEs.

22. Cloud-native Applications
Cloud native applications are often characterized by
a highly implicit technological dependency on
hosting cloud infrastructures. The project Cloud
TRANSIT investigates how to design cloud-native
applications and services to reduce technological
dependencies on underlying cloud infrastructures.
DEFINITION: A cloud-native application is a
(micro)service-based, elastic and horizontal
scalable application where each self-contained
deployment unit of that application is designed
according to cloud-focused software design patterns
and operated on a self-service agile elastic platform.

23. The Cloud-Native Reference Model
(ClouNS)
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Computer Science and Business Information Systems
23

24. Popular Container-based Cluster Platforms ...
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Computer Science and Business Information Systems
24
Docker Swarm
Swarm Mode (since
Docker 1.12) Clones
Kubernetes-like control
processes but integrates
them in just one
component. Secure by
default (control and data
plane). Hides operation
complexity.
Google
Control processes that
continuously drive current state
of container based applications
towards a defined desired state.
Makes Google‘s experience of
running large scale production
workloads available as open
source.
Mesosphere
Apache Mesos based
datacenter operating system
for fine grained resource
allocation. Frameworks to
operate containers and data
services. Datacenter focused.
Mesos operates successfully
large scale datacenters since
years (Twitter, Netflix, ...)
Practitioners ask for simple solutions (elastic platforms) ...

25. Avoid Vendor Lock-In using already
existing Container-Technologies
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Praktische Informatik und betriebliche Informationssysteme
25
Operate application on current provider.
Scale cluster into prospective provider.
Shutdown nodes on current provider.
Cluster reschedules lost container.
Migration finished.
Pets
Cattle
It is all about pets vs. cattle!
http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/03/18/servers_pets_or_cattle_cern/

26. ESCAPE ROUTE (Agenda)
26
Burning cloud? What does that mean?
How long is your escape route in cloud computing?
Who takes care for escape routes in cloud computing?
How can escape routes look like in cloud computing?
Why to take the risk?

27. Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Praktische Informatik und betriebliche Informationssysteme
27
Kostenassoziativät
New Business Models
e.g. cost associativity
e.g. unpredictable workloads

28. Berkley View of Cloud Computing, 2009:
Cost associativity in Cloud Computing
28
It cost the same to operate ...
... 720 machines
for one hour
or one machine for
720 hours.

29. We are afraid of peak loads, but why?
29
„In other words, even if cloud services cost, say,
twice as much, a pure cloud solution makes sense for
those demand curves where the peak-to-average ratio
is two-to-one or higher.“
Weinman, Mathematical Proof of the Inevitability of Cloud
Computing, 2011
http://www.joeweinman.com/Resources/Joe_Weinman_Inevitability_Of_Cloud.pdf

30. Analyzed use case
• Web technology lecture/practical course for
computer science students (bachelor) in summer
2011 and summer/winter 2012.
• Projects: Development of web information
systems (Drupal based)
• All groups were assigned cloud service accounts
provided by Amazon Web Services (AWS).
• Analysis of billing as well as usage data provided
by AWS.
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Computer Science and Business Information Systems
30

31. Usage Analysis
31
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Computer Science and Business Information Systems
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Average Box Usage
Maximum Box Usage in an hour
(A)
Maximum and Average Box Usage
Calendar Week
UsedServerBoxes
01020304050
Training
Project 24x7 Migration

32. Average to Peak Ratio per week
32
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Computer Science and Business Information Systems
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Calendar Week
0
14 16 18 20 22 24
0.00.20.40.60.81.0
(C)
Average Box to Maximum Box Ratio
according to Weinman
Calendar Week
AvgtoMaxBoxUsageRatio
Cloud computing is
economical reasonable
Cloud computing
might be reasonable
Cloud computing is
economical not reasonable

33. Economical Decision Analysis
A four step process to decide for or against cloud based virtual labs
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Computer Science and Business Information Systems
33
A cloud based solution provides a more
than 25 times cost advantage.
The measured ATP ratio of 0.035 means in fact a 1/0.035 ==
28.57 times cost advantage.
This means for the presented use case:
Compared to necessary investment efforts for a classical
dedicated system implementation.

34. Why this big cost advantage?
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Computer Science and Business Information Systems
34
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Average Box Usage
Maximum Box Usage in an hour
(A)
Maximum and Average Box Usage
Calendar Week
UsedServerBoxes
01020304050
How to dimensionize the data center? Hmm, peak load ...
peak load
average
load
And the delta?
Measures the overdimension of a data center

35. ESCAPE ROUTE (Agenda)
35
Burning cloud? What does that mean?
How long is your escape route in cloud computing?
Who takes care for escape routes in cloud computing?
How can escape routes look like in cloud computing?
Why to take the risk?

36. Summary
• You want to adopt cloud computing?
• Think about your escape strategy FIRST!
• Support research focussing small and
medium sized enterprises (it does not cost
sooo much)
• That supports 95% of all enterprises
• (and not only 5% supertankers)
• New (maybe disruptive?) business models ...
• Cost associativity
• Cost advantages for non-static of
unpredictable workloads

37. Acknowledgement
• All Pictures taken from Pixabay.com (CC0 Licence)
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Computer Science and Business Information Systems
37
Our research is funded by German Federal Ministry of Education and Research
(Project Cloud TRANSIT, 03FH021PX4). We thank fat IT solution GmbH (Kiel)
for their support of Cloud TRANSIT.
Picture Reference
Presentation URL

38. About
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Computer Science and Business Information Systems
38
CoSA: https://cosa.fh-luebeck.de/en/contact/people/n-kratzke
Blog: http://www.nkode.io
Twitter: @NaneKratzke
GooglePlus: +NaneKratzke
LinkedIn: https://de.linkedin.com/in/nanekratzke
GitHub: https://github.com/nkratzke
ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nane_Kratzke
SlideShare: http://de.slideshare.net/i21aneka
Prof. Dr. rer. nat.
Nane Kratzke