A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics Systems (CHI 2010 Talk)

1. A Stage-Based Model  of Personal Informatics Systems Ian Li Anind Dey Jodi Forlizzi HCII, Carnegie Mellon University Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010

2. Gnothi seauton. Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 2

3. Know thyself. Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 3

4. Self-knowledge is valuable. Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 4

5. A way to get self-knowledge Collect information about yourself,   e.g., oneʼs behaviors, habits, and thoughts. Reﬂect on the information about yourself. Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 5

6. Personal Informatics A class of systems that help people   collect and reﬂect on their behavior   to gain self-knowledge Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 6

7. Physical Activity Finance Electricity Diabetes Health Mood http://personalinformatics.org/tools Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 7

8. Alice •  20 years old •  Family history of heart disease •  Wants to be more active, but doesnʼt know how because sheʼs busy Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 8

9. 1. Alice prepares. Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 9

10. 2. Alice collects data. Mon 1573 Tue 4392 Wed 4537 Thu 5842 Fri 10258 Sat 7528 Sun 1368 Mon 1497 Tue 1837 Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 10

11. 3. Alice transcribes data. Transcribe to Excel M T W Th F Sa Su M T Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 11

12. 4. Alice reﬂects on the data. Active Inactive Inactive M T W Th F Sa Su M T Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 12

13. 5. Alice takes action. Walk in the park instead of watching TV M T W Th F Sa Su M T Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 13

14. Model of Personal Informatics PREPARATION COLLECTION INTEGRATION REFLECTION ACTION Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 14

15. Model of Personal Informatics PREPARATION COLLECTION INTEGRATION REFLECTION ACTION 1.  Barriers cascade. 2.  Stages are iterative. Design  3.  User- vs. System-driven Guidelines 4.  Facets Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 15

16. Introduction Personal Informatics Surveys and Interviews The Stages Properties of the Stages Case Studies Conclusion Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 16

18. Personal Informatics Self-tracking Personal analytics Living by numbers Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 18

19. PREPARATION COLLECTION INTEGRATION REFLECTION ACTION Other research have explored these different stages in isolation: •  Collection •  MyLifeBits (Gemmell et al. 2006) •  SenseCam (Hodges et al. 2006) •  Reﬂection •  Casual InfoVis (Pousman et al. 2007) Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 19

20. PREPARATION COLLECTION INTEGRATION REFLECTION ACTION Other projects have combined collection and reﬂection on personal information •  Physical Activity: FishʼnʼSteps (Lin ʼ06), Shakra (Maitland ʼ06), UbiFit (Consolvo ʻ08) •  Sustainability: StepGreen (Mankoff ʼ08), UbiGreen (Froehlich ʼ09) •  Many systems for ﬁnance, health, physical activity, productivity, etc. Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 20

21. Why a model   of Personal Informatics? A growing ﬁeld with many HCI challenges •  Tools are used over a long period of time. •  User is involved throughout the process. No comprehensive list of problems Developers need a guide for development   and assessment of these tools Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 21

23. Survey What personal informatics tools they use What problems they encountered Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 23

24. Survey Questions •  How difﬁcult is it to collect this personal information? •  What was your initial motivation to reﬂect on this collected personal information? •  What patterns have you found? Transcript of the survey is at: http://personalinformatics.org/lab/survey Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 24

25. Participants Advertised the survey in blogs about personal informatics. 68 users of personal informatics tools 11 participated in follow-up interviews over instant messenger Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 25

26. Types of Information Automatically collected •  Financial institutions (banks, credit cards) •  Utility companies (electricity, heating) •  Computers (email and browsing history) Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 26

27. Types of Information Manually collected •  Fewer participants, but greater variety Calendar events, status updates, work activities, blog posts, weight, exercise, browser bookmarks, time at work, mood, journal, sleeping habits, food consumption, productivity, health, medication intake, symptoms, miles ran, sports activities, blood pressure, blood sugar level, dream journal, step counts, relationship status, books read, transportation Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 27

28. Reasons Interested in personal data •  “data nerd” •  “a student of information visualization” •  “this data is about ME (her emphasis).” Trigger events (e.g., problems with physical activity, nutrition, weight, etc.) Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 28

29. Analysis Identified barriers that people experienced. Affinity diagrams to identify themes Derived a model composed of: •  5 stages •  4 properties http://www.flickr.com/photos/ludens/3185982588/ Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 29

30. Introduction Personal Informatics Systems Surveys and Interviews The Stages Properties of the Stages Case Studies Conclusion Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 30

31. PREPARATION COLLECTION INTEGRATION REFLECTION ACTION Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 31

32. PREPARATION COLLECTION INTEGRATION REFLECTION ACTION Preparation The stage before people start collecting information. •  What information to record •  How to record the information Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 32

33. PREPARATION COLLECTION INTEGRATION REFLECTION ACTION Preparation Barriers •  Choosing the right information to collect •  Finding the right tool to use Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 33

34. PREPARATION COLLECTION INTEGRATION REFLECTION ACTION Collection The stage when people collect information about themselves (e.g., inner thoughts, behavior, social interactions, and their immediate environment). Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 34

35. PREPARATION COLLECTION INTEGRATION REFLECTION ACTION Collection Barriers •  Using the tool •  Remembering •  Lack of time •  Motivation •  Finding data •  Accuracy Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 35

36. PREPARATION COLLECTION INTEGRATION REFLECTION ACTION Collection Barriers •  Using the tool One problem is:  •  Remembering “Keeping up the •  Lack of time motivation to do so; •  Motivation like ﬁnding payback for the investment of •  Finding data time and effort.” •  Accuracy Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 36

37. PREPARATION COLLECTION INTEGRATION REFLECTION ACTION Integration The stage when the information from the Collection stage is prepared, combined, and transformed for the user to reﬂect on. Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 37

38. PREPARATION COLLECTION INTEGRATION REFLECTION ACTION Integration Barriers •  Organization •  Scattered visualizations •  Transcribing data •  Multiple inputs Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 38

39. PREPARATION COLLECTION INTEGRATION REFLECTION ACTION Integration Barriers “Itʼd be neat if I could •  Organization graph [the data] •  Scattered straight from the web site instead of visualizations manually typing in the •  Transcribing data data to a •  Multiple inputs spreadsheet.” Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 39

40. PREPARATION COLLECTION INTEGRATION REFLECTION ACTION Reflection The stage when people reflect on their personal information. •  Users may reflect immediately (short-term) •  Or after several days or weeks (long-term) Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 40

41. PREPARATION COLLECTION INTEGRATION REFLECTION ACTION Reﬂection Barriers •  Lack of time •  Self-criticism •  Visualization •  Interpretation •  Sparse data •  No context Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 41

42. PREPARATION COLLECTION INTEGRATION REFLECTION ACTION Reﬂection Barriers “Itʼs hard to get a •  Lack of time holistic view of the •  Self-criticism data since the time ﬁlters are at most one •  Visualization month and Iʼd like to •  Interpretation look at several •  Sparse data months at once.” •  No context Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 42

43. PREPARATION COLLECTION INTEGRATION REFLECTION ACTION Action The stage when people choose what they are going to do with their new-found understanding of themselves. Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 43

44. PREPARATION COLLECTION INTEGRATION REFLECTION ACTION Action Barriers •  Not knowing what to do with the information •  Alerts •  Incentives •  Suggestions Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 44

46. PREPARATION COLLECTION INTEGRATION REFLECTION ACTION 1. Barriers cascade 2. Stages are iterative Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 46

47. 1. Barriers Cascade Problems in the earlier stages can affect the later stages. Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 47

48. 1. Barriers Cascade. M T W Th F Sa Su M T Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 48

49. 1. Barriers Cascade. M T W Th F Sa Su M T Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 49

50. 1. Barriers Cascade P44 lacked time and motivation during Collection stage. About Reﬂection stage, he said: “I wish I could report successes on this front, but my lack of regular collection has made this difﬁcult.” Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 50

51. 1. Barriers Cascade Design Guideline Consider all the stages when designing PI systems. PREPARATION COLLECTION INTEGRATION REFLECTION ACTION Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 51

52. 2. Stages are Iterative Users may need to incorporate   new types of data, tools, and processes   as they progress through the stages. Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 52

53. 2. Stages are Iterative M T W Th F Sa Su M T Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 53

54. 2. Stages are Iterative M T W Th F Sa Su M T Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 54

55. 2. Stages are iterative. P48 switched between Google spreadsheets, Daytum, and your.ﬂowingdata to collect restaurants visited. But the tools did not allow importing data. Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 55

56. 2. Stages are Iterative. Design Guideline Flexibility is important. •  Support easy importing and exporting of data. Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 56

57. PREPARATION COLLECTION INTEGRATION REFLECTION ACTION 1. Barriers cascade. 2. Stages are iterative. 3. User- or system-driven 4. Facets Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 57

58. 3. User- vs. System-driven User-driven System-driven Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 58

59. 3. User- vs. System-driven Mon 1573 Tue 4392 Wed 4537 Thu 5842 Fri 10258 Sat 7528 Sun 1368 Mon 1497 Tue 1837 User-driven System-driven Collection Integration Reﬂection Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 59

60. 3. User- vs. System-driven User-driven System-driven Collection Integration Reﬂection Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 60

61. 3. User- vs. System-driven Design Guideline Consider the tradeoffs between user-driven and system-driven stages. Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 61

62. 4. Facets Peopleʼs lives are composed of many facets. •  Home life vs. work life •  Daily interactions with other people •  Health •  Finance Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 62

63. 4. Facets Users expressed desire to see associations between different facets of their lives. •  “To understand trends in symptoms, behaviors, and circumstances.” P26 •  “If it were easily collected, information on food intake, calories, fat, etc., would make an interesting starting point for analysis.” P49 who tracks medication intake Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 63

64. 4. Facets Most personal informatics are uni-faceted. Some personal informatics systems have multi-faceted collection, but only support uni-faceted reﬂection. Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 64

65. 4. Facets Location Activity People Ofﬁce Shopping Family Active Inactive Inactive M T W Th F Sa Su M T Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 65

66. 4. Facets Design Guideline Supporting multiple facets may help users ﬁnd associations between facets of their lives. → Explore support for multiple facets. Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 66

67. Model of Personal Informatics 5 Stages 4 Properties •  Design guidelines Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 67

69. Case Studies 1.  Twitter-based systems 2.  Mint (http://mint.com) 3.  IMPACT Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 69

70. IMPACT Different from most personal informatics systems for physical activity: •  Collects physical activity information   and context (e.g., type of activity, location, people) •  Visualizations to help users become aware  of factors in their lives that affect their physical activity. Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 70

71. Two prototypes – Two studies IMPACT 1.0 IMPACT 2.0 Manual collection Semi-automated collection Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 71

72. Collection vs. Reflection Short-term Long-term Reflection Reflection IMPACT 1.0 Manual GOOD NOT GOOD Collection IMPACT 2.0 Automated NOT GOOD GOOD Collection Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 72

73. The model and IMPACT The model helped analyze the different aspects of IMPACT. IMPACT highlights the necessity to consider the interactions between the different stages  (e.g., Collection vs. Reﬂection) IMPACT shows value of multi-faceted support Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 73

75. Contribution: Barriers and Model Identiﬁed a list of problems •  Highlights the many HCI challenges of building effective personal informatics tools Deﬁned a model of personal informatics •  Common framework for describing, comparing, and evaluating such systems Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 75

76. Contribution: Design Guidelines Described 4 properties with implications for design of personal informatics systems 1.  Consider the design of all the stages. 2.  Flexibility between tools is important. 3.  Balance automation and user control. 4.  Explore support for ﬁnding relationships between facets of oneʼs life. Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 76

77. Thank you! http://personalinformatics.org/ http://personalinformatics.org/lab/model Ian Li ianli@cmu.edu Anind Dey anind@cs.cmu.edu Jodi Forlizzi forlizzi@cs.cmu.edu Funded by Ian Li, Anind Dey, Jodi Forlizzi A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics CHI 2010 77