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What about executive functions in CHC theory?
New research for discussion
Kevin S. McGrew, PhD
Institute for Applied Psychometrics
& University of Minnesota
© Institute for Applied Psychometrics, Dr. Kevin S. McGrew, 092116
(These are a small subset of slides that were part of a larger presentation made at the 2016 Australian
Psychological Society (APS) annual congress in Melbourne, Australia. Time did not allow for detailed
coverage of these slides—they are presented here “as is” for those who would like to view them)
Dr. Kevin McGrew, coauthor of the WJ IV, is
responsible for the content of this PPT module.
The information, hypotheses, and opinions expressed
in this PPT module do not necessarily represent the
opinions of the other WJ IV authors or HMH (the
publisher of the WJ IV)
© Institute for Applied Psychometrics; Kevin McGrew 05-04-16
http://tinyurl.com/z4swhlj
The next slide provides a framework for “connecting the dots” in intelligence
theory and testing-related research. A six-minute narrated animated video
explanation of this framework can be found at the link below. This framework is
important for understanding the last slide included in this module
© Institute for Applied Psychometrics, Dr. Kevin S. McGrew, 092116
Intelligence Testing
Related Research:
Levels of theoretical
reductionism and
explanation
White matter tract
organization, integrity
& efficiency
-rate of neural oscillations
-neural synchronization
-Reaction-time and temporal g
-ERP’s (e.g., ABR)
PMA1
T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9T1 T12T10 T11
PMA2 PMA3 PMA4 …etc
…etc
G1 G2 G3
…etc
g ?
(Consensus Cattell-Horn-Carroll Hierarchical Three-Stratum Model)
-Human Connectome
-Functional brain networks
(Bressler & Menon, 2010)
-“Rich club” network hubs
-P-FIT model
(Adapted from conceptual distinctions
of Earl Hunt, 2011)
© Institute for Applied Psychometrics, Dr. Kevin S. McGrew, 012314
What about executive functions and the CHC model?
A number of recent research
papers suggest interesting
hypotheses regarding the
nature of executive functions,
how they fit (or do not fit) in
the CHC taxonomy of human
cognitive abilities, and how they
may relate to the construct of
general intelligence (g). The
viewer is urged to read the
papers mentioned in this brief
module.
© Institute for Applied Psychometrics, Dr. Kevin S. McGrew, 092116
CHC-based CFA of 9
major data sets with
multiple different
cognitive and
neuropsychological
test indicators
What about executive functions and CHC theory:  New research for discussion
What about executive functions and CHC theory:  New research for discussion
What about executive functions and CHC theory:  New research for discussion
What about executive functions and CHC theory:  New research for discussion
© Institute for Applied Psychometrics, Dr. Kevin S. McGrew, 092116
What about executive functions and CHC theory:  New research for discussion
What about executive functions and CHC theory:  New research for discussion
Notice direction of arrows:
CHC abilities are considered to
be causal reflective variables
while g is considered to be a
formative variable that
“emerges”
“Executive processes act as a bottleneck”
Attention
Motor Power,
Speed & Timing
(Gp,Gps)
(feedback loop)
Central Executive
Working Memory Capacity (WMC)
= Efficiency of Attentional Control
(AC)
Gs=Attentional Fluency
Learning (storage)
efficiency (Glr)
Retrieval fluency
(Glr)
Focus of
Attention
Short-Term Working Memory (Gwm)
Sensory & Perceptual
Systems
Gf = Complexity of Reasoning
within Working Memory
(feedback loop)
Beyond CHC Theory
Adapted from Schneider & McGrew
(2012, 2013)
Visual (Gv)
Auditory (Ga)
Tactile (Gh)
Kinesthetic
(Gk)
Olfactory (Go)
Motor
Control
(Note: e.g.., Gv, Ga, etc. are
not simple visual perceptual or
sensory processing but the
complexity of visual processing
that a person can handle)
Gt = Speed of
Elem.Perc.
Processing
Cognitive Processing Speed (Gs)
Acquired Knowledge Systems (aka, long-term memory)
Etc.
(what)
Etc.
(how)
Etc.
(what)
Etc.
(how)
Motor
Sequences
(what)
Motor
Sequences
(how)
Grw
(what)
Grw
(how)
Gc
(what)
Gc
(how)
Nonverbal
(e.g., motor)
Cognitive
Environmental
Input
Includes both tacit and
explicit knowledge systems;
declarative (what) and procedural
(how) knowledge
Cognitive
performance
Motor
performance
© Institute for Applied
Psychometrics, Dr. Kevin
S. McGrew, 012314
Motor Power,
Speed & Timing
(Gp,Gps)
(feedback loop)
Learning (storage)
efficiency (Glr)
Retrieval fluency
(Glr)
Sensory & Perceptual
Systems
(feedback loop)
Beyond CHC Theory
Adapted from Schneider & McGrew
(2012, 2013)
Visual (Gv)
Auditory (Ga)
Tactile (Gh)
Kinesthetic
(Gk)
Olfactory (Go)
Motor
Control
(Note: e.g.., Gv, Ga, etc. are
not simple visual perceptual or
sensory processing but the
complexity of visual processing
that a person can handle)
Gt = Speed of
Elem.Perc.
Processing
Cognitive Processing Speed (Gs)
Acquired Knowledge Systems (aka, long-term memory)
Etc.
(what)
Etc.
(how)
Etc.
(what)
Etc.
(how)
Motor
Sequences
(what)
Motor
Sequences
(how)
Grw
(what)
Grw
(how)
Gc
(what)
Gc
(how)
Nonverbal
(e.g., motor)
Cognitive
Environmental
Input
Cognitive
performance
Motor
performance
© Institute for Applied
Psychometrics, Dr. Kevin
S. McGrew, 012314
The Parietal-Frontal Integration (P-FIT) Model of Intelligence
The frontal (esp., DLPFC) and
parietal lobes have been
repeatedly linked (via research)
to the cognitive constructs of
controlled attention, working
memory and executive
functions general intelligence
and higher level cognition
What about executive functions and CHC theory:  New research for discussion
T
Focusing
attention
internally
Focusing
attention
externally
Short-term
storage
Response
selection
Working Memory
General
reasoning
Procedural &
Declarative
know.
Frontal Lobe
(DLPFC)
Parietal Lobe
Anterior
cingulate gyrus
The Brain and Working Memory: The Evidence-Based P-FIT Model
Adapted from Hunt
(2011)
What about executive functions and CHC theory:  New research for discussion
What about executive functions and CHC theory:  New research for discussion
Bivariate Cholesky decomposition for additive genetic (A), shared environmental (C), and
nonshared environmental (E) contributions to executive function (EF) and measures of intelligence
Multivariate Cholesky decomposition for additive genetic (A), shared environmental (C), and nonshared
environmental (E) contributions to executive function (EF), measures of intelligence, and speed
What about executive functions and CHC theory:  New research for discussion
What about executive functions and CHC theory:  New research for discussion
What about executive functions and CHC theory:  New research for discussion
R2 = 58.6 % of Gf
variance explained
White matterGtGf
What about executive functions and CHC theory:  New research for discussion
Indicators of g-factor were
WAIS-III Gs tests (Symbol
Search, Digit Symbol), Gsm
tests (Digit Span-Backwards;
Let-Num. Seq),
Gf test (Matrix Reasoning),
and Gv test (Block Design).
Indicators of g-speed were
measures of reaction time
(Gt) – simple reaction time,
four-choice reaction time,
inspection time)
CHC test classifications not by
article authors but by Kevin
McGrew as per CHC theory
Three biomarkers of white matter integrity
•White matter integrity markers strongly correlated.
• Individuals with lower (higher) integrity also tend to have lower (higher) integrity in
all other white matter tracts.
• Results found that g-speed (cognitive information processing speed) factor fully
mediated the effects of the integrity of all three white matter biomarker tracts
(g-speedg of -.81)
• White matter integrity is to a substantial degree a brain-wide property.
• If an otherwise healthy individual shows structural deficits in one track, all other
tracts will likely also be affected to some degree.
• “White matter tracts constitute the neuroanatomical infrastructure for any brain
network model of cognitive performance, and tract integrity can be directly linked to
cognitive information processing speed and via this mediating path to general
intelligence.” (p.4)
These two (and other studies) suggest interesting white matter, Gs/Gt, g/Gf relations
Gt
Gs
Gf
g
Approximately 60%
of variance
explained
Cognitive
performance
(reasoning,
comprehension,
etc)
The temporal resolution (faster
clock speed) of the brain
clock(s) results in greater neural
efficiency of the brain
Neural efficiency
influences brain network
communication efficiency
via white matter tracts,
particularly between the
parietal-frontal regions (P-
FIT neuro-model of
intelligence)
Frontal Lobe
(DLPFC) Parietal Lobe
White matter tracts
(brain network
communication infrastructure)
Network
communication
Knowledge in long-term
memory. Cognitive abilities.
Exec functions
focus
Working memoryImproves focus (attentional control
that maintains goal related
information active in working
memory) which in turn improves
efficiency of working memory, the
most central cognitive ability for new
learning and performance
Note: The origin
of this slide (which has
considerable animation)
was a 2012 keynote
presentation for
Interactive Metronome
(IM) and a MindHub Pub
(#3) that hypothesized
why IM may work. The
model is not IM-specific
and is relevant to the
information presented in
the current set of slides.
Visit
http://tinyurl.com/hwj86
z7 for access to the 2012
IM keynote video and
MindHub Pub
© Institute for Applied Psychometrics, Dr. Kevin S. McGrew, 092116

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What about executive functions and CHC theory: New research for discussion

  • 1. What about executive functions in CHC theory? New research for discussion Kevin S. McGrew, PhD Institute for Applied Psychometrics & University of Minnesota © Institute for Applied Psychometrics, Dr. Kevin S. McGrew, 092116 (These are a small subset of slides that were part of a larger presentation made at the 2016 Australian Psychological Society (APS) annual congress in Melbourne, Australia. Time did not allow for detailed coverage of these slides—they are presented here “as is” for those who would like to view them)
  • 2. Dr. Kevin McGrew, coauthor of the WJ IV, is responsible for the content of this PPT module. The information, hypotheses, and opinions expressed in this PPT module do not necessarily represent the opinions of the other WJ IV authors or HMH (the publisher of the WJ IV) © Institute for Applied Psychometrics; Kevin McGrew 05-04-16
  • 3. http://tinyurl.com/z4swhlj The next slide provides a framework for “connecting the dots” in intelligence theory and testing-related research. A six-minute narrated animated video explanation of this framework can be found at the link below. This framework is important for understanding the last slide included in this module © Institute for Applied Psychometrics, Dr. Kevin S. McGrew, 092116
  • 4. Intelligence Testing Related Research: Levels of theoretical reductionism and explanation White matter tract organization, integrity & efficiency -rate of neural oscillations -neural synchronization -Reaction-time and temporal g -ERP’s (e.g., ABR) PMA1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9T1 T12T10 T11 PMA2 PMA3 PMA4 …etc …etc G1 G2 G3 …etc g ? (Consensus Cattell-Horn-Carroll Hierarchical Three-Stratum Model) -Human Connectome -Functional brain networks (Bressler & Menon, 2010) -“Rich club” network hubs -P-FIT model (Adapted from conceptual distinctions of Earl Hunt, 2011) © Institute for Applied Psychometrics, Dr. Kevin S. McGrew, 012314
  • 5. What about executive functions and the CHC model? A number of recent research papers suggest interesting hypotheses regarding the nature of executive functions, how they fit (or do not fit) in the CHC taxonomy of human cognitive abilities, and how they may relate to the construct of general intelligence (g). The viewer is urged to read the papers mentioned in this brief module. © Institute for Applied Psychometrics, Dr. Kevin S. McGrew, 092116
  • 6. CHC-based CFA of 9 major data sets with multiple different cognitive and neuropsychological test indicators
  • 11. © Institute for Applied Psychometrics, Dr. Kevin S. McGrew, 092116
  • 14. Notice direction of arrows: CHC abilities are considered to be causal reflective variables while g is considered to be a formative variable that “emerges”
  • 15. “Executive processes act as a bottleneck”
  • 16. Attention Motor Power, Speed & Timing (Gp,Gps) (feedback loop) Central Executive Working Memory Capacity (WMC) = Efficiency of Attentional Control (AC) Gs=Attentional Fluency Learning (storage) efficiency (Glr) Retrieval fluency (Glr) Focus of Attention Short-Term Working Memory (Gwm) Sensory & Perceptual Systems Gf = Complexity of Reasoning within Working Memory (feedback loop) Beyond CHC Theory Adapted from Schneider & McGrew (2012, 2013) Visual (Gv) Auditory (Ga) Tactile (Gh) Kinesthetic (Gk) Olfactory (Go) Motor Control (Note: e.g.., Gv, Ga, etc. are not simple visual perceptual or sensory processing but the complexity of visual processing that a person can handle) Gt = Speed of Elem.Perc. Processing Cognitive Processing Speed (Gs) Acquired Knowledge Systems (aka, long-term memory) Etc. (what) Etc. (how) Etc. (what) Etc. (how) Motor Sequences (what) Motor Sequences (how) Grw (what) Grw (how) Gc (what) Gc (how) Nonverbal (e.g., motor) Cognitive Environmental Input Includes both tacit and explicit knowledge systems; declarative (what) and procedural (how) knowledge Cognitive performance Motor performance © Institute for Applied Psychometrics, Dr. Kevin S. McGrew, 012314
  • 17. Motor Power, Speed & Timing (Gp,Gps) (feedback loop) Learning (storage) efficiency (Glr) Retrieval fluency (Glr) Sensory & Perceptual Systems (feedback loop) Beyond CHC Theory Adapted from Schneider & McGrew (2012, 2013) Visual (Gv) Auditory (Ga) Tactile (Gh) Kinesthetic (Gk) Olfactory (Go) Motor Control (Note: e.g.., Gv, Ga, etc. are not simple visual perceptual or sensory processing but the complexity of visual processing that a person can handle) Gt = Speed of Elem.Perc. Processing Cognitive Processing Speed (Gs) Acquired Knowledge Systems (aka, long-term memory) Etc. (what) Etc. (how) Etc. (what) Etc. (how) Motor Sequences (what) Motor Sequences (how) Grw (what) Grw (how) Gc (what) Gc (how) Nonverbal (e.g., motor) Cognitive Environmental Input Cognitive performance Motor performance © Institute for Applied Psychometrics, Dr. Kevin S. McGrew, 012314
  • 18. The Parietal-Frontal Integration (P-FIT) Model of Intelligence The frontal (esp., DLPFC) and parietal lobes have been repeatedly linked (via research) to the cognitive constructs of controlled attention, working memory and executive functions general intelligence and higher level cognition
  • 20. T Focusing attention internally Focusing attention externally Short-term storage Response selection Working Memory General reasoning Procedural & Declarative know. Frontal Lobe (DLPFC) Parietal Lobe Anterior cingulate gyrus The Brain and Working Memory: The Evidence-Based P-FIT Model Adapted from Hunt (2011)
  • 23. Bivariate Cholesky decomposition for additive genetic (A), shared environmental (C), and nonshared environmental (E) contributions to executive function (EF) and measures of intelligence
  • 24. Multivariate Cholesky decomposition for additive genetic (A), shared environmental (C), and nonshared environmental (E) contributions to executive function (EF), measures of intelligence, and speed
  • 28. R2 = 58.6 % of Gf variance explained White matterGtGf
  • 30. Indicators of g-factor were WAIS-III Gs tests (Symbol Search, Digit Symbol), Gsm tests (Digit Span-Backwards; Let-Num. Seq), Gf test (Matrix Reasoning), and Gv test (Block Design). Indicators of g-speed were measures of reaction time (Gt) – simple reaction time, four-choice reaction time, inspection time) CHC test classifications not by article authors but by Kevin McGrew as per CHC theory Three biomarkers of white matter integrity
  • 31. •White matter integrity markers strongly correlated. • Individuals with lower (higher) integrity also tend to have lower (higher) integrity in all other white matter tracts. • Results found that g-speed (cognitive information processing speed) factor fully mediated the effects of the integrity of all three white matter biomarker tracts (g-speedg of -.81) • White matter integrity is to a substantial degree a brain-wide property. • If an otherwise healthy individual shows structural deficits in one track, all other tracts will likely also be affected to some degree. • “White matter tracts constitute the neuroanatomical infrastructure for any brain network model of cognitive performance, and tract integrity can be directly linked to cognitive information processing speed and via this mediating path to general intelligence.” (p.4)
  • 32. These two (and other studies) suggest interesting white matter, Gs/Gt, g/Gf relations Gt Gs Gf g Approximately 60% of variance explained
  • 33. Cognitive performance (reasoning, comprehension, etc) The temporal resolution (faster clock speed) of the brain clock(s) results in greater neural efficiency of the brain Neural efficiency influences brain network communication efficiency via white matter tracts, particularly between the parietal-frontal regions (P- FIT neuro-model of intelligence) Frontal Lobe (DLPFC) Parietal Lobe White matter tracts (brain network communication infrastructure) Network communication Knowledge in long-term memory. Cognitive abilities. Exec functions focus Working memoryImproves focus (attentional control that maintains goal related information active in working memory) which in turn improves efficiency of working memory, the most central cognitive ability for new learning and performance Note: The origin of this slide (which has considerable animation) was a 2012 keynote presentation for Interactive Metronome (IM) and a MindHub Pub (#3) that hypothesized why IM may work. The model is not IM-specific and is relevant to the information presented in the current set of slides. Visit http://tinyurl.com/hwj86 z7 for access to the 2012 IM keynote video and MindHub Pub © Institute for Applied Psychometrics, Dr. Kevin S. McGrew, 092116

Editor's Notes

  1. CHC abilities as parameters of information processing