SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 9
Download to read offline
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November – December (2013), © IAEME

TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET)

ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print)
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online)
Volume 4, Issue 6, November – December, pp. 230-238
© IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp
Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.3277 (Calculated by GISI)
www.jifactor.com

IJCIET
©IAEME

COMPARISON BETWEEN RAPID SAND FILTER AND DYNA SAND
FILTER IN WASTEWATER TERTIARY TREATMENT
Mostafa. H.1 & Aly. O.H.I.2
1

Assistant Professor of Sanitary & Environmental Engineering, Public works, ASU, Faculty of
Engineering, Cairo, Egypt
2
Assistant Professor of Sanitary & Environmental Engineering, Higher Institute of Engineering,
Shorouk City, Cairo, Egypt

ABSTRACT
Tertiary treatment is any treatment process added to the flow scheme following conventional
secondary treatment. The general target for this study is to evaluate and compare between the
performance of the Dyna sand filter and the rapid sand filter as tertiary treatment method for
wastewater to be able to enhance the characteristics of effluent wastewater. The samples for analysis
were taken from 15th of May City wastewater treatment plant during the study period. The samples
were collected after the final sedimentation tanks. The secondary treatment applied in this
wastewater treatment plant is the aeration tanks. Then samples were collected after the tertiary
treatment, which was Rapid Sand Filters. These filters were later replaced by Dynamic up flow Sand
Filters. The samples were collected after the Dyna sand filter for evaluation and comparison between
both filters efficiencies. The Dynamic up flow sand filter showed high removal efficiency in the
removal of the total suspended solids, while for BOD & COD the removal efficiency was similar
compared to that of the Rapid sand filter. However the removal efficiency in case of Dyna Sand was
steady, although in the rapid sand filter there were great fluctuations in the results, which in return
will cause further problems in the case of the Rapid Sand Filter.
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, Egypt development are growing quickly especially in cities like Cairo,
Alexandria …etc. These developments suffer from several problems as level of utilities service
available, the air pollution, the wastewater drainage & disposal and the shortage of potable water
required for human usage in such developed cities. The potable water shortage is mainly due to the
high costs required for water treatment due to area need, operation techniques difficulties and low
investments in such field with the absence of its developing. To overcome such problems it has been
found that it is necessary to resort to fast processing techniques. The developing for the filtration
230
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November – December (2013), © IAEME
techniques to increase filtration production per square meter area became a need for this case to solve
the filtration problems as the used area, water quality and operation and maintenance economy. One
of these problems is the need for repeated cleaning by back wash. This led to establish new technique
for the filter cleaning. Among the new techniques of filtration, Dyna sand filtration system which has
been effectively used in treating several varieties of water resources to produce potable water around
the world (such as England, Sweden, Holland) had succeeded in producing good results.(1)
Tertiary treatment may be defined as any treatment process in which unit operations are
added to the flow scheme following conventional secondary treatment. Additions to conventional
secondary treatment could be as simple as the addition of a filter for many unit processes for organic,
suspended solids, nitrogen and phosphorus removal. Primary and Secondary treatment remove the
majority of BOD and suspended solids found in waste waters. However, in an increasing number of
cases this level of treatment has proved to be insufficient to protect the receiving waters or to provide
reusable water for industrial or domestic recycle. Thus, additional treatment steps have been added to
waste water treatment plants to provide for further organic and solids removals or to provide for
removal of nutrients and toxic metals, according to London School of Hygiene, 1999.(2)
The purpose of tertiary treatment is to provide a final treatment stage to raise the effluent
quality before it is discharged to the receiving environment (sea, river, lake, ground, etc...). More
than one tertiary treatment process may be used at any treatment plant. If disinfection is practiced, it
is always the final process. It is also called effluent polishing. The main purpose can be identified in
the additional removal of organic and suspended solids removal, nitrogenous oxygen demand
removal, toxic and nutrient removal.(3)
The problem in the treatment of wastewater is that the Governments are giving high attention
nowadays to the quality of wastewater effluent to reuse the wastewater in several applications.
Filtration is considered the cheapest method for tertiary treatment of wastewater. Several researches
& applications were done for the application of Dyna Sand in Industrial Wastewater.
The general target for this study is to evaluate and compare between the performance of the
Dyna sand filter and the rapid sand filter as tertiary treatment method for wastewater to be able to
enhance the characteristics of effluent wastewater.
LITERATURE REVIEW
They are different methods of Tertiary treatment applied all over the world. From these
techniques is Filtration, lagooning, Nutrient Removal and Disinfection.
The Sand Filtration removes much of the residual suspended matter. Filtration over activated
carbon, also called carbon adsorption, removes residual toxins. Granular media filtration removes
those suspended and colloidal solids, which are carried over from previous unit processes is a
common unit process in advanced waste water treatment. Effluents of less than 10 mg/l BOD and 5
mg/l suspended solids are not uncommon for effluents from biological treatment processes after
filtration. Gravity filters similar to rapid sand filters are sometimes used. Often a combination of
filter media, such as anthracite coal and sand are used to provide coarse combination of filter Medias,
such as anthracite coal and sand are used to provide coarse to fine filtration as the water passes
through the filter. The water passes through the filter media and support gravel and is then collected
by the under drain system. As filtration proceeds, the head loss through the filter increase until it
reaches an unacceptable level or until solids breakthrough occurs and the effluent becomes
unacceptable. When either the head loss becomes excessive or solids break through occurs, the filter
is backwashed. Ideally, filters are designed to have the solids in the effluent and the head loss
reaches their allowable levels at the same time. (4)
Lagooning is one of the methods of tertiary treatment of wastewater, which provide
settlement and further biological improvement through storage in large man made ponds or lagoons.
231
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November – December (2013), © IAEME
These lagoons are highly aerobic and colonization by native macrophysics, especially reeds, is often
encouraged, small filter feeding invertebrates such as Daphria and species of Rotifer greatly assist in
treatment by removing fine particulates, referring to Ballater, 2010.(5)
Also another application of tertiary treatment is Nutrient Removal. Waste water may contain
high levels of the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus. Excessive release to the environment can lead
to a buildup of nutrients, called eutrophication, which in turn can encourage the over growth of
weeds, algae, and cyanobacteria (blue green algae). This may cause an algal bloom, a rapid growth in
the population of algae, the algae numbers are unsustainable and eventually most of them die. The
decomposition of the algae by bacteria uses up so much of oxygen in the water that most or all of the
animals die, which creates more organic matter for the bacteria to decompose. In addition to causing
deoxygenating, some algal species produce toxins that contaminate drinking water supplies.
Different treatment processes are required to remove nitrogen and phosphorus.
Disinfection is one of the methods used in tertiary treatment of wastewater. The purpose of
disinfection in the treatment of waste water is to substantially reduce the number of microorganisms
in the water to be discharged back into the environment for the later use of drinking, bathing,
irrigation, etc. The effectiveness of disinfection depends on the quality of the water being treated
(e.g. cloudiness, ph, etc...) and other environmental variables. Common methods of disinfection
include ozone, chloride, ultraviolet light or sodium hypochlorite. Chloramine, which is used for
drinking water, is not used in waste water treatment because of its persistence. After multiple steps of
disinfection, the treated water is ready to be released back into the water cycle by means of the
nearest body of water or agriculture. Afterwards, the water can be transferred to reserves for
everyday human use.(6)
In October/November 2001, Holmen Braviken of Sweden benefited from improved water
supply at its paper mill. Braviken met its requirements of good quality water with the installation of
20 Dynasand filters. The filters provided a continuous sand cleaning process and eliminate the
problem of downtime for back washing. These filters also provided additional benefits such as light
maintenance and reduction in the quantity of polymer required for retaining fines on the paper.(7)
In October/November 2001, Minett and Jonsson found in its use for water treatment that the
filters provide a continuous sand clearing process, eliminate the problem of down time backwashing,
light maintenance and reduction in the quantity of polymer required for retaining fines. (8)
In December 2006, Abdel Azeem, M.M studied the Evaluation of The performance of
Dynamic Sand Filtration under Real Working Conditions. In 2007 Ahmed, H. studied the Dyna sand
Filter Application in Water Treatment. In 2013 Aly, O.H.I., studied the optimization of design and
operating parameters for dynamic up flow sand filter.(9)
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The samples for analysis were taken from 15th of May City wastewater treatment plant during
the study period. The samples were collected after the final sedimentation tanks. The secondary
treatment applied in this wastewater treatment plant is the aeration tanks. Then samples were
collected after the tertiary treatment, which was Rapid Sand Filters. These filters were later replaced
by Dynamic up flow Sand Filters. The samples were collected after the Dyna sand filter for
evaluation and comparison between both filters efficiencies.
The following tables show the sizing and units of the wastewater treatment plant in 15th of
May City. The number of Rapid Sand Filter units in 15th of May Wastewater treatment plants is 12,
the depth of water is 1.95m, the area of one unit is 54.48 m2, while the volume per unit is 106.23 m3
and the total Capacity is 1274.83 m3. The specification of the pilot unit for the dynamic up flow sand
filter is as follows: Diameter = 0.95 m, area = 0.7 m2, height = 3m and effective bed height is 2m.

232
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November – December (2013), © IAEME

Figure (1): The Pilot Unit of the Dyna Sand
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Samples were collected and examined for the Rapid Sand Filter. These samples were tested
to point out the concentration in the Influent to both types of filters. The influent samples were
examined after the secondary treatment. On the other hand to evaluate the Dyna sand filter samples
hand,
were taken from the effluent of the filter and the parameters were tested. The following figures show
the concentration of Suspended Solids, Bio chemical Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen
Demand in the Influent and both effluents.

Figure (2): The SS concentration
233
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November – December (2013), © IAEME
The Suspended solids concentration after the secondary treatment ranged between 30 to 40
mg/l, while after the tertiary treatment using the rapid sand filter it was found to be between 10 to 20
mg/l. Finally after the Dyna sand it ranged between 3 to 6 mg/l.

Figure (3): The BOD concentration
The BOD concentration after the secondary treatment ranged between 25 to 40 mg/l, while
after the tertiary treatment using the rapid sand filter it was found to be between 10 to 18mg/l.
Finally after the Dyna sand it ranged between 10to 16 mg/l.

Figure (4): The COD concentration
T
The COD concentration after the secondary treatment ranged between 30 to 4 mg/l, while
OD
48
after the tertiary treatment using the rapid sand filter it was found to be between 1 to 25mg/l.
11
Finally after the Dyna sand it ranged between 10to 17 mg/l.

234
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November – December (2013), © IAEME
The removal efficiency for the three parameters, the suspended solids, the BOD and the COD
was derived between the influent and the effluent of the Rapid sand filters and the Dyna Sand. The
removal efficiency for the three parameters id illustrated in tables (4) and (5). Figures 5, 6 and 7
show the removal efficiency for the three parameters.
Table (4) Effluent of Rapid Sand Filter and the Removal efficiency
Sample No
BOD
RR BOD
COD
RR COD
SS

RR SS

1

18

50

25

38

19

42

2

10

72

12

71

12

67

3

12

60

15

63

12

66

4

10

60

12

61

11

63

5

12

68

15

69

12

68

6

11

73

12

73

13

68

7

10

74

12

74

12

68

8

16

56

20

57

16

54

9

12

70

12

73

12

68

10

12

69

19

61

12

70

11

12

69

18

62

12

67

12

11

72

16

66

10

72

Table (5) Effluent of Dyna Sand Filter and the Removal efficiency
Sample No
BOD
RR
COD
RR
SS

RR

1

14

61

14

65

6

82

2

14

61

15

64

4

89

3

12

60

14

65

4

89

4

10

60

11

65

3

90

5

15

61

17

65

4

89

6

16

60

16

64

4

90

7

15

61

16.5

65

4

89

8

14

61

16

65

4

89

9

16

60

15.5

65

5

87

10

15

62

17

65

4.5

89

11

15

62

16.5

65

4

89

12

15

62

16.5

65

4

89

235
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November – December (2013), © IAEME

Figure (5): The SS removal efficiency
The removal efficiency of the Rapid sand filter in the removal of Suspended Solids ranged between
43 t0 70%, while for the Dyna Sand it was found to be between 82 to 90%. The Dyna Sand Filter
0%,
%.
showed very high removal efficiency and proved that it is very successful in SS removal.

Figure (6): The BOD removal efficiency

The removal efficiency of the Rapid sa filter in the removal of BOD ranged between 50 t0 75%,
sand
while for the Dyna Sand it was found to be around 60%.

236
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November – December (2013), © IAEME

Figure (7): The COD removal efficiency
The removal efficiency of the Rapid sand filter in the removal of COD ranged between 38 t0 75%,
OD
while for the Dyna Sand it was found to be around 65%.
6

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
RECOMMENDATI
The Dynamic up flow sand filter showed high removal efficiency in the removal of the total
suspended solids, while for BOD & COD the removal efficiency was similar compared to that of the
Rapid sand filter. However the removal efficiency in case of Dyna Sand was steady, although in the
rapid sand filter there were great fluctuations in the results, which in return will cause further
problems in the case of the Rapid Sand Filter. From the economic point view, the results of the Dyna
e
Sand were obtained with one pilot unit, although in case of Rapid Sand Filter there was 12 filters.
According to the previous results, the following conclusion can be driven:
1. The removal ratio of COD was ranging from 38 % to 75 % for the Rapid Sand Filter, while
moval
for the Dyna Sand it was around 65%
65%.
2. The removal ratio of BOD was ranging from 50 % to 75% for the Rapid Sand Filter, when
for the Dyna Sand it was around 60%.
3. The removal ratio of TSS was ranging from 43 % to 70 % in case of Rapid Sand Filter, while
atio
for the Dyna Sand it showed high efficiency 82% to 90%.
Therefore, it is recommended to use Dynamic up flow sand filter (Dyna Sand) in the removal
of Suspended solids in wastewater. However for the removal of BOD and COD their removal was
er.
almost the same for both filters, although the steady removal efficiency of Dyna Sand gives it great
ters,
advantage. The effluent from both filters can be used in the irrigation of tress and the crops that are
cooked before eating according to the Environmental Laws.

237
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November – December (2013), © IAEME
REFERENCES
Mark J. Hammer, "Water and Wastewater Technology", Third Edition. Prepared by Chapter
(7). Copy right at (1996).
2. Syrotynski. S., "Microscopic Water Quality and Filtration Efficiency", Journal American
Water Works Association. Copy right at (1984).
3. Anonymous Company,Conference paper, "Continuous Sand Filter", prepared by Anonymous
Company. Copy right at (1982).
4. Nordic Water Products, "Dyna sand Hand Book." Nordic.water@waterlink.com. (1998).
5. "Gordon and Russell L.Culp, “ New Concepts in Water Purification", 2000.
6. Hand Book, "Water Treatment", volume (2). Sixth Edition. Copy right at (1991).
7. MassoudTajirishy and Ahmad Abrishamchi, Integrated Approach to Water and Waste Water.
Water Conservation Reuse, and Recycling, American Workshop, National Academic Press
(2005).
8. Minett, S. Jonsson, C, "PMs Benefits from filtered water", prepared by Europe. Copy right at
(2001).
9. Aly, O.H “studied the optimization of design and operating parameters for dynamic up flow
sand filters”, El Azhar Journal, 2013.
10. Mukherjee. S., Bhattacharya A. K. and Mandal. S. N., “Mitigation of Colour and COD from
Textile Wastewater by Hms, Polymeric Coagulants and Aids – Including Longitudinal Study”,
International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 4, Issue 5, 2013,
pp. 33 - 41, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6316.
11. R. S. Sapkal and Dr. S. S. Valunjkar, “Development and Sensitivity Analysis of Water Quality
Index for Evaluation of Surface Water for Drinking Purpose”, International Journal of Civil
Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 4, Issue 4, 2013, pp. 119 - 134, ISSN Print:
0976 – 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6316.
12. R Radhakrishanan and A Praveen, “Sustainability Perceptions on Wastewater Treatment
Operations in Urban Areas of Developing World”, International Journal of Civil Engineering
& Technology (IJCIET), Volume 3, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 45 - 61, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6308,
ISSN Online: 0976 – 6316.

1.

238

More Related Content

What's hot

Filtration ppt By Mayank Oza
Filtration ppt By Mayank OzaFiltration ppt By Mayank Oza
Filtration ppt By Mayank OzaMayank Oza
 
Introduction To Water Treatment
Introduction To Water TreatmentIntroduction To Water Treatment
Introduction To Water TreatmentPeter Hillis
 
Troubules in rapid sand filters
Troubules in rapid sand filtersTroubules in rapid sand filters
Troubules in rapid sand filtersDr. M Prasad
 
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING & POLLUTION CONTROL
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING & POLLUTION CONTROLENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING & POLLUTION CONTROL
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING & POLLUTION CONTROLharshinirenuga
 
Water treatment process
Water treatment processWater treatment process
Water treatment processSonam Pandey
 
Design Concept of Water Treatment Plant
Design Concept of Water Treatment PlantDesign Concept of Water Treatment Plant
Design Concept of Water Treatment PlantSachin Kulkarni
 
Ossf treatment-systems trickling-filter
Ossf treatment-systems trickling-filterOssf treatment-systems trickling-filter
Ossf treatment-systems trickling-filterPrince Aslam
 
Water Purification - Part 1
Water Purification - Part 1Water Purification - Part 1
Water Purification - Part 1Rizwan S A
 
Waste water treatment by reverse osmosis
Waste water treatment by reverse osmosisWaste water treatment by reverse osmosis
Waste water treatment by reverse osmosisAsif - A - Khuda Pappu
 
Sewage treatment
Sewage treatmentSewage treatment
Sewage treatmentKavya Kavya
 
Design of reverse osmosis process plant
Design of reverse osmosis process plantDesign of reverse osmosis process plant
Design of reverse osmosis process plantsandeep atukuri
 
Water treatment for domestic water supply
Water treatment for domestic water supplyWater treatment for domestic water supply
Water treatment for domestic water supplyJacquelyn Vanessa
 
Sichuan Shanshui Technology Co.,Ltd.
Sichuan Shanshui Technology Co.,Ltd.Sichuan Shanshui Technology Co.,Ltd.
Sichuan Shanshui Technology Co.,Ltd.May Song
 
Waste water treatment plant
Waste water treatment plantWaste water treatment plant
Waste water treatment plantAldrin Thambi R
 

What's hot (20)

Filtration ppt By Mayank Oza
Filtration ppt By Mayank OzaFiltration ppt By Mayank Oza
Filtration ppt By Mayank Oza
 
Introduction To Water Treatment
Introduction To Water TreatmentIntroduction To Water Treatment
Introduction To Water Treatment
 
08 filtration
08 filtration08 filtration
08 filtration
 
Wt chapter-6-2-filter
Wt chapter-6-2-filterWt chapter-6-2-filter
Wt chapter-6-2-filter
 
Troubules in rapid sand filters
Troubules in rapid sand filtersTroubules in rapid sand filters
Troubules in rapid sand filters
 
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING & POLLUTION CONTROL
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING & POLLUTION CONTROLENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING & POLLUTION CONTROL
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING & POLLUTION CONTROL
 
Water treatment process
Water treatment processWater treatment process
Water treatment process
 
L 24 filtration
L 24 filtrationL 24 filtration
L 24 filtration
 
L 20 High rate Trickling Filter
L 20 High rate Trickling FilterL 20 High rate Trickling Filter
L 20 High rate Trickling Filter
 
Water treatment process
Water treatment processWater treatment process
Water treatment process
 
Design Concept of Water Treatment Plant
Design Concept of Water Treatment PlantDesign Concept of Water Treatment Plant
Design Concept of Water Treatment Plant
 
Ossf treatment-systems trickling-filter
Ossf treatment-systems trickling-filterOssf treatment-systems trickling-filter
Ossf treatment-systems trickling-filter
 
Water Purification - Part 1
Water Purification - Part 1Water Purification - Part 1
Water Purification - Part 1
 
Waste water treatment by reverse osmosis
Waste water treatment by reverse osmosisWaste water treatment by reverse osmosis
Waste water treatment by reverse osmosis
 
Sewage treatment
Sewage treatmentSewage treatment
Sewage treatment
 
Design of reverse osmosis process plant
Design of reverse osmosis process plantDesign of reverse osmosis process plant
Design of reverse osmosis process plant
 
Water treatment for domestic water supply
Water treatment for domestic water supplyWater treatment for domestic water supply
Water treatment for domestic water supply
 
Sewage treatment
Sewage treatmentSewage treatment
Sewage treatment
 
Sichuan Shanshui Technology Co.,Ltd.
Sichuan Shanshui Technology Co.,Ltd.Sichuan Shanshui Technology Co.,Ltd.
Sichuan Shanshui Technology Co.,Ltd.
 
Waste water treatment plant
Waste water treatment plantWaste water treatment plant
Waste water treatment plant
 

Similar to 20320130406023 2

Research Article By Kavitha And Sugirtha (2013), On A...
Research Article By Kavitha And Sugirtha (2013), On A...Research Article By Kavitha And Sugirtha (2013), On A...
Research Article By Kavitha And Sugirtha (2013), On A...Sandy Harwell
 
IRJET- Development of a Series Filtration Water Treatment Method for Small Co...
IRJET- Development of a Series Filtration Water Treatment Method for Small Co...IRJET- Development of a Series Filtration Water Treatment Method for Small Co...
IRJET- Development of a Series Filtration Water Treatment Method for Small Co...IRJET Journal
 
Purification of Wastewater by Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
Purification of Wastewater by Metal Oxide NanoparticlesPurification of Wastewater by Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
Purification of Wastewater by Metal Oxide Nanoparticlesijtsrd
 
Design of 210 Mld Sewage Treatment Plant
Design of 210 Mld Sewage Treatment PlantDesign of 210 Mld Sewage Treatment Plant
Design of 210 Mld Sewage Treatment PlantARUN KUMAR
 
IRJET- Review Paper on Revitalisation and Sustainable Development of Villages...
IRJET- Review Paper on Revitalisation and Sustainable Development of Villages...IRJET- Review Paper on Revitalisation and Sustainable Development of Villages...
IRJET- Review Paper on Revitalisation and Sustainable Development of Villages...IRJET Journal
 
Ocean Desalination Research Paper
Ocean Desalination Research PaperOcean Desalination Research Paper
Ocean Desalination Research PaperLynn Weber
 
The Effects Of Exposure On Male Fighting Fish, Betta...
The Effects Of Exposure On Male Fighting Fish, Betta...The Effects Of Exposure On Male Fighting Fish, Betta...
The Effects Of Exposure On Male Fighting Fish, Betta...Emily James
 
Treatment and Recycling of Sewage and Sludge.pptx
Treatment and Recycling of Sewage and Sludge.pptxTreatment and Recycling of Sewage and Sludge.pptx
Treatment and Recycling of Sewage and Sludge.pptxUniversity of Chittagong
 
Low Cost Filtration For Grey water With Constructed Wetland
Low Cost Filtration For Grey water With Constructed WetlandLow Cost Filtration For Grey water With Constructed Wetland
Low Cost Filtration For Grey water With Constructed WetlandIRJET Journal
 
DESIGN A LEACHATE COLLECTION SYSTEM FOR A SMALL CAMP SANITARY LANDFILL
DESIGN A LEACHATE COLLECTION SYSTEM FOR A SMALL CAMP SANITARY LANDFILLDESIGN A LEACHATE COLLECTION SYSTEM FOR A SMALL CAMP SANITARY LANDFILL
DESIGN A LEACHATE COLLECTION SYSTEM FOR A SMALL CAMP SANITARY LANDFILLIAEME Publication
 
Design a leachate collection system fora small camp sanitary landfill
Design a leachate collection system fora small camp sanitary landfillDesign a leachate collection system fora small camp sanitary landfill
Design a leachate collection system fora small camp sanitary landfillIAEME Publication
 
A STUDY ON GREY WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES A REVIEW
A STUDY ON GREY WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES  A REVIEWA STUDY ON GREY WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES  A REVIEW
A STUDY ON GREY WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES A REVIEWJoe Andelija
 
My Ethical Qualms With The Toilet
My Ethical Qualms With The ToiletMy Ethical Qualms With The Toilet
My Ethical Qualms With The ToiletDeborah Gastineau
 
Domestic Liquid Waste Purification and Recycling
Domestic Liquid Waste Purification and RecyclingDomestic Liquid Waste Purification and Recycling
Domestic Liquid Waste Purification and Recyclingijtsrd
 
Designed For Combined Common Effluent Treatment Plant Of Tarapur Midc
Designed For Combined Common Effluent Treatment Plant Of Tarapur MidcDesigned For Combined Common Effluent Treatment Plant Of Tarapur Midc
Designed For Combined Common Effluent Treatment Plant Of Tarapur Midcvivatechijri
 
Decentralized Wastewater Systems Regulatory And Economic...
Decentralized Wastewater Systems Regulatory And Economic...Decentralized Wastewater Systems Regulatory And Economic...
Decentralized Wastewater Systems Regulatory And Economic...Tara Daly
 
Design for Harvesting and Treatment of Rainwater in Naval, Biliran
Design for Harvesting and Treatment of Rainwater in Naval, BiliranDesign for Harvesting and Treatment of Rainwater in Naval, Biliran
Design for Harvesting and Treatment of Rainwater in Naval, Biliranijtsrd
 
A REVIEW PAPER ON LOW COST SEWAGE TREATMENT BY ROOTZONE TECHNOLOGY FOR RESIDE...
A REVIEW PAPER ON LOW COST SEWAGE TREATMENT BY ROOTZONE TECHNOLOGY FOR RESIDE...A REVIEW PAPER ON LOW COST SEWAGE TREATMENT BY ROOTZONE TECHNOLOGY FOR RESIDE...
A REVIEW PAPER ON LOW COST SEWAGE TREATMENT BY ROOTZONE TECHNOLOGY FOR RESIDE...IRJET Journal
 
LOW-COST SEWAGE TREATMENT BY ROOTZONE TECHNOLOGY FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDING AT ...
LOW-COST SEWAGE TREATMENT BY ROOTZONE TECHNOLOGY FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDING AT ...LOW-COST SEWAGE TREATMENT BY ROOTZONE TECHNOLOGY FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDING AT ...
LOW-COST SEWAGE TREATMENT BY ROOTZONE TECHNOLOGY FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDING AT ...IRJET Journal
 

Similar to 20320130406023 2 (20)

Research Article By Kavitha And Sugirtha (2013), On A...
Research Article By Kavitha And Sugirtha (2013), On A...Research Article By Kavitha And Sugirtha (2013), On A...
Research Article By Kavitha And Sugirtha (2013), On A...
 
Ijciet 06 09_002
Ijciet 06 09_002Ijciet 06 09_002
Ijciet 06 09_002
 
IRJET- Development of a Series Filtration Water Treatment Method for Small Co...
IRJET- Development of a Series Filtration Water Treatment Method for Small Co...IRJET- Development of a Series Filtration Water Treatment Method for Small Co...
IRJET- Development of a Series Filtration Water Treatment Method for Small Co...
 
Purification of Wastewater by Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
Purification of Wastewater by Metal Oxide NanoparticlesPurification of Wastewater by Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
Purification of Wastewater by Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
 
Design of 210 Mld Sewage Treatment Plant
Design of 210 Mld Sewage Treatment PlantDesign of 210 Mld Sewage Treatment Plant
Design of 210 Mld Sewage Treatment Plant
 
IRJET- Review Paper on Revitalisation and Sustainable Development of Villages...
IRJET- Review Paper on Revitalisation and Sustainable Development of Villages...IRJET- Review Paper on Revitalisation and Sustainable Development of Villages...
IRJET- Review Paper on Revitalisation and Sustainable Development of Villages...
 
Ocean Desalination Research Paper
Ocean Desalination Research PaperOcean Desalination Research Paper
Ocean Desalination Research Paper
 
The Effects Of Exposure On Male Fighting Fish, Betta...
The Effects Of Exposure On Male Fighting Fish, Betta...The Effects Of Exposure On Male Fighting Fish, Betta...
The Effects Of Exposure On Male Fighting Fish, Betta...
 
Treatment and Recycling of Sewage and Sludge.pptx
Treatment and Recycling of Sewage and Sludge.pptxTreatment and Recycling of Sewage and Sludge.pptx
Treatment and Recycling of Sewage and Sludge.pptx
 
Low Cost Filtration For Grey water With Constructed Wetland
Low Cost Filtration For Grey water With Constructed WetlandLow Cost Filtration For Grey water With Constructed Wetland
Low Cost Filtration For Grey water With Constructed Wetland
 
DESIGN A LEACHATE COLLECTION SYSTEM FOR A SMALL CAMP SANITARY LANDFILL
DESIGN A LEACHATE COLLECTION SYSTEM FOR A SMALL CAMP SANITARY LANDFILLDESIGN A LEACHATE COLLECTION SYSTEM FOR A SMALL CAMP SANITARY LANDFILL
DESIGN A LEACHATE COLLECTION SYSTEM FOR A SMALL CAMP SANITARY LANDFILL
 
Design a leachate collection system fora small camp sanitary landfill
Design a leachate collection system fora small camp sanitary landfillDesign a leachate collection system fora small camp sanitary landfill
Design a leachate collection system fora small camp sanitary landfill
 
A STUDY ON GREY WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES A REVIEW
A STUDY ON GREY WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES  A REVIEWA STUDY ON GREY WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES  A REVIEW
A STUDY ON GREY WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES A REVIEW
 
My Ethical Qualms With The Toilet
My Ethical Qualms With The ToiletMy Ethical Qualms With The Toilet
My Ethical Qualms With The Toilet
 
Domestic Liquid Waste Purification and Recycling
Domestic Liquid Waste Purification and RecyclingDomestic Liquid Waste Purification and Recycling
Domestic Liquid Waste Purification and Recycling
 
Designed For Combined Common Effluent Treatment Plant Of Tarapur Midc
Designed For Combined Common Effluent Treatment Plant Of Tarapur MidcDesigned For Combined Common Effluent Treatment Plant Of Tarapur Midc
Designed For Combined Common Effluent Treatment Plant Of Tarapur Midc
 
Decentralized Wastewater Systems Regulatory And Economic...
Decentralized Wastewater Systems Regulatory And Economic...Decentralized Wastewater Systems Regulatory And Economic...
Decentralized Wastewater Systems Regulatory And Economic...
 
Design for Harvesting and Treatment of Rainwater in Naval, Biliran
Design for Harvesting and Treatment of Rainwater in Naval, BiliranDesign for Harvesting and Treatment of Rainwater in Naval, Biliran
Design for Harvesting and Treatment of Rainwater in Naval, Biliran
 
A REVIEW PAPER ON LOW COST SEWAGE TREATMENT BY ROOTZONE TECHNOLOGY FOR RESIDE...
A REVIEW PAPER ON LOW COST SEWAGE TREATMENT BY ROOTZONE TECHNOLOGY FOR RESIDE...A REVIEW PAPER ON LOW COST SEWAGE TREATMENT BY ROOTZONE TECHNOLOGY FOR RESIDE...
A REVIEW PAPER ON LOW COST SEWAGE TREATMENT BY ROOTZONE TECHNOLOGY FOR RESIDE...
 
LOW-COST SEWAGE TREATMENT BY ROOTZONE TECHNOLOGY FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDING AT ...
LOW-COST SEWAGE TREATMENT BY ROOTZONE TECHNOLOGY FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDING AT ...LOW-COST SEWAGE TREATMENT BY ROOTZONE TECHNOLOGY FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDING AT ...
LOW-COST SEWAGE TREATMENT BY ROOTZONE TECHNOLOGY FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDING AT ...
 

More from IAEME Publication

IAEME_Publication_Call_for_Paper_September_2022.pdf
IAEME_Publication_Call_for_Paper_September_2022.pdfIAEME_Publication_Call_for_Paper_September_2022.pdf
IAEME_Publication_Call_for_Paper_September_2022.pdfIAEME Publication
 
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
 
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURS
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSA STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURS
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
 
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURS
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSBROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURS
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
 
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONS
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSDETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONS
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
 
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONS
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONS
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
 
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINO
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOVOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINO
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
 
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
 
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMY
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYVISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMY
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
 
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
 
GANDHI ON NON-VIOLENT POLICE
GANDHI ON NON-VIOLENT POLICEGANDHI ON NON-VIOLENT POLICE
GANDHI ON NON-VIOLENT POLICEIAEME Publication
 
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
 
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
 
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
 
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
 
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
 
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
 
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
 
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
 
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENT
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTA MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENT
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
 

More from IAEME Publication (20)

IAEME_Publication_Call_for_Paper_September_2022.pdf
IAEME_Publication_Call_for_Paper_September_2022.pdfIAEME_Publication_Call_for_Paper_September_2022.pdf
IAEME_Publication_Call_for_Paper_September_2022.pdf
 
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...
 
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURS
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSA STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURS
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURS
 
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURS
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSBROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURS
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURS
 
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONS
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSDETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONS
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONS
 
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONS
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONS
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONS
 
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINO
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOVOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINO
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINO
 
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...
 
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMY
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYVISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMY
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMY
 
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...
 
GANDHI ON NON-VIOLENT POLICE
GANDHI ON NON-VIOLENT POLICEGANDHI ON NON-VIOLENT POLICE
GANDHI ON NON-VIOLENT POLICE
 
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...
 
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...
 
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...
 
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...
 
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...
 
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...
 
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...
 
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...
 
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENT
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTA MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENT
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENT
 

Recently uploaded

Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond OntologiesLinked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond OntologiesDavid Newbury
 
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?IES VE
 
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdfNanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdfPedro Manuel
 
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...Aggregage
 
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online CollaborationCOMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaborationbruanjhuli
 
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity WebinarAI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity WebinarPrecisely
 
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding TeamAdam Moalla
 
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration WorkflowsIgniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration WorkflowsSafe Software
 
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™Adtran
 
Anypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPA
Anypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPAAnypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPA
Anypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPAshyamraj55
 
NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 Workshop
NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 WorkshopNIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 Workshop
NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 WorkshopBachir Benyammi
 
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...Will Schroeder
 
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1DianaGray10
 
UiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdf
UiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdfUiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdf
UiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdfDianaGray10
 
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...UbiTrack UK
 
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1DianaGray10
 
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024SkyPlanner
 
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)Commit University
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond OntologiesLinked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
 
201610817 - edge part1
201610817 - edge part1201610817 - edge part1
201610817 - edge part1
 
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
 
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdfNanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
 
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
 
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online CollaborationCOMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
 
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity WebinarAI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
 
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
 
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration WorkflowsIgniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
 
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
 
Anypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPA
Anypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPAAnypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPA
Anypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPA
 
NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 Workshop
NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 WorkshopNIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 Workshop
NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 Workshop
 
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
 
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
 
20150722 - AGV
20150722 - AGV20150722 - AGV
20150722 - AGV
 
UiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdf
UiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdfUiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdf
UiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdf
 
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
 
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
 
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
 
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
 

20320130406023 2

  • 1. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November – December (2013), © IAEME TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET) ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print) ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November – December, pp. 230-238 © IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.3277 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com IJCIET ©IAEME COMPARISON BETWEEN RAPID SAND FILTER AND DYNA SAND FILTER IN WASTEWATER TERTIARY TREATMENT Mostafa. H.1 & Aly. O.H.I.2 1 Assistant Professor of Sanitary & Environmental Engineering, Public works, ASU, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo, Egypt 2 Assistant Professor of Sanitary & Environmental Engineering, Higher Institute of Engineering, Shorouk City, Cairo, Egypt ABSTRACT Tertiary treatment is any treatment process added to the flow scheme following conventional secondary treatment. The general target for this study is to evaluate and compare between the performance of the Dyna sand filter and the rapid sand filter as tertiary treatment method for wastewater to be able to enhance the characteristics of effluent wastewater. The samples for analysis were taken from 15th of May City wastewater treatment plant during the study period. The samples were collected after the final sedimentation tanks. The secondary treatment applied in this wastewater treatment plant is the aeration tanks. Then samples were collected after the tertiary treatment, which was Rapid Sand Filters. These filters were later replaced by Dynamic up flow Sand Filters. The samples were collected after the Dyna sand filter for evaluation and comparison between both filters efficiencies. The Dynamic up flow sand filter showed high removal efficiency in the removal of the total suspended solids, while for BOD & COD the removal efficiency was similar compared to that of the Rapid sand filter. However the removal efficiency in case of Dyna Sand was steady, although in the rapid sand filter there were great fluctuations in the results, which in return will cause further problems in the case of the Rapid Sand Filter. INTRODUCTION Nowadays, Egypt development are growing quickly especially in cities like Cairo, Alexandria …etc. These developments suffer from several problems as level of utilities service available, the air pollution, the wastewater drainage & disposal and the shortage of potable water required for human usage in such developed cities. The potable water shortage is mainly due to the high costs required for water treatment due to area need, operation techniques difficulties and low investments in such field with the absence of its developing. To overcome such problems it has been found that it is necessary to resort to fast processing techniques. The developing for the filtration 230
  • 2. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November – December (2013), © IAEME techniques to increase filtration production per square meter area became a need for this case to solve the filtration problems as the used area, water quality and operation and maintenance economy. One of these problems is the need for repeated cleaning by back wash. This led to establish new technique for the filter cleaning. Among the new techniques of filtration, Dyna sand filtration system which has been effectively used in treating several varieties of water resources to produce potable water around the world (such as England, Sweden, Holland) had succeeded in producing good results.(1) Tertiary treatment may be defined as any treatment process in which unit operations are added to the flow scheme following conventional secondary treatment. Additions to conventional secondary treatment could be as simple as the addition of a filter for many unit processes for organic, suspended solids, nitrogen and phosphorus removal. Primary and Secondary treatment remove the majority of BOD and suspended solids found in waste waters. However, in an increasing number of cases this level of treatment has proved to be insufficient to protect the receiving waters or to provide reusable water for industrial or domestic recycle. Thus, additional treatment steps have been added to waste water treatment plants to provide for further organic and solids removals or to provide for removal of nutrients and toxic metals, according to London School of Hygiene, 1999.(2) The purpose of tertiary treatment is to provide a final treatment stage to raise the effluent quality before it is discharged to the receiving environment (sea, river, lake, ground, etc...). More than one tertiary treatment process may be used at any treatment plant. If disinfection is practiced, it is always the final process. It is also called effluent polishing. The main purpose can be identified in the additional removal of organic and suspended solids removal, nitrogenous oxygen demand removal, toxic and nutrient removal.(3) The problem in the treatment of wastewater is that the Governments are giving high attention nowadays to the quality of wastewater effluent to reuse the wastewater in several applications. Filtration is considered the cheapest method for tertiary treatment of wastewater. Several researches & applications were done for the application of Dyna Sand in Industrial Wastewater. The general target for this study is to evaluate and compare between the performance of the Dyna sand filter and the rapid sand filter as tertiary treatment method for wastewater to be able to enhance the characteristics of effluent wastewater. LITERATURE REVIEW They are different methods of Tertiary treatment applied all over the world. From these techniques is Filtration, lagooning, Nutrient Removal and Disinfection. The Sand Filtration removes much of the residual suspended matter. Filtration over activated carbon, also called carbon adsorption, removes residual toxins. Granular media filtration removes those suspended and colloidal solids, which are carried over from previous unit processes is a common unit process in advanced waste water treatment. Effluents of less than 10 mg/l BOD and 5 mg/l suspended solids are not uncommon for effluents from biological treatment processes after filtration. Gravity filters similar to rapid sand filters are sometimes used. Often a combination of filter media, such as anthracite coal and sand are used to provide coarse combination of filter Medias, such as anthracite coal and sand are used to provide coarse to fine filtration as the water passes through the filter. The water passes through the filter media and support gravel and is then collected by the under drain system. As filtration proceeds, the head loss through the filter increase until it reaches an unacceptable level or until solids breakthrough occurs and the effluent becomes unacceptable. When either the head loss becomes excessive or solids break through occurs, the filter is backwashed. Ideally, filters are designed to have the solids in the effluent and the head loss reaches their allowable levels at the same time. (4) Lagooning is one of the methods of tertiary treatment of wastewater, which provide settlement and further biological improvement through storage in large man made ponds or lagoons. 231
  • 3. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November – December (2013), © IAEME These lagoons are highly aerobic and colonization by native macrophysics, especially reeds, is often encouraged, small filter feeding invertebrates such as Daphria and species of Rotifer greatly assist in treatment by removing fine particulates, referring to Ballater, 2010.(5) Also another application of tertiary treatment is Nutrient Removal. Waste water may contain high levels of the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus. Excessive release to the environment can lead to a buildup of nutrients, called eutrophication, which in turn can encourage the over growth of weeds, algae, and cyanobacteria (blue green algae). This may cause an algal bloom, a rapid growth in the population of algae, the algae numbers are unsustainable and eventually most of them die. The decomposition of the algae by bacteria uses up so much of oxygen in the water that most or all of the animals die, which creates more organic matter for the bacteria to decompose. In addition to causing deoxygenating, some algal species produce toxins that contaminate drinking water supplies. Different treatment processes are required to remove nitrogen and phosphorus. Disinfection is one of the methods used in tertiary treatment of wastewater. The purpose of disinfection in the treatment of waste water is to substantially reduce the number of microorganisms in the water to be discharged back into the environment for the later use of drinking, bathing, irrigation, etc. The effectiveness of disinfection depends on the quality of the water being treated (e.g. cloudiness, ph, etc...) and other environmental variables. Common methods of disinfection include ozone, chloride, ultraviolet light or sodium hypochlorite. Chloramine, which is used for drinking water, is not used in waste water treatment because of its persistence. After multiple steps of disinfection, the treated water is ready to be released back into the water cycle by means of the nearest body of water or agriculture. Afterwards, the water can be transferred to reserves for everyday human use.(6) In October/November 2001, Holmen Braviken of Sweden benefited from improved water supply at its paper mill. Braviken met its requirements of good quality water with the installation of 20 Dynasand filters. The filters provided a continuous sand cleaning process and eliminate the problem of downtime for back washing. These filters also provided additional benefits such as light maintenance and reduction in the quantity of polymer required for retaining fines on the paper.(7) In October/November 2001, Minett and Jonsson found in its use for water treatment that the filters provide a continuous sand clearing process, eliminate the problem of down time backwashing, light maintenance and reduction in the quantity of polymer required for retaining fines. (8) In December 2006, Abdel Azeem, M.M studied the Evaluation of The performance of Dynamic Sand Filtration under Real Working Conditions. In 2007 Ahmed, H. studied the Dyna sand Filter Application in Water Treatment. In 2013 Aly, O.H.I., studied the optimization of design and operating parameters for dynamic up flow sand filter.(9) MATERIALS AND METHODS The samples for analysis were taken from 15th of May City wastewater treatment plant during the study period. The samples were collected after the final sedimentation tanks. The secondary treatment applied in this wastewater treatment plant is the aeration tanks. Then samples were collected after the tertiary treatment, which was Rapid Sand Filters. These filters were later replaced by Dynamic up flow Sand Filters. The samples were collected after the Dyna sand filter for evaluation and comparison between both filters efficiencies. The following tables show the sizing and units of the wastewater treatment plant in 15th of May City. The number of Rapid Sand Filter units in 15th of May Wastewater treatment plants is 12, the depth of water is 1.95m, the area of one unit is 54.48 m2, while the volume per unit is 106.23 m3 and the total Capacity is 1274.83 m3. The specification of the pilot unit for the dynamic up flow sand filter is as follows: Diameter = 0.95 m, area = 0.7 m2, height = 3m and effective bed height is 2m. 232
  • 4. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November – December (2013), © IAEME Figure (1): The Pilot Unit of the Dyna Sand RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Samples were collected and examined for the Rapid Sand Filter. These samples were tested to point out the concentration in the Influent to both types of filters. The influent samples were examined after the secondary treatment. On the other hand to evaluate the Dyna sand filter samples hand, were taken from the effluent of the filter and the parameters were tested. The following figures show the concentration of Suspended Solids, Bio chemical Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen Demand in the Influent and both effluents. Figure (2): The SS concentration 233
  • 5. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November – December (2013), © IAEME The Suspended solids concentration after the secondary treatment ranged between 30 to 40 mg/l, while after the tertiary treatment using the rapid sand filter it was found to be between 10 to 20 mg/l. Finally after the Dyna sand it ranged between 3 to 6 mg/l. Figure (3): The BOD concentration The BOD concentration after the secondary treatment ranged between 25 to 40 mg/l, while after the tertiary treatment using the rapid sand filter it was found to be between 10 to 18mg/l. Finally after the Dyna sand it ranged between 10to 16 mg/l. Figure (4): The COD concentration T The COD concentration after the secondary treatment ranged between 30 to 4 mg/l, while OD 48 after the tertiary treatment using the rapid sand filter it was found to be between 1 to 25mg/l. 11 Finally after the Dyna sand it ranged between 10to 17 mg/l. 234
  • 6. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November – December (2013), © IAEME The removal efficiency for the three parameters, the suspended solids, the BOD and the COD was derived between the influent and the effluent of the Rapid sand filters and the Dyna Sand. The removal efficiency for the three parameters id illustrated in tables (4) and (5). Figures 5, 6 and 7 show the removal efficiency for the three parameters. Table (4) Effluent of Rapid Sand Filter and the Removal efficiency Sample No BOD RR BOD COD RR COD SS RR SS 1 18 50 25 38 19 42 2 10 72 12 71 12 67 3 12 60 15 63 12 66 4 10 60 12 61 11 63 5 12 68 15 69 12 68 6 11 73 12 73 13 68 7 10 74 12 74 12 68 8 16 56 20 57 16 54 9 12 70 12 73 12 68 10 12 69 19 61 12 70 11 12 69 18 62 12 67 12 11 72 16 66 10 72 Table (5) Effluent of Dyna Sand Filter and the Removal efficiency Sample No BOD RR COD RR SS RR 1 14 61 14 65 6 82 2 14 61 15 64 4 89 3 12 60 14 65 4 89 4 10 60 11 65 3 90 5 15 61 17 65 4 89 6 16 60 16 64 4 90 7 15 61 16.5 65 4 89 8 14 61 16 65 4 89 9 16 60 15.5 65 5 87 10 15 62 17 65 4.5 89 11 15 62 16.5 65 4 89 12 15 62 16.5 65 4 89 235
  • 7. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November – December (2013), © IAEME Figure (5): The SS removal efficiency The removal efficiency of the Rapid sand filter in the removal of Suspended Solids ranged between 43 t0 70%, while for the Dyna Sand it was found to be between 82 to 90%. The Dyna Sand Filter 0%, %. showed very high removal efficiency and proved that it is very successful in SS removal. Figure (6): The BOD removal efficiency The removal efficiency of the Rapid sa filter in the removal of BOD ranged between 50 t0 75%, sand while for the Dyna Sand it was found to be around 60%. 236
  • 8. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November – December (2013), © IAEME Figure (7): The COD removal efficiency The removal efficiency of the Rapid sand filter in the removal of COD ranged between 38 t0 75%, OD while for the Dyna Sand it was found to be around 65%. 6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATI The Dynamic up flow sand filter showed high removal efficiency in the removal of the total suspended solids, while for BOD & COD the removal efficiency was similar compared to that of the Rapid sand filter. However the removal efficiency in case of Dyna Sand was steady, although in the rapid sand filter there were great fluctuations in the results, which in return will cause further problems in the case of the Rapid Sand Filter. From the economic point view, the results of the Dyna e Sand were obtained with one pilot unit, although in case of Rapid Sand Filter there was 12 filters. According to the previous results, the following conclusion can be driven: 1. The removal ratio of COD was ranging from 38 % to 75 % for the Rapid Sand Filter, while moval for the Dyna Sand it was around 65% 65%. 2. The removal ratio of BOD was ranging from 50 % to 75% for the Rapid Sand Filter, when for the Dyna Sand it was around 60%. 3. The removal ratio of TSS was ranging from 43 % to 70 % in case of Rapid Sand Filter, while atio for the Dyna Sand it showed high efficiency 82% to 90%. Therefore, it is recommended to use Dynamic up flow sand filter (Dyna Sand) in the removal of Suspended solids in wastewater. However for the removal of BOD and COD their removal was er. almost the same for both filters, although the steady removal efficiency of Dyna Sand gives it great ters, advantage. The effluent from both filters can be used in the irrigation of tress and the crops that are cooked before eating according to the Environmental Laws. 237
  • 9. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November – December (2013), © IAEME REFERENCES Mark J. Hammer, "Water and Wastewater Technology", Third Edition. Prepared by Chapter (7). Copy right at (1996). 2. Syrotynski. S., "Microscopic Water Quality and Filtration Efficiency", Journal American Water Works Association. Copy right at (1984). 3. Anonymous Company,Conference paper, "Continuous Sand Filter", prepared by Anonymous Company. Copy right at (1982). 4. Nordic Water Products, "Dyna sand Hand Book." Nordic.water@waterlink.com. (1998). 5. "Gordon and Russell L.Culp, “ New Concepts in Water Purification", 2000. 6. Hand Book, "Water Treatment", volume (2). Sixth Edition. Copy right at (1991). 7. MassoudTajirishy and Ahmad Abrishamchi, Integrated Approach to Water and Waste Water. Water Conservation Reuse, and Recycling, American Workshop, National Academic Press (2005). 8. Minett, S. Jonsson, C, "PMs Benefits from filtered water", prepared by Europe. Copy right at (2001). 9. Aly, O.H “studied the optimization of design and operating parameters for dynamic up flow sand filters”, El Azhar Journal, 2013. 10. Mukherjee. S., Bhattacharya A. K. and Mandal. S. N., “Mitigation of Colour and COD from Textile Wastewater by Hms, Polymeric Coagulants and Aids – Including Longitudinal Study”, International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 4, Issue 5, 2013, pp. 33 - 41, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6316. 11. R. S. Sapkal and Dr. S. S. Valunjkar, “Development and Sensitivity Analysis of Water Quality Index for Evaluation of Surface Water for Drinking Purpose”, International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 4, Issue 4, 2013, pp. 119 - 134, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6316. 12. R Radhakrishanan and A Praveen, “Sustainability Perceptions on Wastewater Treatment Operations in Urban Areas of Developing World”, International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 3, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 45 - 61, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6316. 1. 238