Performance and handoff evaluation of heterogeneous wireless networks 2

International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN
0976 – 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March – April (2013), © IAEME
477
PERFORMANCE AND HANDOFF EVALUATION OF
HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS NETWORKS (HWNS) USING OPNET
SIMULATOR
Dheyaa Jasim Kadhim
Electrical Engineering Department, University of Baghdad
Sanaa Shaker Abed
Electrical Engineering Department, University of Baghdad
ABSTRACT
The need for coupling Heterogeneous Wireless Networks (HWNs) such as WLAN,
WiMAX or UMTS, play a great role in developing towards fourth generation of wireless
networks. Hence, the algorithms for these networks must be developed especially handoff
algorithms to present a better performance in such heterogeneous networks. In this paper,
several projects have different types of networks were implemented and simulated in
different case studies offered by OPNET simulation to make Intra-technology handoff
(horizontal handoff) switching in each network and Inter-technology handoff (vertical
handoff) by interworking between two HWNs. OPNET simulation results show that the
superiors of WiMAX performance through this research on the WLAN and UMTS networks.
The performance of WiMAX throughput beats the other networks in much than 30%. Also,
the simulation results show the successful implementation and simulation of the deployment
of WLAN into WiMAX and UMTS network by using multiple network interfaces. In this
work, it found that it is very difficult to successfully complete the vertical handoff between
WLAN-WiMAX and WLAN-UMTS without carefully and accurately engineering the
WLAN network due to highlighting the fundamental different in HWNs.
General Terms: Wireless Networks, OPNET Simulator, Mobility Management and Handoff
Process.
Keywords: Heterogeneous Wireless Network (HWN), WLAN, WiMAX, UMTS, Handoff
Management and OPNET Simulation.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (IJECET)
ISSN 0976 – 6464(Print)
ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online)
Volume 4, Issue 2, March – April, 2013, pp. 477-496
© IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijecet.asp
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IJECET
© I A E M E

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1. INTRODUCTION
Mobile users increased demand for access to mobile communication services is
accelerating the technological development towards the integration into the various modes of
wireless access communications with respect to coverage, QoS assurance, implementation,
operational costs supported features, etc. The integration should take into account the user
mobility from one access point to another. In wireless networks, mobility management
provide mobile users with continuously get the connection when they move among different
subnets based on their service needs. With this heterogeneity, users will be able to choose
radio access technology that offers higher quality, data speed and mobility which is best
suited to the required multimedia applications with the best performance and minimum cost.
It is necessary to ensure that the internet application efficient state is maintained while used
HWNs. This is one of motivation for conducting this work.
In this context, vertical handoff and interworking between heterogeneous wireless
access networks constitute important issues to the networking community. The mobile users
would like to seamlessly and dynamically roam among the different access networks to
maintain the most optimal network connectivity. In this case, choosing the correct time to
initiate a vertical handoff request and select the best network to connect becomes important.
Handoff management is one of the most important features of mobility management and the
Mobile user must be able to seamlessly handoff to the approximately best connection among
all available candidates based on some metrics that ensure no interruption will happen to any
ongoing connection. Hence, satisfying these requirements under the varied networks and
services refers to why handoff has gained importance and will probably continue to be a
major interest area of interest as newer technologies and services continue to proliferate the
wireless networking market [1][2]. Another work motivation behind the mobility and handoff
management is the need for a way to integrate and couple these heterogeneous networks,
such as coupling WLAN and any cellular networks.
Many researchers wrote on the scope of heterogeneous networks, seamless mobility
and vertical handoff some of them wrote on the role of it to improve the network performance
and others wrote on the field of optimizing its works. Mark Stemm in [3] has explored
methods which enable seamless mobility in wireless LAN networks with using 802.11
networks configured to work like a single umbrella network. Zahran [4][5] studied the
performance of vertical handoff using the integration of heterogeneous networks in 3G
cellular and wireless local area networks with MIP supported using loosely-coupled
architectures. The dissertation in [6] proposed virtual wireless services to evaluate the HWN;
the architecture of this solution based on client/server design. OPNET modular 14.5 was used
to build a test of HWN.
In this paper, three types of HWNs; WLAN, WiMAX and UMTS were implemented
and tested with different selected applications executed on the mobile node. So that three
different projects have different types of networks will implement and simulate using OPNET
14.5 modeler simulation. Then we will evaluate the performance of these heterogeneous
networks with many applications such as FTP, VoIP and video conference applications. The
work of this paper will discuss also the handoff implementation and evaluation for HWN in
addition to the integration, interworking and deployment in HWN between WLAN-WiMAX
and WLAN-UMTS. It is necessary to ensure that the internet application efficient state is
maintained while used HWNs. This is one of motivation for conducting this work.

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2. HANDOFF MANAGEMENT IN HWNS
General vision of 4G wireless networks are essentially the future of HWN. A HWN is
made up of multiple wireless access technologies. Each of these technologies has its own
characteristics with respect to coverage, QoS assurance, implementation, operational costs,
supported, features, etc. [7]. Presently, heterogeneous environments are expanding and
mobile devices often have built in support for multiple network interfaces. Seamless roaming
or mobility is crucial to ubiquitous computing and requires network management operations
to avoid service degradation. Both location management and handoff management constitute
mobility management. Location management involves two processes. The first process is
called location registration, or location update, in which the mobile terminal periodically
informs the network of its current location, which leads the network mobility and mobility
support procedures for wireless networks. Handoff management includes wireless terminal
handoff management considerations within one network called horizontal handoff and
handoff management across different wireless networks which could be based on different
wireless access technologies termed vertical handoff [8].
The handoff process is divided into three phases [9]: Network Discovery, Handoff
Decision and Handoff Implementation as shown in Figure 1. Periodically the system
monitors for a better network which the mobile terminal can be handed off. The handoff
considerations include several different criteria depending on the algorithms and the goals set
for handoff.
Figure 1: Handoff Phases
During the system discovery phase, the mobile terminal determines which networks
can be used. These networks may also advertise the supported data rates and Quality of
Service (QoS) parameters [10]. The handoff decision uses an algorithm that optimizes based
on a selected set of criteria to decide when to handoff. The decision is very crucial and
several different interesting solutions were proposed to address the problem [11]. In decision
phase, the mobile terminal determines whether the connections should continue using the
current network or be switched to another network. The decision may depend on various
parameters or metrics including the type of the application (e.g., conversational, streaming),
minimum bandwidth and delay required by the application, access cost, transmit power and
the user’s preferences. During the execution phase, the connections in the mobile terminal are
re-routed from the existing network to the new network in a seamless manner. This phase
also includes the authentication, authorization, and transfer of a user’s context information
[12]. Thus vertical handoffs are implemented across heterogeneous cells of access systems,
which are differ in several aspects such as bandwidth, data rate, frequency of operation, and
better QoS etc [13].
3. IMPLEMENTATION AND SIMULATION OF HWN
Three types of heterogeneous wireless technology WLAN, WiMAX and UMTS were
implemented and simulated with different selected applications executed on the mobile node
Heavy FTP, Heavy Video Conference and VoIP with PCM quality. The mobility used for this
project simulation speed is 10km/h with different location nodes at specified vector trajectory
Network
Discovery
Handoff
Decision
Execution

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and simulation time was about 15 minutes. Selected performance of applications such as
VoIP, Video Conference and FTP and also the metrics such as average delay, throughput, and
received traffic were calculated and discussed.
3.1 WLAN Performance Evaluation
In this case study, the performance of WLAN network evaluation with using different
types of application. WLAN model based on IEEE802.11x standards is described in OPNET
modulator. This model includes various node models: wireless workstation, wireless server,
and wireless router or access point AP.
The objective of this case is to test the application performance and analyze the work
of Wi-Fi networks. Figure 2 displays the network topology of this case. In this case we used
three different applications; FTP, Video Conferencing and Voice over IP. We proposed that
a network model consists of one Access Point with six clients; each two clients have the same
application with the coverage of approximately 100 meters in a 1000 by 1000 meters of area.
IP cloud is used in this project, so the packets arriving on this cloud interface will be routed
to the output interface based on the destination IP address. The Routing Information Protocol
(RIP) or the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol may be used to automatically and
dynamically create the cloud's routing tables and select routes in an adaptive manner.
Figure 2: Wi-Fi Network Scheme Implementation
There are two versions of the wireless workstation node model, the simple and the
advanced models. The simple has only physical and multiple access control MAC layer but
the advanced model provides all the higher layers protocols.
The proposed model is measured for its performance by running data, voice and video traffic;
hence the average delay, throughput, load, and received traffic are the performance metrics
used in this work.
Table 1 displays the system parameters at the simulation setup used in the first case
study. A vector-based trajectory consists of a direction and a velocity that can be changed at
run time. We can specify that a site will use a vector-based trajectory by setting the site's
trajectory attribute to VECTOR. However, in OPNET Modeler the path of a site can change
during simulation if the bearing of the site is changed. In this case, the current
latitude/longitude coordinates of the site become the new origin and a new "great circle"
route is recomputed based on the new bearing and origin. The simulation time in all cases of
this project is taken to be 15 minutes.

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Table 1: WLAN Simulation Environment Parameters
System Parameters
Simulation time 15minutes
Data rate 54Mbps
Communication Range 100m
Physical characteristic Extended rate 802.11g
MAC Type 802.11 DCF
Transmit power (w) 0.005
Reception power threshold -95dBm
AP Bacon interval 0.02sec
Propagation model Free space
Trajectory Vector Based
3.2 WiMAX Performance Evaluation
The WiMAX model suite includes a discrete event simulation model that let us
analyze a network performance in wireless metropolitan area networks. The WiMAX model
suite includes the features of the IEEE 802.16e standard with two types: simple and advance
node model. WiMAX-capable nodes are included in the WiMAX object palette which
includes routers, base stations, workstations, etc.
To understand the fundamental work and the performance analysis of WiMAX network
technology, we proposed a scheme of the network topology of this case study as shown in
Figure 3. WiMAX configuration and profile Configuration provide to define and attribute all
the applications that are used by the MN in this network case study. Three different
applications are used: FTP, Video Conferencing and Voice over IP. The proposed WiMAX
network model consists of seven Base Stations and seven cells; each cell has four mobile
nodes to serve all applications types. A vector-based trajectory is also used in this scenario.
The coverage of one cell is approximately 4km by 4km of area.
Figure 3: WiMAX Network Scheme Implementation
First we will use the same metrics used in the WLAN case study. Table 4.2 displays the
system parameters at the simulation setup in the second case study.

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Table 2: WiMAX Simulation Environment Parameters
System Parameters
Data rate 11Mbps
Basic rate 1Mbps
Antenna Gain 15 dBi
PHY profile Wireless OFDMA 20MHz
PHY profile type OFDM
Max. Transmit power (w) 0.5
Path loss Vehicular
BS MAC address Distance based
Trajectory Vector Based
3.3 UMTS Performance Evaluation
The objective of this scenario studies the performance of UMTS network using the
same set of application and the same performance metrics used in previous cases. Many node
models as part of the UMTS specialized model library are grouped in the UMTS and
UMTS_advanced object palettes in OPNET modulator such as routers, repeaters, stations,
RNC, etc,. In our simulation, the UMTS advanced node models were used.
One of the specialized models used in OPNET simulation is the UMTS model based on the
3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) specifications. The architecture of this model can
be found in simple and advance nodes. The MN model offers functionality related to terminal
equipment and mobile termination, responsible for terminating the radio link. The UTRAN
part consists of models for Node B and RNC.
During this case study, a simulation scenario was built and run in order to obtain the
desired results to achieve the objective. Figure 4 displays the network topology of this case;
the same sets of applications are used, so we used the same metrics used in the previous case
(throughput, delay, and traffic received). The proposed topology of UMTS network model
consists of Node_B, RNC, MN, and SGSN/GGSN nodes. The coverage of one cell is
approximately 5km by 5km of area.
Figure 4: UMTS Network Scheme Implementation
The following simulation parameters were used to obtain the results as shown in
Table 3. The path loss can be calculate by taking the difference between the transmitted
signal strength in the uplink direction at the mobile station and the received signal
strength at Node B.

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Table 3: UMTS Simulation Environment Parameters
System Parameters
Coverage area 5km *5km
UMTS MN cell state Cell_DCH
UMTS RLC process time 0.015
CPICH transmission Power 1W
Shadow fading Standard
deviation
10
Processing time 0.02sec
Path loss Outdoor to indoor and
pedestrian environment
UMTS GMM Timer 15/30/10
3.4 Performance Analysis of Different HWN Technologies
Three types of heterogeneous wireless technology WLAN, WiMAX and UMTS were
implemented and tested with different selected applications executed on the mobile node
Heavy FTP, Heavy Video Conference and VoIP with PCM quality.
Table 4: The General Statistic Information of Video Conference. Traffic Sent
WiMAX Statistic Inf. kb/s Wi-Fi Statistic Inf. kb/s UMTS Statistic Inf. kb/s
horizontal, min : 0
max : 900
vertical, min : 0.0
max : 91,4
initial value : 0.0
final value : 91,3
expected value : 79,988
sample mean : 79,988
variance : 886,482
standard deviation : 29,77
horizontal, min : 0
max : 900
vertical, min : 0.0
max : 15,206
initial value : 0.0
final value : 15,2
variance :24,529
horizontal, min : 0
max : 900
vertical, min : 0.0
max : 15,262
initial value : 0.0
final value : 15,26
variance :
Figure 5: Video Conference Sent and Received Traffics

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The mobility used for this project simulation speed is 10km/h with different location
nodes at specified vector trajectory defined in chapter four and simulation time was about 15
minutes. Selected performance of applications such as VoIP, Video Conference and FTP and
also the metrics such as average delay, throughput, and received traffic were calculated and
discussed.
Figure 5 shows the video conference traffic sent and received for all HWN (Wi-Fi,
WiMAX and UMTS). Table 4 describes some of the general statistic information for this
performance. As a result, we can show WiMAX traffic sending was the best in about 60%,
but all were equal in response at received traffics.
On the other hand, Figure 6 and Table 5 show and describe the send traffics of VoIP
in this project; they show that the performance of WiMAX throughput beats the other
networks in sent and received traffics in about (30-100)%.
The response of the third application is FTP throughput as shown in Figure 7. Table 6
describes the statistic information for FTP traffic sent. We can conclude from them that the
superiors of WiMAX performance through this project are in the Wi-Fi and UMTS networks.
Figures (8-10) show the global delays and throughput in each network. The maximum delay
and minimum throughput are shown in UMTS network. On the other hand, the minimum
delay and the maximum throughput are shown in WiMAX networks.
Table 5: The General Statistic Information of VoIP. Traffic Sent
horizontal, min : 0
max : 900
vertical, min : 0.0
max : 31,564
initial value : 0.0
final value : 25,226
variance : 78,521
horizontal, min : 0
max : 900
vertical, min : 0.0
max :
initial value : 0.0
variance :
horizontal, min : 0
max : 900
vertical, min : 0.0
max : 11,57
initial value : 0.0
final value : 7,928
sample mean : 7,591
variance :
Figure 6: VoIP Sent and Received Traffics

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Figure 8: Throughput and Delay in WiMAX and Wi-Fi
Table 6: The General Statistic Information of FTP. Traffic Sent
horizontal, min : 0
max : 900
vertical, min : 0.0
max : 556,124
initial value : 0.0
variance : 21,939.000
horizontal, min : 0
max : 900
vertical, min : 0.0
max :
initial value : 0.0
variance :
horizontal, min : 0
max : 900
vertical, min : 0.0
max : 5,612
initial value : 0.0
final value :
expected value : 224.49 b/s
sample mean : 224.49 b/s
variance :
Figure 7: FTP Sent and Received Traffics

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Figure 9: Throughputs and Delays in UMTS Network
Figure 10: Overall Delay in the Three Networks
4. HANDOFF IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION OF HWN
This section includes three different case studies to implement and evaluate Handoff
(HO) through WLAN, WiMAX and UMTS networks.
4.1 Handoff in WLAN
In this case study, we used three access point and forty-two Mobile Nodes (MNs)
with Wi-Fi connection were distributed over seven cells with the help of internet protocol.
The mobile nodes moves randomly by trajectory vector known previously between seven
wireless APs. These APs offer the service of WLAN_802.11g with data rate 54Mbps
including roaming features between these APs. The objective of this scenario is to provide
the performance of achieving HO during the moving of MN among cells when the speed of
MN is about 10km/h at simulation time is one hour.
The same set of metrics was used in this project too to set all nodes in the simulation. Figure
11 shows the details of the proposed HO_ WLAN topology.

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Figure 11: HO_WLAN Network Scheme Implementation
4.2 Handoff in WiMAX
This case studied the performance evolution of WiMAX technology when MN moves
between BSs coverage area and HO occurred. The objective of this study is to explore how
the performance is affected during handoff occurrence with multiple BSs which support
WiMAX IEEE802.16e. So the same predefined set of metrics was used. The simulation time
in this case study is taken to be 15 minutes.
The Figure 12 shows the proposed WiMAX topology architecture. WiMAX setup included
seven BSs. The MN or MS moves in a selected trajectory so that it roams near the coverage
areas by these BSs alternately. The BSs were symmetrical and they were different only in
MAC address. The efficiency mode on WiMAX configuration attributed in mobility and
ranging ability, so MS was also set to support the WiMAX BSs services. IP cloud was used
in this case to support the mobility of MN among BSs. Figure 12 shows the proposed real
location applied in a selected region for BSs and for the MS trajectory moving around these
BSs.
Figure 12: HO_WiMAX Network Scheme Implementation

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4.3 Handoff in UMTS
Figure 13 shows the UMTS platform setup which includes six BSs or node_B
connected directly to RNC node to be UTRAN based. Three MN A, B and C, A node
followed specified trajectoryto roam through the coverage areas by six BSs alternately. The
BSs were symmetrical and they were only different in MAC address. The MS also attributed
to support the UMTS BSs services. RNC conected directly to Corresponding node which
represented SGSN node. The conversation and interactive traffic class were attributed in all
mobile nodes. Ordinary to the achieved handoff in this case the UMTS UE cell (such as A
node) state must set in cell_DCH. Figure 13 shows the proposed real location applied in
selected region for BSs and the trajectory moving around these BSs. The simulation time in
this case was about 10minutes.
Figure 13: HO_UMTS Network Scheme Implementation
4.4 Performance analysis of Handoff Implementation in HWN
The results and discussions included three cases studies: the evaluation of HO in
WLAN, HO in WiMAX and HO in UMTS.
According to the simulation and implementation in section 4.1, the throughput and
delay for case study one is shown in Figure 14 with specified vector trajectory and simulation
time 60 minutes. It is clear that the maximum value of throughput is about 30,484kb/s at
about 1800 second and the minimum value is 2.1kb/s at about 1950sec.
Figure 14: Throughput and Delay of Case Study 1-WLAN
Figure 15 illustrates the WLAN AP connectivity for several selected mobile nodes
during different locations and HO occurs in about one hour.

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Figure 15: AP Connectivity for Selected Nodes
Throughput and delay for all AP from one to seven are described in Figure 16. It can
be noted that max value is 20,647Kb/s and max mean value is 5,632Kb/s at AP1 because the
location of AP1 is in the center of coverage area. Also it can be noted that the max delay at
AP2 is about 4.12ms between 200-400 s; that occurs because the nodes mobility is out of the
AP2 coverage at these times as shown in Figure 17.
Figure 16: Access Points Throughput and Delay
Figure 17: Two Dimension Animation Viewer of WLAN Subnet

490
According to the simulation and implementation of WiMAX in section 4.2, the
throughput, delay, HO delay, advertisement received and the mobility serving ID for this case
study are shown in Figure 18. The same selected vector trajectory in the previous case study
was used with a simulation time of about 15 minutes. From the Figure 18, we can note the
max throughput is 397p/s at about 520s and the min throughput is 35p/s at 490s due to MN
moving far of the coverage area of BS5 and BS6.
Figure 18: Throughputs, Delay, HO delay, Advertisement Received and Mobility
Serving ID
From Figure 19, we can see the throughput of all used BSs in the topology. The MN
was connected to BS0 at the start and moved through BSs, and then at the end of the
specified trajectory, it was back to BS0.
Figure 19: The BSs Throughput in WiMAX Subnet
In the third case study, UMTS HO implemented and simulated results can be shown
in Figure 20. Three active sets were used in simulation due to using three mobile nodes; the
statistic reports the number of the cells in the active set of the surrounding MN, which varies
during handoffs. Initially each MN is attached only to a single Node-B. Therefore, the
statistic starts with an initial value of 1. Then, throughout the simulation, whenever an

491
addition or removal takes place to/from the Active Set, the new count of the cells after this
operation is recorded.
Figure 20: UMTS HO Results
The total traffic received throughput, end to end delay per QoS and the uplink
throughput of each BSs in UMTS subnet are shown in Figure 21. It can be noted that
throughput decreases after 355 second with max throughput value of 5.6Kb/s at BS0 due to
the MN stopping near the coverage area of BS5.
Figure 21: Throughput, End to End Delay and Uplink Throughput in BSs
5. INTEGRATION, INTERWORKING AND DEPLOYMENT IN HWN
The approach of this will consist from of two directions. The first direction includes
how to integration the Wi-Fi network into WiMAX network in order to work as a one
network. The second direction includes the interworking Wi-Fi network into UMTS network
to work as a one network.

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5.1 Integration of Wi-Fi / WiMAX Network
The objective of this case study is to implement and evaluate the Wi-Fi/WiMAX
integration networks. This case study contains two different wireless service in coverage, bit
rate, operating frequency…etc.; hence, each network has to modify its protocols, interfaces
and services in order to support the interworking requirements [14][15]. To achieve this,
the BS of WiMAX and AP of Wi-Fi were enhanced and new interface were added in these
nodes. The application configuration, application profile and WiMAX configuration were
sets to support the one selected application HTTP as shown in Figure 22.
Figure 22: Implementation of Wi-Fi/WiMax Integration
5.2 Integration WLAN into UMTS Network
The purpose of this case study is to implement, simulate and test a network system
environment to allow investigators to study and verify the trade-offs for interworking the
infrastructure-based wireless LAN (WLAN) technologies into cellular systems, specifically
UMTS. In this case study, we focused on the interworking of WLAN to provide data
services; therefore, the circuit switched domain was not required. The tight coupling
approach was used in this case. Hence, The WLAN-UMTS system was tightly coupled at the
RNC using the WLAN technology as an alternate radio access technology for “hot spots”.
This case was achieved in a simulation containing the Enhanced WLAN Access Point
(termed WLAN_UMTS_AP), the Enhanced User Equipment (termed UW_1), and Enhanced
the Core Node (SGSN/GGSN). The enhanced node models in [16] was used and
implemented and then evaluated in our proposed system.
The application traffic models used in this case generating traffic based on standard
applications such as HTTP and E-mail applications with a simulation time of 15minutes.
Figure 23 shows the proposed WLAN_UMTS interworking topology implementation in
OPNET simulator.

493
Figure 23: Implementation of WLAN/UMTS Integration
The GMM protocol must be implemented in this case. The GMM protocol, which
logically operates between the MN and the SGSN, provides the authentication and the basic
signaling mechanisms for controlling mobility management into the UMTS domain[17]. The
authentication center (AuC) and visitor location register (VLR) operations were impeded
SGSN/GGSN enhanced node.
5.3 Performance Analysis of the Integrated Networks
Two case studies are evaluated in this section. The first section includes results and
discussion of WiFi/WiMAX integrated networks and the second section includes the results
and discussion of interworking WiFi network into UMTS network.
Figure 24 illustrates the throughput and delay in WLAN/WiMAX deployment for a
simulation time of 24 minutes. The max value is 1.75Mb/s at 17minutes and the min value is
about 106.6Mb/s at 3minutes. We can note that the delay in WiMAX network is10 times
greater than the delay in Wi-Fi. This figure represented the trade-offs for interworking of the
infrastructure-based Wireless LAN (WLAN) technologies into WiMAX technology.
Figure 24: WiMAX/WiFi Throughput and Delay
It can be shown in Figure 25, the HTTP traffic received and sent throughput, according to the
static information concluded, the maximum and minimum values of throughput are (15.6,
4.8)Kb/s at (9, 21) minutes respectively.

494
Figure 25: The HTTP Traffic Received and Sent Throughput
It is clearly shown that the BSS0 and BSS1 was equal load. The load mean value according to
the static information is about 630b/s due to the same numbers and the same types of MN as
shown in Figure 26.
Figure 26: WLAN Network Load
In the second part of case study two analyses, Figure 27 illustrates the delay and throughput
of WLAN, it can be note that the max value of throughput is 12801b/s and the max delay
value is at 65ms.
Figure 27: WLAN Delay and Throughput
Figure 28 represents the response of the selected applications HTTP and E-mail over
the integration between the two networks. It can be shown the HTTP traffic sent and received
throughput is 10 times greater than the E-mail application due to servings.

495
Figure 28: HTTP and Email Application
Figure 29 shows the UMTS GMM delay in several cases. It is very clear that the
delay in WLAN is less than that in UMTS.
Figure 29: UMTS GMM Delay
6. CONCLUSIONS
In this study, we present a performance analysis of various types of wireless networks
with many applications and many types of handoff using OPNET simulator. The OPNET
simulation results show that the superiors of WiMAX performance compared with WLAN
and UMTS, WiMAX ranked first in maximum throughput followed by WLAN, but in
minimum delay WLAN ranked the first and then followed by WiMAX. Also, the simulation
results show the successful implementation and simulation of the deployment of WLAN into
WiMAX and UMTS network by using multiple network interfaces. It found that it is very
difficult to successfully complete the vertical handoff between WLAN-WiMAX and WLAN-
UMTS without carefully and accurately engineering the WLAN network due to highlighting
the fundamental different in HWNs.
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