Full report: 'Smartness for Prosperity: UK & Brazil' commissioned by the Future Cities Catapult

BRAZIL
UK
SMARTNESS
FOR PROSPERITY:
UK AND BRAZIL
I N N O V A T I O N I N C I T I E S

Research Topic – Intelligent Infrastructure
Report commissioned by Future Cities Catapult and MACI Innovations Limited
Author and Executive Director
Gavin McAdam
Gavin McAdam is the Managing Director, owner and founder of MACI Innovations Ltd, he is an Entrepreneur,
Chartered Engineer and Project Professional who is currently working towards to attaining his MSc Global Sustain-
able Cities at Strathclyde University. He has been working in the infrastructure development field as a consultant for
over 15 years specialising in large scale projects and has extensive experience in stakeholder engagement across
both the public and private sectors and business strategy development.
www.macii.co.uk @maciinnovations
Policy Academic Advisor
Dr Igor Calzada
Dr Igor Calzada, MBA, Lecturer, Research and Policy Adviser at the University of Oxford (Urban Transformations
ESRC), University of Strathclyde (MSc in Global Sustainable Cities) and Vrije Universiteit Brussel (Brussels Centre for
Urban Studies). He has been working in the last 15 years in the academia, private and public sectors. He researches
on comparing Smart Cities and City-Region cases.
www.igorcalzada.com/about @icalzada
Report Commissioner and Collaborator - Future Cities Catapult
Commissioning Director Sofia Taborda Head of Projects at Future Cities Catapult
Collaborative Authors and Research Team
Gemma Murray, Christopher Dynes
MACI Innovations Project and Development Teams
Design and publishing
Stirling printing.com - stirlingprinting.com
Brazilian Expert Contrast
Ernandy Luis Vasconcelos, PhD Post-doctoral Research Fellow at Federal University of Ceará
British Expert Contrast
Rudi Ball, Data Scientist and Independent Consultant, Former Future Cities Catapult Consultant
To cite this policy report: Calzada, I. & McAdam, G. (2016), Smartness for
Prosperity: Brazil & UK, Policy report commissioned by Future Cities Cata-
pult in collaboration with MACI Innovations and published by Translokal –
Academic Entrepreneurship for Policy Making – Publishing, Donostia. ISBN:
978-84-942752-9-6.
To request full version of this policy report:
gavin.mcadam@macii.co.uk & igor.calzada@compas.ox.ac.uk
SMARTNESS FOR
PROSPERITY UK
AND BRAZIL

CONTENTS
Future Cities Catapult and MACI Innovations 1
Executive Summary 3
Introduction 4
Case Study Context 5
Case Study Structure 6
Case Studies Methodology 7
UK Case Studies 8
Newcastle Case Study 9 – 14
Manchester Case Study 15 – 20
Leeds Case Study 21 – 26
Bristol Case Study 27 – 32
Belfast Case Study 33 – 38
Expert Contract – UK Cities 39
Brazil Case Studies 40
Brazil General Overview 41 – 46
Sau Paulo Case Study 47 – 51
Brasilia Case Study 52 – 56
Belo Horizonte Case Study 57 – 61
Expert Contrast Brazilian Cities 62
Smart Infrastructure – Overview 63
Hardware and Software - Concept 64
Smart Infrastructure – Core Principles 65
Smart Infrastructure – City Focus 66
Leeds Interviews 67
Conclusions 68
Taxonomy 69
Road Map 70
References 71 – 73
Phone number
+44 (0)131 516 5777
Our address:
Gyleview House,
3 Redheughs Rigg,
Edinburgh, EH12 9DQ
Email address:
info@macii.co.uk

MACI Innovations are an established professional services consultancy supporting high profile public and private
client organisations in the development and delivery of successful projects across a wide range of business sectors.
Specialising in global sustainable cities strategy, urban theory development and project delivery. We understand,
challenge and are striving to position ourselves at the front of new age smart city thinking through collaboration to take
in all approaches and requirements to combine concept and best practice.
We see collaboration and innovative thinking in all things, our ethos is one of a holistic approach; we are adaptive
by nature, open to learning, innovative in our practice and responsive to collaboration.
MACI
INNOVATIONS
Future Cities Catapult are an accelerator of urban ideas, taking companies and concepts through to the market place.
Our objective is to encourage economic growth and make cities better. We bring together businesses, universities and city
leaders so that they can work with each other to solve the problems that cities face.
From our Urban Innovation Centre in London, we provide world-class facilities and expertise to support the development
of new products and services, as well as opportunities to collaborate with others, test ideas and develop business models.
Our work currently focuses on three core themes: promoting healthy cities, building resilience in urban infrastructure, and
designing strategies to help cities adopt and finance smarter technologies. Solutions that they could use to implement their
plans.
FUTURE CITIES
CATAPULT
1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
MSC GLOBAL SUSTAINABLE CITIES - STRATHCLYDE UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF FUTURE CITIES
ANDREW FRANCIS “TONY” MCADAM - AN INSPIRATION

This report has been commissioned by the Future Cites
Catapult as a collaborative undertaking with MACI
Innovations to research the topic of Smart Infrastructure in
nominated Cities in both the UK and Brazil.
Future Cities Catapult is a global centre of excel-
lence for urban innovation and as part of this Collabora-
tive Approach, Research & Development work is being
delivered to support the UK government Prosperity Fund.
The smart city landscape is broad and complex in nature.
And even though there’s an unmistakable need to make
urban environments smarter and more liveable, the great
majority of cities have to deal with a history of ‘siloed’
working, blocking a more integrated and holistic way of
approaching urban challenges.
The study commences an explanation and demonstra-
tion of the approach taken on how to structure the
study and case studies themselves and proceeds to
an in-depth review on how both the UK and Brazilian
cities such as Bristol, Manchester, Newcastle, Leeds,
Belfast Sau Paulo, Brasilia and Belo Horizonte have been
addressing the smart city theme, by looking into the way
they approached the challenge locally.
This research is supported by expert contrast accounts
and targeted interviews with key stakeholders in the smart
cities arena, to gather insights on methodologies, current
practices, and the impact of these strategies in the urban
environment.
The final section of the policy explores a fresh new
concept of how UK smart city initiatives can be applied to
Brazilian Cities and develops a methodology for
implementing change.
The report concludes in the development of a road map
model intended to inform key policy makers and influenc-
ers working in this field on the next steps and collaborative
opportunities.
Successful smart city change programmes must first look
to the nature of the recipient city or urban environment to
understand the need, issues and opportunities. These are
often found in the very essence of the place; its urban
culture,national traditions,heritage,andpoliticallandscape
as well as any economic drivers/ aspirations, technological
capabilities and the dynamics of society itself.
The emphasis on smart cities and technology must be firmly
set in the context of the “place”. With this in mind, very
rarely will single solutions be found and or developed that
can deliver effective change that is applicable to all envi-
ronments nationally or regionally and therefore a city ap-
proach must be adopted.
Smartness must first start with the city not the “smart” and
the key objective of smartness must be to foster prosperity.
Throughout this policy document these concepts have
been critically assessed and developed from first
principles into models that define the nature of the
thinking and structuring of successful change programmes.
The core principles are based on viewing these concepts as
“sustainable economic hardware” and “sustainable social
software” as often opposing yet critically linked drivers.
The defining output of combining these core principles
is that “smartness for prosperity” should be the desired
outcome of developing and implementing smart
infrastructure strategies not only in Brazil, but here in the
UK.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
3

This policy report aims to show the uniqueness behind the
so-called ‘smart’ strategy in five British and three Brazilian
cities primarily. Albeit it should be argued that care must be
taken when going beyond the standard understanding and
conceptualisation of ‘smartness,’ from the beginning is
underlined the added value in unpacking how urban transforma-
tionsshouldbeanalysedbyaddingaparticularsignificanceto‘the
place’.ShallwecontrastandcompareBrazilianandBritishcities
regarding the way their smart city strategies are implemented
without considering any other inner factor? Likewise, does
urban smartness only mean to achieve the most efficient
technical system? Are we just referring to the way technology
is designed in eight cities, or by contrast, are we interested in
examining the interface between the hardware and the
software of the intertwined urban life?
As such, smartness in cities cannot be designed in this day and
age without considering prosperity, well-being and universal
access for their citizens. In this regard, in an article published
in The Economist, Benjamin Barber stated: ‘Above all, we
need Smart Mayors and Smart Citizens, not Smart Cities’. In
this same direction, in the last five years there is a significant
consensus among academics about two main ideas that are
unpacking the understanding of the mainstream ‘smart city’:
1. ‘Smart City’ has already become a ‘fetish’ term to simplify
complex urban debates in an uneven, technology
deterministically-driven society.
2. However, insofar as some transitions could be identified in
the real urban arena, some could argue that the ‘smart city’
exists (or is already happening around us), but not in the
way we anticipated.
• Smartness in Brazilian and British Cities?
Thus, how will this report address such a challenge in
capturing the smartness in incredibly diverse geographic
global contexts? It should be pointed out that the prestigious
Nature journal of science dedicates a section advocating
that ‘amid the scientific and social priorities for the coming
years, the study and design of cities must be right at the
top’. And, in particular, urban health and well-being are the
drivers of the urban transformations. So then, any
comparative study about smartness in urban context should
deliberately begin with the composition and indicators of
prosperity in the particular contexts. In this rationale, the report
presents some data collected by the OECD.
In summary, smartness approaches for inspiring urban
transformation have been differentiated from each other
by the interaction, interdependencies and power relations
between stakeholders (See WEF 2016: 50). In this
present report, there is an attempt to show for each case the
smart governance composition by mapping stakeholders
(Section 5). This unique form is due to the ‘essence of the place’,
understood as an inner explanation of what the place
branding (Cleave et al. 2016) produces in the real symbolic
and material interactions in cities (Section 4).
However, as it is shown in the report, Brazilian city cases
(Bello Horizonte, Brasilia and Sao Paulo) and British city
cases (Newcastle, Manchester, Leeds, Belfast and Bristol)
share the same kind of principle even if they follow differ-
ent urban patterns. Rather than constructed on tabula rasa
according to the centralised plans of multinational technology
corporations, smart city interventions are always the outcomes
of, and awkwardly integrated into, existing social and spatial
constellations of urban governance and the built environment
and infrastructure. (Shelton et al. 2015: 14)
• A comparative overview from the prosperity perspective
Despite the fact that the European H2020 has contributed to
focus the attention on three sectors, mobility/transport, energy
and ICTs (Section 2), very little has been analysed on the
smartness and prosperity interactive loop so far (Section 6).
In fact, some of the current smart city implementations require
an in-depth policy contextualisation to avoid the roots and
the dramatic consequences of the 2008 financial crisis
(Calzada 2013). In this sense, prosperity represents the
necessary counterpart of the some apologetic and hegemonic
concept of smart cities that has been rapidly prominent within
the policy and governance agendas of urban development
and is on its way to becoming the leading driver of urban
sustainability and regeneration initiatives.
Nevertheless, the closer analyses of prosperity indicators depict
entirely rather a different picture in Brazilian and British
cities. As such, we should ask ourselves whether or not the
cities this report covers, present themselves among their
citizens this paradox: This is the story about us being
persuaded to spend money we do not have, on things we
do not need, to create impressions that will not last, on people
we do not care about’.
Is the smart implementation in the presented cities, aware of
this paradox? And, lately, are infrastructures in these cities
designedtoovercomesuchasocially(software)andeconomically
(hardware) unsustainable gap? (Final Remarks: Smart
Infrastructure section).
• Human-scale smart infrastructure and urbanism
To sum up, this report makes an effort to take a step back
into the ‘essence’ of the ‘place’ as Jane Jacobs’ brilliantly
described as urban setlements embedded in human-scale
infrastructures. These days, though, there is a risk of a smart
city model that potentially delimits urban citizenship to aseries
of actions focused on monitoring and managing data
recasting who or what counts as a citizen. And as we are go-
ing to see in this report, regardless of whether it is British or
Brazilian cities, the challenge for us remains the same: We
have to be willing and able to get in, roll up our sleeves and
discover how new applications and technologies can be used
to improve the quality of urban life genuinely. Otherwise,
we can’t complain we were locked out of this moment.
(Glasmeier & Christopherson 2015: 11) .
INTRODUCTION
4

BRAZIL
UK
These case studies look to examine the best practice, successes and challenges across targeted UK Cities today, with a
view to assessing their suitability and transferability to the context of comparative Brazilian cities, not in population size.
The case study research exercise also examined three targeted Brazilian Cities.
CASE STUDY CONTEXT
Newcastle
Manchester
Leeds
Bristol
Belfast
BRITISH & BRAZILIAN CITIES
Sau Paulo
Brasilia
Belo Horizonte
5

CASE STUDY STRUCTURE
1. Background: The Place
To understand a city, you must first immerse yourself in its
history, the people, the human geography and its standing
in the regional context. All of the cities researched in these
cases studies have embarked on a journey, whether it be
from post industrialisation player to smart advocate or
addressing adversity and challenge.
2. Smart City Strategy:
There is a growing awareness of the importance of cities be-
ing placed at the heart of successful sustainable economic
development planning and delivery. Driving the
development of many strategies are the need to focus on
Energy Mobility/ Transport, ICT and H2020 principles.
To this end, cities across the world are striving to re-invent
themselves as “resilient”, “smart”,” sustainable” even
“global” and “future cities” to breathe life back into
society, communities and industry alike.
3. Challenges and Successes:
A critical analysis of the varied strategies employed across
each case study looking at creativity, innovation and
ensuring collaboration are at the heart of strategic change
and also that information is shared between peers and city
clusters. The challenges faced and strategies employed to
succeed through the initiatives developed and projects de-
livered is an essential aspect of knowledge transferal and
learning.
4. Essence of Place:
The compilation of each of case studies adheres to a strict
methodology by adopting a city based approach and
focusesontheconceptofunderstandingtheuniquenessofthe
“place” - referred to as the “essence”. However, to succeed
this change must be relevant for the respective inhabitants
and be embedded in the very essence of the place.
5. Smart Governance in the Place: Stakeholder Mapping
A high level look at the relationship of the key players
and motivators driving and influencing change programmes
across each of the case studies. These dynamics and how
they are managed this, with effective governance being
at the very heart of effective change in cities and the
general urban environment. A balance must be found by
policy makers in the use of technology, commercial gain
and the input and collaboration across society as whole to
achieve satisfactory sustainable economic development.
6. Prosperity and Well-Being: Data Analysis
This section draws on information developed and made
available by the OECD. This data is presented as indicators
of regional performance across certain metrics from health
to jobs and education. Although not a true indicator of
how the city is performing, as the data is drawn regional
in the case of the UK cases and national in the Brazilian
case studies - despite this, it can be seen that the data
provides a useful insight into each case study.
DESCRIPTION EXPLANATION
1
Background
The Place
4
Essence of
The Place
2
Smart City
Strategy
3
Challenges
and Successes
5
Smart
Governance
in the Place:
Stakeholder
Mapping
6
Prosperity and
Well Being:
Data Analysis
6

DESCRIPTION
1. Background: The Place.
2. Smart City Strategy:1
• Energy
• Mobility/Transport
• ICT
3. Challenges and Successes
EXPLANATION
4. Essence of the Place.2
5. Smart Governance in the Place: Stakeholder mapping
6. Prosperity & Well-being: Data analysis.3
CASE STUDY RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
PROSPERITY &
WELL-BEING:
DATA ANALYSIS
SMART
GOVERNANCE
IN THE PLACE:
STAKEHOLDER
MAPPING
ESSENCE
OF THE
PLACE
CHALLENGES &
SUCCESSES
SMART
CITY STRATEGY:
ENERGY -
MOBILITY /
TRANSPORT -
ICT
BACKGROUND:
THE PLACE
1
2
3
4
5
6
The compilation of each of these case studies adheres to a strict methodology by adopting a city based approach
and focuses on the concept of understanding the uniqueness of the “place” - referred to as the “essence”. This
concept looks to explore smartness and prosperity through following these principles as per the diagram below.
7

UK
CASE
STUDIES
8

NEWCASTLE
CASE
STUDY
NEWCASTLE
9

City population: 289, 835. 39th in UK
Metropolitan population: 1, 650, 000. 6th in UK
Focus was first given to smart city solutions in Newcastle when the city competed for funding from the Future Cities
Demonstrator Programme. Whilst unsuccessful in acquiring funding, Newcastle received £50,000 to conduct a
comprehensive feasibility study to assess possible opportunities for smart city solutions in Newcastle1
.
The city has also built on its success after being named the UK’s most sustainable city in 2009 and 2010, and has
since signed the EU ‘Covenant of Mayors’ which commits Newcastle to a 20% reduction in emissions for the 2005
baseline by 2020. The agreement also obligates Newcastle to produce a Sustainable Energy Action Plan (SEAP)2
to identify measures to achieve this target. In addition to the SEAP, Newcastle has also prepared a comprehensive
urban policy plan to guide urban policy in Newcastle for the coming years. Titled the ‘Core Strategy and Urban
Core Plan’3
, this plan focused on the Gateshead and Newcastle upon Tyne areas between the years 2010-2030 and
contains a full list of all urban objectives and the urban planning policies required to meet them.
In 2012 Newcastle signed the ‘Newcastle City Deal’ with the UK government to re-ignite investment and job
creation. This deal reinforced the city’s commitment to establishing Newcastle as a ‘low carbon ‘pioneer city’’
and transforming Newcastle into a ‘super-connected’ city with significant investment in digital infrastructure. The
‘City Deal’4
established a new carbon reduction target of 34% by 2020 and, amongst other measures, provided
£92 million funding to create the Newcastle Gateshead Accelerated Development Zone on three sites in the city
centre. Amongst these zones is the ‘Science Central’ which will be used as a hub for Newcastle University to
develop further smart city solutions such as the ‘decision theatre’.
BACKGROUND:
THE PLACE
Newcastle’s feasibility was an excellent first step in developing smart city interventions and identifying smart city
solutions to some of the city’s problems.
The two key challenges identified during the feasibility study were:
1. Achieving sustainability through the low carbon economy.
2. Being an age-friendly place to live, work and visit.
Further challenges and objectives were clarified as:
1. Ageing population and outward migration of youth.
2. Improved mobility, positive health and social benefits.
3. Behavioural improvements, described as follows: “the city and conurbation should enable people to
live independent lives and enable them to make informed choices though smarter information, systems
and services – it should not seek to enforce behaviour on people, but enable better choices through
better information.”
4. Economic growth to improve quality of life.
5. Alleviate congestion on local/strategic networks.
6. Action to reduce transport emissions.
SMART CITY STRATEGY:
ENERGY - MOBILITY / TRANSPORT - ICT
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
10

Newcastle benefits from excellent existing infrastructure, recent investment, focused urban policy (20 minute
neighbourhood) and a comprehensive feasibility study which identified key smart city opportunities in the city.
The city has also built on its success after being named the UK’s most sustainable city in 2009 and 2010, and has
since signed the EU ‘Covenant of Mayors’ which commits Newcastle to a 20% reduction in emissions for the 2005
baseline by 2020.
The city has set up the £3.5 million i-BUILD Centre, led by Professor Richard Dawson, which is researching to
interactions between energy, water, transport, waste and digital technology systems to gain better understandings
and develop innovations.1
The University has also set up a £2 million grid–scale energy storage test bed, led by Professor Philip Taylor, to
pave the way for the future of Smart Grids and energy storage across the UK. The University is also operating the
£1.3 million My PLACE project, led by Professor Peter Wright, which is developing and testing a digital platform and
toolkit for the public to engage with local councils and other organisations more effectively in the research, planning
and design of the urban environment.2
However, an issue identified in the Newcastle feasibility study was that data within the city is often owned by private
companies which can restrict access and creativity to innovative smart city solutions across sectors. The feasibility
study also identified a lack of integration in Newcastle city, despite it being a state aim of the feasibility study for its
smart city approach.
The ‘Newcastle City Deal’ strategy report 2012 cited inter-generational unemployment as a major challenge for
Newcastle, with 14% of residents receiving out-of-work benefits. The report also found a disproportionate number
of young people not in education, employment or training (NEET), and a workforce, which does not meet all the
needs of the business community. These socio-economic challenges may pose as an issue and a barrier for smart
city developments.3
CHALLENGES
AND SUCCESSES
Post feasibility study, Newcastle does not have one specific smart city policy plan for the city, with certain smart
city associated objectives and policies being contained within the broader ‘Core Strategy and Urban Core Plan’.
Regardless, the feasibility study provides a comprehensive overview of Newcastle’s smart city initiatives, many
of which align perfectly with Newcastle’s urban planning ambitions and build upon Newcastle’s existing smart
infrastructure.
A review of the feasibility studies conducted by councils identified a lack of integration themes for Newcastle city,
despite it being a state aim of the feasibility study5
.
Ongoing research is being conducted by Newcastle as a future ‘smart city’6
from Science Central, conducting
research on the ‘ways digital technology can enable people to make sound decisions about the present and future’.
This research builds upon the initiatives outlined in the feasibility study. The University has conducted and presented
research in their ‘Newcastle as a Future Smart City’ on the following themes:
1. Local energy supply and storage
2. Green flood management
3. Integrated transport
1 2 3 4 5 6
11

Newcastle has a strong vision of what comprises a smart city, and the kind of smart city it would like to be further
down the line. Newcastle’s smart city focuses on the person and places emphasis on quality of life and liveability
for citizens. Newcastle’s ‘vision’ of a smart city was described in the feasibility study as follows: ‘The aim of the
future cities analysis was to look at systems and enable access to better information to make better choices to create
better and more prosperous lives. Integrating systems needs a purpose; bringing benefit to people, the economy and
the environment, and ensuring we have a city fit to age’. Their vision also places a strong emphasis on concepts such
as the ’20-minute neighbourhood’, and many of the smart city interventions in the feasibility study reflect this theme
and reinforce its objectives.
ESSENCE
OF THE PLACE
CITY
POPULATION
C02 REDUCTION TARGET
SMART CITY OBJECTIVE
PUBLIC POLICY
NATIONAL PARTNER CITIES
EUROPEAN PARTNER
CITIES
GLOBAL PARTNER CITIES
METHODOLOGY
FOR CHANGE
EXISTING SMART
INITIATIVES
OPEN DATA POLICY
MAIN SUCCESSES
CASE STUDY FOCUS
TO TAKE FOCUS
NEWCASTLE
City: 289, 835. Metro: 1, 650, 000
Reduction target of reduction in excess of 20% by 2020 from 2005 baseline. Target set when signing EU ‘Covenant of Mayors’
agreement. Alternate 34% target proposed as part of ‘City Deal’.
EU ‘Covenant of Mayors’. Newcastle Energy Masterplan developed by NAREC Consultancy Firm. Highway Assest Management
Plan (HAMP). Newcastle ‘City Deal’ with UK government to invest in Newcastle and develop Newcastle Gateshead Accelerated
Development Zone (ADZ) (Science Central). Newcastle’s Core Strategy and Urban Core Plan.
Smart cities in Newcastle focused on the individual. Enable: better access to information to inform better choices. Focus on:
Integrating systems and systems to benefit people, economy and environment. Ensure Newcastle is fit to provide for it’s ageing
population through new approaches to urban policy.
Gateshead. Other towns in Tyneside & Wear area. Other cities in North-East.
EU ‘Covenant of Mayors’ - other signatory cities
Government initiatives and funding with ‘City Deal’. Cooperation with North-East local authoritires for smart ticketing system.
Public-Private cooperation with Homes and Communities Agency (HCA). Digital infrastructure investment. Enacting ‘Core Strategy
and Urban Core Plan’ comprehensive urban policy. Educating public with various schemes. Attracting talent with ADZ.
Tyne and Wear Urban Traffic Management System (UTMC). North East Smart Ticketing Initiative (NESTI). Science Central and
Accelerated Development Zone (ADZ). Newcastle University ‘Decision Theatre’. Various public education schemes
Wishes to expand Open Data with the UTMC data. Council provides several Open Data sets. Newcastle council supports Open
Data and currently runis iniatatives and works with partners, in addition to Open Data sets
Signing EU ‘Covenant of Mayors’. Securing funding from UK Government ‘City Deal’ to transform Newcastle into ‘super-connect-
ed’ low carbon ‘pioneer city’’. Won sustainable city award 2009 and 2010
The Greenhouse- low carbon community (2010)
1 2 3 4 5 6
12

PUBLIC
Newcastle City Council,
British National Government,
European Union, Association
of North East Councils,
Innovate UK, European
Union.
SOCIAL
ENTREPRENEURS
Social Enterprise Works ,
North East Social Enterprise
Partnership, smart start-ups,
open data users, companies:
Quadrant Leisure Community
Interest Company, Venture
Compliance.
PRIVATE
BBC, BT, Virgin, NHS, UKTI,
Centre for Offshore
Renewable Engineering,
Homes and Communities
Agency, North East Local
Enterprise Partnership,
Northumbria Water, Arup,
Parsons Brinckerhoff, SKM,
Narec.
ACADEMIA
Newcastle University
Northumbria University.
CIVIL
SOCIETY
Northumbria Centre for
Civil Society and Citizenship,
Newcastle Citizens, Lord
Mayor of Newcastle.
Newcastle City Council took a lead role in developing smart city opportunities and initiatives for Newcastle when
conducing their smart city feasibility study. This comprehensive plan has since been complemented by the council’s
lead in developing urban policy plans and energy plans to guide the city’s development into the near future. There
has been no update to the initial feasibility study to assess where smart city initiatives can complement the city’s
ambitious plans for urban growth and renewable energy. Newcastle University has since developed further smart
city solutions and can be expected to continue their research, but the city would overall benefit from revisiting
the interventions proposed in the initial feasibility study. The city has also expressed a desire to enhance and
expand its open data policies10
and make some of the data collected by the UTMC system available to the public,
indicating a shift towards a bottom-up approach to smart city solutions in the future.
SMART GOVERNANCE
IN THE PLACE:
STAKEHOLDER MAPPING
1 2 3 4 5 6
Red Hat Computing have partnered successfully wih the Centre for Doctoral Training (CDT) in cloud computing for big
data working with the Engineering Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) on big data projects promoting civic participa-
tion in the design and delivery of public services, focusing on = public health, education and city planning.
Arjuna helps cities overcome data politics, Agility data broker a product developed allows for ingested data to be
aumatically cleansed, transformed and distributed to the key beneficiaries removing frsutrations and facilitating smart
city iniatives.
KEY SME’S/PARTNERSHIPS
13

1 2 3 4 5 6
Newcastle scores highly in most of its wellbeing indicators, with the exception of civic engagement, health and jobs.
Smart city solutions in Newcastle could be explored to help improve the city’s performance in these areas.
PROSPERITY &
WELL-BEING:
DATA ANALYSIS
31% IN ACCESS
TO SERVICES
49% IN EDUCATION
25% IN ENVIRONMENT
49% IN INCOME
37% IN SAFETY
27% IN JOBS
31% IN
CIVIC ENGAGEMENT
32% IN JOBS
41% IN HEALTH
14

MANCHESTER
CASE
STUDY
MANCHESTER
15

The city has a population of 520 215, lying within the UK’s second most populated urban area with a total
population of 2 553 379.2
The city’s area is 115.65 km2
whilst the urban area extends to 630.3 km2
. The urban
density is 4,051/km2
.
Manchester is a beta world city according to GaWC3
along with the Brazilian Rio de Janeiro.
Manchester is a unique city for it is the first in the world to have become industrialised. Historically known for its
textile manufacture and the Manchester Ship Canal providing the city with a port. After the Second World War,
deindustrialisation was affecting Manchester, similarly to other UK cities, presenting the country with a major challenge.
However, the unfortunate event of the Manchester bombing in 1996 had a positive effect in the form of drawing
investment in for regeneration, which to some extent counter-balanced the post-industrial decline.
Today, Manchester is also a major location attracting vast amounts of foreign visitors, due to its musical, cultural and
sports events. The city is a significant transport hub, with the third busiest airport in the UK and also critically important
railway infrastructure. The UK’s ambitious planning of its first High Speed Rail network includes Manchester as a core
destination. Manchester has three universities and it has a rich science, research and development heritage, as it was
the location where scientists first split the atom, for example.
The city also scores the strongest annual growth in business stock amongst the UK Core Cities: Birmingham, Bristol,
Leeds, Liverpool, Newcastle, Nottingham, and Sheffield.
Manchester is an important distribution hub for a number of global companies, has a significant amount of company
headquarters and a strong presence of major financial companies and retail firms. Unlike some other UK cities,
Manchester does not currently possess a cohesive vision of what defines a smart city, or what kind of smart city
Manchester should be. Despite being awarded funds to create a feasibility study for implementing smart city solutions
in the city, Manchester’s vision focused more on the economic future of the city.
BACKGROUND:
THE PLACE
Manchester’s open data evolution started with the ‘Information City’ initiative, which identified some key early stage
open data features5
, followed by the Greater Manchester Open Data Infrastructure Map realized by Salford City
Council in 2014.6
There is very rich history to Manchester in terms of community and social elements, providing invaluable lessons to
a wider audience, certainly for many global cities as a positive example. Firstly, how this city successfully turned
around the ‘post-Olympic depression’ to ‘City Pride’ carrying on the strong collaboration in order to achieve urban
regeneration goals, a good example of resilience.7
1
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
16

A recent EU report ranked Manchester as the fifth most successful Smart City amongst 240 EU28 cities.1
Manchester has also been awarded the European City of Science 2016, which grants an excellent occasion to
re-numerate the city’s scientific achievements and the city is amidst the elevated preparatory works of hosting a series
of events to invite visitors from the STEM community to demonstrate the City of Science. 2
The Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority (GMWDA) combined policy and governing with the leadership
of experts in the field, successfully implementing design solutions to engage and educate citizens, as an essential
part to transform their Waste System, achieving by far more ambitious targets and goals than what the whole UK
aimed and pledged to at the time.3
Corridor Manchester is an innovation hub, entrepreneurial district established in 2007 and has recently been awarded
with funds within the EU’s H2020 initiative.4
Manchester has recently been awarded with £10 M by the Government for its ‘City Verve’ smart project. It will tackle
projects such as; a biometric sensor network, community wellness, talkative bus stops, smart lighting, bike sharing
and smart air-quality monitoring.5
The Smart Cities 2014 report identified a challenge for Manchester is the prevalence of private corporation control
over public services such as gas, electricity, water and transport which makes the implementation of city-wide smart
city strategies by the council more difficult. For example, in Greater Manchester the local authorities would have to
get the consent of 66 bus operators to introduce an integrated smart ticketing system.6
The OECD report that Manchester faces a socio-economic challenge of financial sustainability due to its ageing
population. This combined with lower numbers of younger, active citizens could be a challenge for smart city adoption
and progression within the overall population. The report also cites Manchester as a city under financial pressure
due to the recession and reductions in government funding. This has led to different means of providing public services
such as through the use of private companies which can make overall smart-city strategy implementation and
management far more complicated.7
The Manchester Core Strategy 2012 to 2027 identifies pockets of deprivation, a lack of skills and knowledge within
the workforce to meet growing job demands, health inequalities, road congestion and unreliable public transport
and air quality as major challenges which the city faces today and into the future.8
CHALLENGES
AND SUCCESSES
The Manchester Multi Area Agreement was established in 2008 ‘to put together a single, cohesive city region that
can collectively determine the best way forward… to implement our single ‘Economic Strategy’, in areas including
innovation, investment, enterprise, branding, employment and skills. Getting regional and national agreement’8
The city also has a history of paying especial attention to its elderly. It started in 2003 with VOP (Valuing Older People)
- the initiative then became part of a grander scheme: WHO Age-Friendly Cities. Manchester was amongst the first
cities to join and launch its action plan in 2010, establishing a European city-link: Brussels within this programme. It
is crucial to incorporate the elderly in the equation when designing and developing a city, moreover, actively involve
them in this process, make them part of the living, breathing fabric of the habitat.9
Manchester also identified the crucial importance of managing Green Infrastructure and this is reflected in their
vision for the future.10
Promoting and contributing to the city’s smart agenda is the FutureEverything, formerly known as Futuresonic, an
organization acting as an art and digital innovation hotbed since 1995. They run significant events and projects
throughout the year, including international locations such as Singapore and Moscow, however there is also a yearly
FutureEverything Festival taking place in Manchester.
1 2 3 4 5 6
17

Unlike some other UK cities, Manchester does not currently possess a cohesive vision of what defines a smart city,
or what kind of smart city Manchester should be. Despite being awarded funds to create a feasibility study for
implementing smart city solutions in the city, Manchester’s vision focused more on the economic future of the city,
with the feasibility study reporting ‘The City Council’s vision is to continue to increase Manchester’s economic
competitiveness and employment growth, underpinned by a vibrant city culture, attractive neighbourhoods and
public places, and an environmentally sustainable infrastructure’4
. Whilst the feasibility study proposes smart city
technologies and solutions in order the make this vision a reality, Manchester would benefit from a clearer vision
of the kind of smart city it wants to be for its citizens, rather on focusing solely on how smart city solutions can be
leveraged to achieve traditional urban objectives.
ESSENCE
OF THE PLACE
CITY
POPULATION
PUBLIC POLICY
EUROPEAN PARTNER
CITIES
METHODOLOGY
FOR CHANGE
EXISTING SMART
INITIATIVES
OPEN DATA POLICY
MAIN SUCCESSES
CASE STUDY FOCUS
TO TAKE FOCUS
MANCHESTER
City: 520,215. Urban: 2,553,379 (2nd in UK)
Between 2009/10 and 2013/14 the Council’s direct CO2 emissions have reduced by 17%. This reduction has enabled the
Council to remain on the trajectory to reach the target of a 41% reduction in CO2 emissions by the end of 2019/20, from a
2009/10 baseline.
MAA (Manchester Multi Area Agreement), Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority (GMWDA), Association for Greater
Manchester Authorities (AGMA), Commission for the New Economy, Greater Manchesters Combined Authority (GMCA), Greater
Manchester Energy Group (GMEnG) ,Northern Powerhouse (heavily argued politically), URBED, AECOM.
Managing Green Infrastructure, Social Inclusion, Job creation, Bicycle paths, transport improvement, promoting parks & healthy
lifestyles, improving intelligent infrastructure.
GMWDA: Salford, Bolton, Bury, Oldham, Rochdale, Salford, Stockport, Tameside, Trafford. Northern Powerhouse: Hull,
Liverpool, Sheffield, Leeds, Newcastle.
WHO Age-Friendly Cities: Brussels
Public-Private Co-Operation, Governmental Policies for Citizen Engagement
Corridor Manchester (established in 2007), City Verve (2015), WHO Age-friendly Cities (2010) prevailing initiative: VOP
(Valuing Older People) (2003-2010)
Information City (Governmental policy identifying key achievables: bulletin boards, open access to public information, e-mail,
Internet world, Electronic Village Halls), Greater Manchester Open Data Infrastructure Map (2014) by Salford City Council
European City of Science 2016, Corridor Manchester (EU, H2020), Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority (GMWDA)
commencing in 1999 completely transformed the Waste Management System of the Area, City Verve- the winner of a £10m
Government-led technology competition
Corridor Manchester (EU, H2020), Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority (GMWDA) - transforming the region’s Waste
Management
1 2 3 4 5 6
18

Manchester’s Smart City approach involves a multitude of stakeholders who act independently to some extent but
it is evident that there is strong co-operation between the Greater Manchester Authorities, such as: Association of
Greater Manchester Authorities, Manchester Multi-Area Agreement, Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority.
They control many incentives from the top-down whilst actively engaging with citizens, encouraging discussion. This
nurtures civic participation and promotes social inclusion. It also enables the city to continue to act as a testing
ground within the smart city arena. Manchester’s flagship project, Corridor Manchester allows contribution in the
cities Smart City approach, providing research, technologies and infrastructure to shape and develop the city’s
approach. This will also be the location for the City Verve project, which recently won a £10 million prize to
demonstrate technological innovations.
SMART GOVERNANCE
IN THE PLACE:
STAKEHOLDER MAPPING
PUBLIC
Greater Manchester Open
Data Infrastructure Map,
Manchester Council, Greater
Manchester Authorities,
GMWDA, AGMA, GMenG,
Northern Powerhouse, UK
Government, EU, WHO
Age Friendly Cities.
SOCIAL
ENTREPRENEURS
Corridor Manchester,
Manchester Social
Entrepreneurs, Women
Supporting Social
Entrepreneurs.
PRIVATE
URBED, Aecom,
Arup, Major Bank
Companies, MediCityUK,
Major Retail Companies.
ACADEMIA
University of Manchester,
Manchester Metropolitan
University, Royal Northern
College of Music, MICRA,
Manchester Business School,
other higher education
institutes.
CIVIL
SOCIETY
Greater Manchester Youth
Network, William Temple
Foundation, Manchester
Citizens, City Mayor.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Sparta Digital, an integrated IT and Digital marketing consultancy based in the Northern Quarter, Manchester has
won an initial funding of 150,000 as part of the frontiercities accelerator program for developing a transport ticket-
ing mobile app. URBED’s David Rudlin wins the The Wolfson prize in relation to the garden city concept and has
been instrumental and key influencer at many pan private/ academic demonstrator and policy events for the smart
city team at Manchester. Smart live, the events specialists have also been very active in manchester development
luanching a northern branch of Medicity.
KEY SME’S/ PARTNERSHIPS
19

OECD Wellbeing – Manchester represented via North West England region
Indicators: Compared across all OECD regions, the region is in the:
PROSPERITY &
WELL-BEING:
DATA ANALYSIS
50% IN ENVIRONMENT
42% IN INCOME
45% IN SAFETY
50% IN JOBS
49% IN EDUCATION
28% IN HOUSING
13% IN ACCESS
TO SERVICES
37% IN
CIVIC ENGAGEMENT
40% IN HEALTH
1 2 3 4 5 6
20

The city has a population of 766 399 and it is the second largest local government district following Birmingham.
The urban area’s population is 1 777 934, ranking at 4th place in the UK.2
The city’s area is 551.72 km2
whilst the
urban area is 487.8 km2
. The urban density is 3,645/km2
.
Leeds is a gamma world city according to GaWC3
along with Glasgow in the UK and Belfast in Ireland.
Historically known for its wool trading activities, it enabled Leeds to evolve into a major mill town during the Industrial
Revolution. The city is leading the way in the UK in terms of ‘telephone delivered banking and related financial
services’, operating over 30 call centres and comes second largest as a legal centre in the country after London.
It is the dominant city in the West Yorkshire area, in terms of finance, commerce and culture. It also has a rich academic
society with four universities, ranking fourth place in the UK in terms of student population. Leeds is also a prominent
business location, with the presence of major financial corporations, food, vehicle and chemical manufacturing and
major companies headquarters.
An important transport artery with the third busiest railway station in the UK, it also serves an impressive amount of
passengers in its airport. The UK’s ambitious planning of its first High Speed Rail network includes Leeds as a core
destination.
BACKGROUND:
THE PLACE
Leeds has developed policy documents detailing their strategy for implementing smart city solutions in the city.
Leeds City Council’s 2014 report explains the city’s operative 3 layer approach to deliver ‘smartness’:
• Foundation Layer: ‘digital by design’ element
• Differentiation Layer: identified unique priorities – health and wellbeing, data and co-production
• Innovation Layer: ‘development of global leading projects that exploits the City’s differentiators through
a unique combination of Information, Human Capabilities and Digital Technology to deliver city
outcomes in a uniquely innovative way that can then be applied in other cities.’5
The city has also been working closely with the global IT player CISCO in driving a Smart City agenda, mainly working
in developments within the field of the Internet of Everything, with an especial focus on what it means for cities, starting
in 2014.6
Furthermore, open platform for healthcare is also on their smart city agenda, under the ‘Innovation Health
Hub’ initiative, which include health-related mobile applications and an innovation laboratory, amongst other digital
tools.7
With regards to carbon reduction commitments and energy efficiency, year 2012 marks Leeds becoming a member
of the Climate Smart Cities, which is a coalition of cities across the globe for better climate governance,
addressing crucially important issues for future sustainability in urban environments.8
1 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
22

A progressive success for the city of Leeds was achieving the runner up to the Next Generation Digital Challenge
Award 2014 with their Leeds Data Mill initiative.
Leeds has succeeded in its large scale delivery of freely available Wi-Fi with installations in over 103 public buildings
and to tower block residents to meet the city’s aim of closing the digital divide.
A further successful project is ‘The Greenhouse’, which welcomed its first habitants in 2010, with the aim of facilitating
the creation of a low carbon community. It is a housing estate development in which architectural solutions are
integrated with practical technical solutions allowing people constant, reliable and precise feedback regarding their
consumption, in the form of a specially designed app. A supportive social media platform further enabled the formation
of a strong community within the estate allowing residents to share their records, to compare and create positive,
healthy competition. Also sharing tips and advice, furthermore having a positive impact on the ‘outsiders’ providing
them with knowledge, showing them examples in very practical terms, thus encouraging a more environmental and
energy conscious behaviour. As an indicator of this project’s success: Little Kelham in Sheffield based their design on
this model and took it forward for their low carbon community. 1
A key challenge identified through the evaluation of Leeds Transport Strategy is an issue of accessibility from the
disabled community’s perspective. 2
It is argued what is the degree of ‘true involvement’ of various minority groups
during the design process and in prevailing planning and development. The raises the challenge of ‘access for all’
in smart city initiatives in Leeds.
The ‘Smart Cities: Delivering a sustainable City in the Digital Age’ 2014 Leeds Report highlighted that the city faces
a challenge against time to meaningfully engage with communities, localities and businesses. It also states that the
city faces a challenge of limited resources to meet its smart city capacity, achieving only ad-hoc smart city initiatives
to date. 3
The city also reports that it faces the challenge of a lack of a specialised biding team to target smart city funding,
inward investment and partnerships which is restricting its smart city capacity. A further issues raised is the challenge
of low digital knowledge among all sectors, lacking in the business and technology skills necessary to navigate this
new smart city and digital age trend. 4
CHALLENGES
AND SUCCESSES
1 2 3 4 5 6
23

Leeds City Council have provided a clear vision of Leeds as a smart city, built around open data usage. Open data
is crucial in the ethos of granting ‘access for all’ and an important aid in the cities’ future, evolving via collaboration
between the public and private sector.4
This vision is well reflected in the city’s policy documents, indicating the city
has taken steps towards turning their smart city vision into a reality.
ESSENCE
OF THE PLACE
CITY
POPULATION
PUBLIC POLICY
EUROPEAN PARTNER
CITIES
METHODOLOGY
FOR CHANGE
EXISTING SMART
INITIATIVES
OPEN DATA POLICY
MAIN SUCCESSES
CASE STUDY FOCUS
TO TAKE FOCUS
LEEDS
City: 766,399. Urban: 1,777,934 (4th in UK)
40% reduction between 2005 and 2020. Total emissions have reduced by 14.4% from 2005 to 2009, an annual rate of 3.6%.
To reach the target, a rate of 3% every year will need to be sustained from 2009 to 2020.
Northern Powerhouse (heavily argued politically), Leeds City Council working in partnership with CISCO, Leeds City Region
Better energy management (Climate Smart Cities), development of Leed’s public sector services, urban environment and
entrepreneurial ICT skillset,aiming to harness the potential of the IoT
Leeds City Region: Barnsley, Bradford, Calderdale, Craven, Harrogate, Kirklees, Selby, Wakefield, York. Northern Powerhouse:
Hull, Liverpool, Sheffield, Leeds, Newcastle. Climate Smart Cities: Birmingham, Sheffield.
Open and Agile Smart Cities (OASC)
Climate Smart Cities: Kolkata (India), Lima-Callao (Peru), Johor Bahru and Pasir Gudang (Malaysia), Palembang (Indonesia),
Recife (Brazil), Kigali (Rwanda)
Governmental Initiatives
Climate Smart Cities (2012), CISCO’s Smart City Agenda (2014), Leeds Data Mill (2014/15) by LCC (Leeds City Council)
Leeds Data Mill (2014/15) by LCC (Leeds City Council)
The Greenhouse- low carbon community (2010), Leeds Data Mill (2014)
The Greenhouse- low carbon community (2010)
1 2 3 4 5 6
24

Leeds’ Smart City approach involves a multitude of stakeholders who act independently to some extent but it is
evident that Leeds City Council controls many incentives from the top-down. For example they facilitate
entrepreneurship via Leeds Community Foundation and aid civil initiatives via their Office for Civil Society. This nurtures
civic participation and innovation. It also enables the city to continue to act as a testing ground within the smart
city arena. Leeds’ many higher education institutes allows contribution in the cities Smart City approach, providing
research, technologies and infrastructure to shape and develop the city’s approach.
SMART GOVERNANCE
IN THE PLACE:
STAKEHOLDER MAPPING
PUBLIC
Leeds Data Mill, Leeds
City Council, National
Government, UK
Government, EU, Climate
Smart Cities, Leeds
Community Foundation,
Office for Civil Society.
SOCIAL
ENTREPRENEURS
Caring For Life, Soul Circus,
St George’s Crypt, smart
start-ups, open data users.
PRIVATE
CISCO, Siemens, BT, Virgin
media, Mitsubishi, Arla
Foods UK, Major Banking
Companies, Retail Compa-
nies.
ACADEMIA
University of Leeds,
Leeds Beckett University,
Leeds Trinity University,
University of Law, Leeds City
College, other higher
education institutes.
CIVIL
SOCIETY
The Greenhouse (low carbon
community), Leeds Citizens,
City Mayor.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Leeds IT company aql have helped develop and deliver the city’s integrated communication services network.
Actuated Futures is a successful consulting company founded by Ian Jones have been instrumental in helping Leeds
develop their strategies in ICT a success when coupled together with Health and Innovation director Tim Straughan
has provided a focus on the agenda of of how smart cities iniatives can support positive change in healthcare.
KEY SME’S
25

OECD Wellbeing – Leeds represented via Yorkshire & The Humber region
Indicators:
PROSPERITY &
WELL-BEING:
DATA ANALYSIS
31% IN HOUSING
17% IN ACCESS
TO SERVICES
46% IN INCOME
45% IN SAFETY
40% IN ENVIRONMENT
39% IN
CIVIC ENGAGEMENT
48% IN HEALTH
47% IN JOBS
49% IN EDUCATION
1 2 3 4 5 6
26

Bristol, the largest city in the South West of England, has a population of around 442,5001
. The city has a relatively
young age profile with more children than people aged 65 and over. The median age in Bristol is 33.4 years compared
to the GB median of 40 years2
.
Bristol is the 10th largest city in Great Britain and one of the ten ‘Core Cities’. The city has the third strongest academic
cluster in the UK after Oxford and Cambridge, with 46% of its working age residents being qualified to degree
or higher levels compared to the national average of 36%3
. It is one of the most successful cities in the UK, with
a higher employment rate and lower unemployment rate than in most core cities. The city is now expanding
its economic growth potential through its strong knowledge industries which are well connected. The city has a
focus on high technology, digital and green industries. The city is enabling this through an award from the UK
Government’s Urban Broadband Fund, creating ‘Gigabit Bristol’ providing ultrafast broadband speed. Bristol is
identified by NESTA as one of nine UK creative hotspots, promoting innovation and economic growth across its
region. The city is ranked 7th in the strongest European regions in attracting inward investments. The city has a strong
start-up rate and is home to many independently owned businesses. It is also the strongest UK core city in terms of
patents per 100,000 (population), with 8.3, almost double the UK average. Bristol boasts an impressive technology
and creative industry, being home to the largest silicon chip industry outside Silicon Valley4
. The city is home to one
of Europe’s largest robotics laboratories - Bristol Robotics Laboratory, as collaboration between and it’s universities.
In 2011 Smart City Bristol was commissioned by Bristol City Council with funding from the UK Department of Energy
and Climate Change. This was a collaborative programme between public, private, academic sectors and citizens. It
was set up with the aim of using the cities increasingly smart and connected technologies to meet CO2
targets and
social and economic objectives. The city’s established technology industry, academic credentials and investments in
digital infrastructure and connectivity meant that Bristol was capable of developing as a future smart city.
BACKGROUND:
THE PLACE
A forward-thinking mayor, a creative atmosphere and super-fast internet mean the city outdoes London when it comes
to technological innovation. Bristol is making efficient and innovative use of existing infrastructure. For example the
high-speed fibre network, which makes use of disused cable ducting owned by the city, is being combined with the
university’s £12m supercomputer and a new ‘city operating system’ that will power the experimental network10
.
Bristol Data Dome has also been established as a central hub to analyse, manage, visualise and communicate smart
city initiatives.
The city maintains focus and suitability in its smart city initiatives with the use of selection criterion as seen in Table 111
.
Bristol has focused its initiatives in the areas of; smart data, smart transport, smart grids, smart metres and open data.
Bristol Is Open: A digital R&D joint venture company, owned by the University of Bristol and Bristol City Council,
which makes use of an innovative digital infrastructure. The initiative is exploring new forms of digital connectivity,
including software defined networks, network function virtualisation, Internet of Things, Big Data, data visualisation
and smart city applications12
. It supports local SME’s and community organisations in their ‘smart’ developments as
well as working with global ICT companies.
RERUM (Resilient and secUre IoT for sMart city applications): Project to develop, evaluate, and trial an architectural
1
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
28

Bristol is the first UK city named European Green Capital and will hold the honour in 2015. The city adopted a Climate
Change and Energy Security Framework17
to meet its 40% carbon reduction target by 2020. The city achieved a
15% reduction in CO2
emissions from 2005 to 2009. Bristol also won the 2014 International Making Cities Liveable
Lewis Mumford Award for a healthy and liveable city, and is one of the first Rockefeller 100 Resilient Cities18
.
Despite the city’s successes inequalities exist and many areas experience multiple deprivation. Life expectancy has
a persistent gap between the most and least deprived areas (an estimated gap of 8.9 years for men and 6.6 years
for women, 2011-13).Bristol’s economic success has also brought with it problems such as congestion, environmental
pollution and high house prices (relative to income). Despite improvements in air quality, ozone and NO2 levels are
still above EU limits in central areas and on main radial roads19
. It has also been brought to attention that the city
needs to improve its public transport systems and networks to provide connectivity and accessibility to all throughout
the city.
Bristol’s smart city initiatives have received local and global funding. It was the EU 2020 Horizon Innovation Programme
winner receiving 25 million in smart city and community funding. Bristol also received UK Government funding from
BIS & DCMS and from UK Connected Cities. Bristol is open is part of TM Forum’s Smart Cities Global Leadership
Team, and has created long term partnerships with global ICT industry companies20
. The program has successfully
engaged local citizens, SME’s and global companies in smart city design. The city has an ambition to be within the
top 20 European cities, it will need to further develop its smart city initiatives to overcome the above challenges and
achieve a healthier, more sustainable and liveable city.
CHALLENGES
AND SUCCESSES
framework for dependable, reliable, and secure networks of heterogeneous smart objects supporting innovative
Smart City applications. The framework will be based on the concept of “security and privacy by design”, addressing
the most critical factors for the success of Smart City applications13
.
Sphere (sensor platform for healthcare in a residential environment): Sees homes fitted with hundreds of monitors to
amass an unprecedented amount of data that will allow a better understanding of the relationship between lifestyle
and preventable diseases14
.
Connecting Bristol15
: A digital public, private and community partnership coordinated by the Bristol City Council’s
City Innovation Team. This pilots the latest smart technologies to enhance Bristol’s resilience, sustainability,
economic prosperity, inclusiveness and liveability.
You Decide (APP): a free digital tool that makes it easier for people to have a say in the decisions that affect them.
Open Data: The city’s fibre optics are forming an open, giant operating system that can learn from its citizens,
while they, can use it to “customise their environment” by developing apps for it. The city has opened up almost two
hundred of the city’s data sets on traffic flows, energy use, crime and health trends to kick-start the creation of innovative
new services16
. This is available online from Bristol is Open and the city council site.
1 2 3 4 5 6
29

Bristol Mayor George Ferguson has played a leading role in Bristol’s smart city strategy. He has pushed for the
experimental, test-bed (internet of things experimenter) approach and in using smart initiatives to meet ambitious
environmental targets5
. Since 2011 the city has established itself as a testing ground for smart city innovation and
is open to public, private, academic and citizen engagement. It aims to improved citizen engagement, enhance city
systems, improve the environment, improve health, maintain a vibrant economy and achieve better quality of life
through use of smart city initiatives. Bristol is on track to becoming a more prosperous, inclusive and sustainable city6
.
The high involvement of people and communities is what makes the Smart Bristol approach distinctive, looking to
understand how people work with the technology but also to actively involve them at every stage in the development
of the experiences, products and services that help the city to achieve its aims7
. The idea of the city as a “living lab” has
flourished, with local organisations like the Knowledge West Media Centre and Watershed supported in delivering
technology projects designed by and for the city’s inhabitants8
.
The city has developed a brand identity around its green achievements and in making green initiatives mainstream,
encouraging citizens to live more sustainably, thereby helping everyone lead healthier, happier city lives. The brand
strapline ‘in it for good’ communicates the benefit of being involved while conveying Bristol’s personality. It shows
that while Bristol 2015 is about addressing global issues, it is firmly rooted in the city and Bristolians have the power
to make it a happier and healthier place to live9
.
ESSENCE
OF THE PLACE
1 2 3 4 5 6
CITY
POPULATION
PUBLIC POLICY
EUROPEAN PARTNER
CITIES
METHODOLOGY
FOR CHANGE
EXISTING SMART
INITIATIVES
OPEN DATA POLICY
MAIN SUCCESSES
CASE STUDY FOCUS
TO TAKE FOCUS
BRISTOL
City: 442,500, Urban: 617,000, Metro: 1,006,600
reduce CO2 emissions by 40% by 2020 from a 2005 baseline.
Bristol is Open - Bristol University, Bristol City Council & Private Companies.
Citizen engagement and enhancement of city systems focus. Cleaner environment, better health, vibrant economy and better
quality of life. Investing in digital infrastructure and connectivity. Helping to achieve sustainability and carbon reduction goals - a
greener, smarter city.
Bath, North Somerset, South Gloucester
Florence,San Sebastian
REPLICATE (REnaissance of PLaces with Innovative Citizenship And TEchnologies) - was given the highest score of all the entries
for its innovative proposal to integrate energy, transport and ICT at scale in the city.
Public/private/academic partnerships, Citizen Engagement, Infrastructural developments, Local Public Policy - Bristol is
Open. -technology and development into hands of citizens and SMEs - piecemeal testing ground. Selection criteria and process
(MCDM)- Strategy Focus Areas: Smart Data, Smart Transport, Smart Grids, Smart Metres, Open data.
Open Bristol, Data Dome, Smart City Bristol Report, REPLICATE, RERUM, SPHERE, Smart City Bristol, Connecting Bristol, You
Decide, Playable City, Integrated, wifi mesh and city network cable system.
Open Bristol Access, Access to All, Data Dome, Bristol is open: the open ‘playable’ city.
EU 2020 Horizon Innovation Programme winner; 25 million smart city and community funding, Government funding (BIS &
DCMS), UK Connected Citied Funding.
Use of and enhancement of existing infrastructure in Smart City development.
30

The Council is taking a leading role within the smart city strategy, working to build the partnerships and secure the
funding to deliver the Smart City ambition and realise the Mayor’s vision to see Bristol develop as a “Testbed for
Change”21
. Bristol’s Smart City approach involves a multitude of stakeholders which act independently as well as
being some-what integrated. Control comes from both the bottom-up and the top-down leading to a messier, unstructured
set of stakeholders. However this allows for organic change and innovation. It also enables the city to continue to
act as a testing ground within the smart city arena. Bristol University is also heavily involved in the cities Smart City
approach, providing research, technologies and infrastructure to shape and develop the city’s approach.
In the future as it developed further as a smart city, Bristol will require a more robust and structured stakeholder
management in order to maintain coherence and control in its growth.
SMART GOVERNANCE
IN THE PLACE:
STAKEHOLDER MAPPING
PUBLIC
Bristo is Open, Bristol
city council, National
Government, UK
Government, EU, Tech City
UK, Innovate UK.
SOCIAL
ENTREPRENEURS
Social Enterprise Work’s,
West of England local
Enterprise Partnership, smart
start-ups, open data users.
PRIVATE
BBC, BT, NHS, Forum for
the Future, HP, Toshiba,
NISSAN, Zuora, Zipabout,
Imteck UK, GE, E&Y, Atkins
Global, Esoterix systems,
Rolls-Royce, Silversprings
network.
ACADEMIA
Bristol University
Higher Education
establishments.
CIVIL
SOCIETY
Knowle West Media Centre
(KWMC), Bristol Citizens,
City Mayor.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Bristol have targeted becoming the UK’sinternet of things demonstrator and combined multidisciplinary collaboration
well to include communications platforms working with Zipabout and relationship management services in business
with Zuora. Working Imtech a socially responsbile electrcial contractor and integrating Esoterix systems a Bristol
base t technology company woth a focus on transport software platforms to deliver a combined coherent smart city
strategy. Entrepreneurs Owen Maddock (a savy engineer) and his wife Karen spotted a gap in the bespoke solutions
for families for whom a jittering copper connection to the nearest BT exchange.
31

OECD Wellbeing: Bristol represented by South West England region
Bristol scores highly in all of the nine OECD indicators suggesting higher levels of wellbeing. This is consistent with
their smart city approach in achieving a quality of life focus and a participatory environment for all.
PROSPERITY &
WELL-BEING:
DATA ANALYSIS
47% IN ENVIRONMENT
24% IN JOBS
42% IN EDUCATION
5% IN ACCESS
TO SERVICES
46% IN
CIVIC ENGAGEMENT
29% IN INCOME
22% IN HEALTH
21% IN SAFETY
27% IN HOUSING
1 2 3 4 5 6
32

Belfast, the largest city and capital of Northern Ireland has a population of around 343 4451
. Belfast’s city centre fits
the structure of Burgess’ model as it is largely made up of the elderly, students and young single people, with majority
of families living on the periphery. Historical sectarian conflict and political unrest have significantly influenced the
city, particularly in terms of segregation. The city centre is characterised by varying socio-economic areas radiating
from the CBD ranging from affluent areas such as Malone Roads to areas of deprivation such as Shankill Roads2
.
However the current period of relative peace has seen a boost in the economy and in CBD revitalisation with a focus
on pedestrianisation, accessibility and retail development3,4
.
As a post-industrial city which was historically a major trade port, linen producer and top engineering and ship
building industry. Belfast experienced a major economic crisis between 1973 and 2001 with a total of 51,000
manufacturing jobs lost and major population losses5
. However the city is successfully rebuilding its environment,
economy and society from a low point of industrial decay and unemployment6
. Developments such as the 1994
peace process, the 1996 ceasefires, 1998 city centre regeneration and the 1999 Good Friday Agreement along
with EU and UK financial aid for conflict damage recovery have seen a turn have enabled this economic return7
.
Belfast is the driver of the NI economy and is now an established business and technology hub. The city has enjoyed
a growth of over 6% in the last decade and is second to London in the attraction of FDI. Belfast has half of NI’s hi-tech
manufacturing jobs and two-thirds of creative media and arts jobs. It also has growing financial sector employing
over 20,000 people and a creative industry composing 1,000 creative businesses in the city centre, employing over
17,000 people8
. The city is now also growing in its health and biotechnology sectors, its clean technology industry
and low carbon and waste reduction sectors. Belfast has five higher education institutions which are important city
assets contributing to considerable impact on the city and regional economy. NI was also the first European region to
achieve 100% broadband coverage and Belfast was one of 10 super connected cities chosen to receive government
funding to roll out superfast broadband9
.
With a 98% dependency on imported fossil fuels the city is a laggard in terms of sustainability and carbon reduction
achievements. However a number of policies such as the ‘back to the Future’ report have been put in place to work
towards a greener, lower carbon city with a target of becoming fossil fuel free by 205010
. In 2001 Belfast was
identified as the UK’s most car dependant city in ‘Contemporary lifestyles and the implications for sustainable
development policy’ report . The city introduced its Transport Masterplan ‘Belfast on the Move’ in 2010 to reduce
general traffic levels and encourage walking, cycling and public transport use. The city has a bus rapid transport
system plan in place which has reached its first phase of development and is scheduled to become fully operational
in 2018. The system looks to integrate ‘Intelligent Transport Systems’ (ITS) to enable users to be better informed and
make safer, more coordinated, and ‘smarter’ use of the network.
Withagrowingeconomy,technologyindustry,alargeyoungpopulation,highbroadbandconnectionlevels,established
academic centres and increasing political stability Belfast was well-placed in its suitability in becoming a smart city
when it first applied to IBM’s Smarter Cities Challenge in 2012 . Their focus on quality of life, accessibility and social
inclusion stood out among high competition and in 2013 the city won the IBM grant worth an estimated $400,000
along with access to smart city experts and a city-wide consultation12
.
BACKGROUND:
THE PLACE
IBM’s expert consultation process with Belfast resulted in a number of recommendations mainly focusing on Belfast’s
organisations working together in ‘smarter’ ways to tackle persistent, complex social problems16
. These included the
development of a collaborative planning environment, data and evidence-based decision making and enhanced
technology systems such as software systems. This influenced a smart city approach based on the
1 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
34

A major success of Belfast’s smart city approach to date is its achievement of the integration of smart city strategy
into overall, comprehensive city policy and planning. Policy reports such as The Belfast Masterplan, Belfast on
the Move and Back to the Future (The Future Cities Initiative) embed smart city initiatives into the functions and
processes of their overall city strategy, using smart city approaches as a means to tackle current city challenges
such as quality of life and access for all. This was facilitated by another main success of achieving the IBM Smarter
Cities award (2013). Achieving UK Governmental Super-connected Cities funding also allowed for the development
of Belfast as a global leader in digital connectivity. Despite these achievements Belfast has been slow moving in
the implementation of smart city projects, policies and initiatives following the IBM consultation in 2013. In order
to remain competitive the city will need to reach key deliverables in its aims for improved life quality and social
cohesion through its smart city initiatives.
Belfast still faces challenges of socio-economic inequalities such as in high demand for social welfare, 35% of people
experiencing income deprivation and approximately 18.9% of households considered to be in relative poverty. The
city also experiences high levels of fuel poverty (45% of households in 2009) and has one of the highest per capita
carbon emissions in the UK. The NI Strategic Energy Framework have set an ambitious target for 40% electricity
consumption from renewable resources by 202021
and 10 % of heat from renewables by 2020 .These ambitious
targets could benefit from the use of smart city initiatives focused renewable energy from waste heat, post-industrial
hydro technology and biomass.
Belfast City Council highlight that connectivity to the city centre is critical to ensure equality of access to opportunity
and services for all. Further progress in sustainable public transport in needed to achieve this.
CHALLENGES
AND SUCCESSES
cohesion and integration of city planning in collaboration with public, private and academic partners with a quality
of life focus. The city is increasing SME and citizen engagement with the aim of creating a smart city ecosystem.
The Belfast Masterplan: initiated in 2004 and revised in 2013 aims for a singular, whole-city integrated vision in
guiding development following years of unrest. This integration of city policies was held together by a focus on
improving quality of life and wellbeing. Smart city approaches play a major role in the cohesion and integration of
this strategy such as in the integration of public services via digital infrastructure17
.
Digital Infrastructure (Belfast City Council): The cities ultrafast broadband network is now providing high quality Wi-
Fi across the city and connections to global markets. Community facilities are being digitally enabled to enhance
connectivity and digital skill levels throughout the city. The network looks to be used to address digital exclusion
within deprived neighbourhoods and drive efficient delivery of coordinated public services. A city Digital Hub which
provides Europe’s fastest direct fibre optic link to North America is also providing a range of flexible workspaces
acting as a catalyst for development of digital businesses across the city18
.
The Belfast Cube: Provides integration of information flows through an open source portal and data mining. The
cube combines online data such as real time traffic streams with smart technologies, such as pc’s laptops and smart
phones, smart meters and sensors linking the individual to the city and vice versa to improve both the needs of the
individual and city functions. This informational matrix enables systems integration in partnership with central and
local government and other public sector bodies, the private and voluntary sectors and the local community to
achieve city goals19
.
ODI Belfast: Part of the Open Data Institute’s global Node network, ODI Belfast provide open city data which can
be accessed by public and private sectors along with citizens to facilitate the development of economic, social and
environmental improvements through the use of data. Belfast City Council also provides a number of online,
accessible to all city data sets20
.
1 2 3 4 5 6
35

Belfast’s smart city approach is based on the cohesion and integration of city planning in collaboration with public,
private and academic partners with a quality of life focus.
In 2008 Belfast developed a new city brand and logo which uses a heart-shaped B logo accompanies by messages
including the word ‘be’ such as ‘be welcome… part of it … vibrant.’ The aim was to market the city to international
visitors and to promote Belfast as an exciting, vibrant and welcoming place. It was identified that the welcoming
nature of Belfast citizens is what sets the city apart from others. This was backed by the city mayor who states that
the people of Belfast are key to the city’s success and in achieving a world class city in which to ‘live, work, invest
and visit.’15
ESSENCE
OF THE PLACE
CITY
POPULATION
PUBLIC POLICY
EUROPEAN PARTNER
CITIES
METHODOLOGY
FOR CHANGE
EXISTING SMART
INITIATIVES
OPEN DATA POLICY
MAIN SUCCESSES
CASE STUDY FOCUS
TO TAKE FOCUS
BELFAST
City: 343445, Urban: 483,418, Metropolitan: 579,276
Fossil fuel free by 2050
IBM Smart Cities, The Belfast Masterplan, Belfast Metropolitan Area Plan, the Regional Development Strategy for Northern
Ireland and the Regional Transportation Strategy, Belfast on the Move, STEM, Belfast: Future City initiative, Back to the Future.
Community and quality of life focus. Aim for technology to improve social cohesion. Enhancement of the digital infrastructure.
Enhance economic competitiveness; and improve the provision of integrated public services.
Regional city leader. Co-ordinator/leader for Northern Ireland.
IBM Consultation, Public-private co-operation, Local Public Policy - The Belfast Masterplan. SME and Citizen engagement -
creating a Smart City Ecosystem
IBM Smart City, The Belfast Masterplan, The Cube, The Digital Hub.
Council Open Data Set, Open Data Institute Belfast
IBM Smart City competition winner, Department of Culture, Media & Sport funding, UK Government`s Super-connected
Cities funding.
Smart city integration into city masterplan (public policy).
1 2 3 4 5 6
36
See Sensse a crowd funding company developed a cycle light that provides data to collect real time information on
accidents, near miss events and roads surfaces to build a better understanding of the built environment and roads
conditions for users.
Data Smarthub Belfast is an ecosystem of companies building a better urban environment for the city. it delivered
a scoping exercise in 2015 with a view to publishing ajoint report on the opportunities and benefits for Belfast. The
activites included acting a demonstrator projects funded by industry; highlight opportunities for analysis and deliver
informatics and data brokerage; and finally, create a Future Belfast involved in providing evidence and analysis for
a whole range of organisations dealing with urban change.

The city’s mayor played a significant role in advocating for, facilitating and achieving Belfast’s IBM smart city application
and subsequent 2013 award. Consequently IBM and Belfast city council have much control within the cities Smart City
approach. Top-down style of management is prevalent however there is encouragement of bottom-up engagement
through the provision of open data and enterprise hubs. The private sector also has a large stake in the Smart City
approach and therefore holds significant control over Smart City growth.
SMART GOVERNANCE
IN THE PLACE:
STAKEHOLDER MAPPING
OECD Wellbeing: Belfast represented by Northern Ireland region
Indicators: Compared across all OECD regions, the region is in the:
PROSPERITY &
WELL-BEING:
DATA ANALYSIS
PUBLIC
Local council, National
Government, UK
Government, EU, smart
cities council.
SOCIAL
ENTREPRENEURS
Open data users, digital
start-ups. Belfast Social
Enterprise Hub.
PRIVATE
ODI Belfast, IBM,
BT, Virgin, Invest NI.
ACADEMIA
Queens University
Higher Education.
CIVIL
SOCIETY
Belfast citizens, City Mayor,
Belfast Delivery Forum,Urban
Evolution Smarter Belfast
Collaborative Network,
CommunityNI.
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
37

5% IN ACCESS
TO SERVICES
48% IN JOBS
20% IN ENVIRONMENT
45% IN INCOME
45% IN SAFETY
42% IN HOUSING
22% IN CIVIC
ENGAGEMENT
43% IN EDUCATION
44% IN HEALTH
Belfast’s smart city approach looks to improve quality of life. It scores highly in access to services, jobs, environment,
income and housing however it is lagging in education and health. There is also a citizen engagement approach
within their smart city agenda however Belfast scores low in civic engagement.
A top score in access to services suggests a high level of inclusivity which is essential in achieving their smart city
goals, however this is contradicted by a lower rate of income and civic engagement.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin-Belfast_corridor
The Dublin-Belfast corridor (population 3.3 million) is a term used to loosely describe a geographical area that
encompasses the cities of Dublin and Belfastand the area between.[1] The term has been used in papers regarding
planning strategies in the area, with the aim of capitalising on the expanding economies of both cities
The main route linking the two cities is along the M1 and N1 in the Republic of Ireland and the A1 and M1 in
Northern Ireland.
There is also the Enterprise train service connecting the two city regions.
38

Open Data and Big Data Policies
Rudi Ball, Data Scientist & Independent Consultant.
During the past decade numerous Open Data policies have
been adopted by various governments around the world.
Broadly, the opening up of datasets publicly has been en-
couraged by the direct opportunities in data processing
and analysis (evidence-based decision making) as well as
political motivations, transparency to citizenry and smart-
cities agendas.
The potential to use data and statistics for governance has
been well understood historically - for example censuses
are conducted by some nations to collect demographic
information - the periods between censuses (sample periods)
have typically been large due to scale and cost. Even with
its merits, the actual widespread usage of data to inform
governmentdecisionmakinghasbeenlimited.Somecitieslike
Singapore have benefited significantly from their intelligent
usage of data. With many cities a number of factors have
contributed to data analysis being unused, including cost,
broad indecision in what data to collect, ensuring data
quality and lack of expertise in analysing data - the extraction
of valuable insights from data.
The Open Data revolution currently occurring is partly a
mixture of technological evolution and political policies. It is
easier today to directly collect data using various computing
technologies as well as analyse such data, however issues
relating to recordkeeping or data storage - consistency,
accuracy and applicability persist. Political action by the
Open Data movement has thus far made some electronic
data public as well as easier to access in larger and larger
datasets. Such datasets are fusible with other datasets and
cover a variety of domains such as business, city government,
education, the environment, health, housing, security,
transportation and utilities.
Open Data portals supporting various data interfaces
called Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) have
been made available. Cities in the United Kingdom (UK)
such as London, Manchester, Belfast, Bristol, Leeds and
Newcastle have benefited from the centralised Data.gov.uk1
portal. Similar portals have been adopted and leveraged
by developers in global cities like Helsinki, Singapore 2
,
New York3
and San Francisco - often split between two
platforms Socrata4
and CKAN5
.
EXPERT CONTRAST UK CITIES
Figure 1. A selection of dataset counts as provided by Open Data portals.
In comparison the data available from these portals are broad and often inconsistent - this is
largely expected because surveys and data collection have often been localised to the local
aims of cities lacking standardisation - there was in many cases, historically little intention to
fuse or organise data between political regions. In many cases portals have tried to retrofit
surveys or government documents (often aggregated) to make them available publicly.
Larger cities like London and Manchester have historically funded and collected data relating
to domains such a transportation and modeled land development. In contrast, smaller cities
have not funded similar data collection efforts due to need and cost considerations. Public
organisations within cities have also moved to present their data using their own public
portals - there has been some repetition for the maintenance of communication. For
example, the Manchester City Council and the Greater London Authority both have their own
open data portals for accessing public data also supported on the national portal
In comparison the data available from these portals are
broad and often inconsistent - this is largely expected
because surveys and data collection have often been
localised to the local aims of cities lacking standardisation -
there was in many cases, historically little intention to fuse or
organise data between political regions. In many cases por-
tals have tried to retrofit surveys or government documents
(often aggregated) to make them available publicly. Larger
cities like London and Manchester have historically funded
and collected data relating to domains such a transportation
and modelled land development. In contrast, smaller
cities have not funded similar data collection efforts due to
need and cost considerations. Public organisations within
cities have also moved to present their data using their
own public portals - there has been some repetition for the
maintenanceofcommunication.Forexample,theManchester
City Council and the Greater London Authority both have
their own open data portals for accessing public data also
supported on the national portal (data.gov.uk).
While data has been made available through these portals,
a measure of usefulness of Open Data might be economic
and social impact. In general the highest quality datasets
are those repeatedly collected at short interval with high
accuracyandconsistencyovertime.Someofthemostvaluable
Open Data datasets have been in transportation and
immediate applications leveraged by the private sector. The
internal improvement in governance is less well understood
and there is an opportunity for further research.
Figure 1. A selection of dataset counts
as provided by Open Data portals.
1
Data.gov.uk: Public Data Portal. 2016. https://data.gov.uk
2
Data.gov.sg: Singapore Data Portal. 2016. https://data.gov.sg
3
NYC Open Data. 2016. https://nycopendata.socrata.com
4
Socrata Platform. 2016. https://www.socrata.com
5
CKAN. The open source data portal service. 2016. http://
ckan.org
39

BRAZIL
CASE
STUDIES
40

ECONOMICS
BRAZIL
GENERAL OVERVIEW
BRAZIHJGFJHGFJHFJHGFJHGFHGFHJHFGFGJHFGD BRASILIA
São PaAditiunto te la int rero quo eaquod eost, comni undipis si dis exerum incimil lorrovita eni ut essimet estibus, velestios
expere culparu ptatur sit represt, offic tem sit volestia cone doluptium, occuptatur, ut aborunt fuga. Nequam, officiatium labo.
41
URBAN POPULATION AND DENSITY
85%
24 people per sq. km land
LANDMASS
8511965 sq. km
5th in world
POPULATION
196.5 million
2.83% of total world population
5th most populous in world
MUNICIPALITIES
5,570
Average population 34,361
2016 IMPORT MARKET
$11134 MILLION
2016 EXPORT MARKET
$17571 MILLION
GOVERNMENT DEBT
$1167729
66% OF GDP
9TH LARGEST OIL PRODUCER IN
WORLD WITH PRODUCTION OS
2.57 MILLION BARRELS PER DAY
ONE OF WORLD’S LEADING
PRODUCERS OF HYDROELECTRIC
POWER, 69% OF TOTAL GENERATION
TOURISM IS GROWING SECTOR,5.2
MILLION VISITORS PER YEAR, BOOSTED
BY OLYMPICS & WORLD CUP

Wellbeing in Belo Horizonte will be visualised in the same way to wellbeing in the British cities, through the use of
OECD data. OECD data for Brazil is less comprehensive than data available for OECD member nations. Brazilian
data looks at the country as a whole rather than identifying differences in wellbeing between specific regions. As
a result, the majority of the information in this section will be the same across all three case studies. As a Brazilian
city that has recently implemented a comprehensive BRT system in order to tackle urban mobility, alongside
numerous green initiatives, we would hope further research to reveal Belo Horizonte to score above the national
average for topics such as education, the environment and community.
PROSPERITY & WELL-BEING:
DATA ANALYSIS
Brazil’s wellness indicators share most of the same topics as the OECD nations, with three exceptions11
.
1. Life Satisfaction is rated for Brazil but is missing from OECD nations. The OECD note that life
satisfaction in Brazil is above the OECD average, with Brazilians grading life satisfaction at 7.0 on a
scale of 1 to 10, higher than the OECD average of 6.6.
2. Work-life Balance is also assessed in Brazil, but not in OECD nations. Brazil appears to have a better
work-life balance than the OECD, with only 10% of Brazilians working very long hours, below the
OECD average of 13%.
3. Brazil does not utilize ‘access to services’ as an indicator, unlike the OECD. Instead, Brazil’s data
examines ‘community’, which is defined more broadly as a ‘strong social network, or community’ which
can ‘provide emotional support during both good and bad times as well as provide access to jobs,
services and other material opportunities’. Again, we find Brazilians feel their community support is
strong, as ‘90% of people believe that they know someone they could rely on in a time of need, more
than the OECD average of 88%’. This is an interesting disparity between Brazil and the OECD, with the
focus on social support indicating community ties and social capital are more important than
infrastructure in Brazil when examining how people satisfy their wants and needs.
42
LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH,
74.4 YEARS
RANK 98 IN THE WORLD FOR
PERCENTAGE LIVING IN POVERTY
AT 21.4%
ADULT LITERACY RATE OF
91.33%
EXPERNDITURE ON EDUCATION
REPRESENTS 6.1% OF GDP
LIFE SATISFACTION GRADE OF 6.5
IN LINE WITH OECD AVERAGE
TOTAL HEALTH SPENDING
ACCOUNTS FOR 9.3% OF GDP

A breakdown of Brazil’s wellness indictors follows, drawn from the OECD’s existing data.
• Housing: Key indicator is rooms per person. Brazil has 1.6 rooms per person on average, receiving a
grade of 4.3 and ranking 21st out of 36 OECD nations. Above Slovenia but below Austria.
• Income: Key indicator is household net adjusted disposable income. Brazilian households earn an aver
age of 11,664USD after taxes, earning a grade of 0.1 and a ranking of 36th out of 36 OECD nations.
• Jobs: Key indicator is employment rate. Brazil has an employment rate of 67% amongst 15-64 year
olds, earning a grade of 5.8 and a ranking of 20th out of 36 OECD nations. Above Luxembourg and
below Israel.
• Community: Key indicator is quality of support network. 90% of Brazilians felt they had a high quality
support network, receiving a grade of 7.2 and a ranking of 22nd out of 36 OECD nations. Above
Austria, below the United Kingdom, and on par with Italy, Slovenia, Russia and the U.S.A.
• Education: Key indicator is educational attainment. Defined as ‘percentage of people aged 25 to 64,
having at least an upper-secondary (high-school) degree, latest available year’. Brazil has attainment
rate of 44.9%, earning a grade of 1.8 and a ranking of 33rd out of 36 OECD nations. Above Portugal
but below Spain.
• Environment: Key indicator is air pollution. Brazil has 18.3 micrograms as average concentration of
particulate matter in cities, receiving a grade of 5.8 a ranking of 21st out of 36 OECD nations. Above
Switzerland and below Portugal.
• Civic Engagement: Key indicator is voter turnout. Brazil has a high voter turnout at 78.9%, earning a
grade 4.4 and a ranking of 9th out of 36 OECD nations. Above Norway and below France.
• Health: Key indicator is life expectancy. With a life expectancy of 74 years, Brazil earns a grade of 4.6
and a ranking of 35th out of 36 OECD nations. Above Russia and below Mexico.
• Life Satisfaction: Key indicator is life satisfaction. Brazil has a life satisfaction rating of 7.0, earning a
grade of 8.1 and a ranking of 15th out of 36 OECD nations. Above Austria and below Germany.
• Safety: key indicator is assault rate. In Brazil, 7.85% of people report having been assaulted in the
previous year, earning a grade of 2.2 and a ranking of 35th out of 36 OECD nations. Above Mexico
and below Chile.
• Work-life Balance. Key indicator is employees working very long hours. 10.4% of Brazilian employees
work very long hours, receiving a grade of 6.7 and a ranking of 25th out of 36 OECD nations. Above
the United States and below Portugal.
DATA ANALYSIS (CONTINUED)
43
CRIME
HOMOCIDE
RATE 26.5
(RATE PER
1000,000
POPULATION)
THEFT
RATE 114.3
(RATE PER
1000,000
POPULATION)
ASSAULT
RATE 330.1
(RATE PER
1000,000
POPULATION)

COMMUNITY
LIFE SATISFACTION
WORK - LIFE BALANCE
EDUCATION
INCOME
SAFETY
2.2
4.3
7.2
4.3 & 4.4
1.85.8
5.8
0.1
4.6
Community
Housing &
Civic engagement
EducationHousing
Safety
Health
Income
Environment
Jobs
KEYNOTE:
The OECD do not provide data for Brazil in this format. For the
purposes of this report and providing consistent data production
these diagrams have been developed purely for visual purposes.
DATA ANALYSIS (CONTINUED)
44

GOVERNANCE & POLITICAL
FRAMEWORK
Despite having endured centuries of political unrest and discrimination, Brazil now enjoys the political rule of a
democratic government - despite recent publicity, disruption and allegation of corruption.
At present, voting is compulsory for all Brazilian residents that are literate and between the ages of 18 and 69 years.
Anyone that is 16, 17 or over 69 years of age, or is illiterate can choose to vote, but is not under obligation to do so.
The government of Brazil is divided into the 1) executive branch, 2) legislative branch and 3) judicial branch. There
are 27 states and more than 5 500 individual municipalities, each of which is run by a mayor.
The model below represents a diagramatic representation of Brazil’s political and governance framework.
45
Government of the Federal District 2015 - 2018
Democratised, Participatory, Ethical,
Transparent and Innovative Government
Democratisation of rights
and opportunities
Integrated and sustainable development
of Brasilia and of the Integrated Development
Region of the Federal District (RIDE)
PRINCIPLES
CITY
THEMES
CITIZEN
STRATEGIC GUIDELINES
Restore the role of the
state as the authority
responsible for land
occupation and driver
of development.
Strengthen local potenti-
alities, decentralise and
diversify the economy.
Promote the role of in-
novation, technology and
social policy as enablers
of development and job
and income generation.
THEMES:
Environment
Planning
Metropolitan area
Infrastructure
Mobility
Science, technology
and innovation
Sustainable
development
THEMES
STRATEGIC GUIDELINES
Promote social justice.
Expand access and
guarantee quality of
public services.
Promote quality of
life and human
development.
THEMES:
Health
Education
Culture
Security
Sectorial policies
Social assistance
Sport and leisure
CITIZENSHIP
Strengthen and expand
citizen engagement and
social control
Expand planning
and implementation
capacity
Strengthen and expand
citizen engagement and
social control
Themes: Governance and management
(planning, implementation, monitoring
and evaluation)

INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT
PROJECTS
46
PLANNED
INFRASTRUCTURE
INVESTMENT OF
$66 BILLION BY
2018
INFRASTRUCTURE
INVESTMENT OF
1.5% OF GDP
ALL CITIZENS
TO BE LIVING
WITHIN 100
MILES OF AN
AIRPORT
BIO-OCEANIC RAILWAY BRAZIL TO PERU
4.371 KM OF HIGHWAYS
EXPANSION OF EXISTING FREIGHT RAILWAYS
AND THE BUILDING OF NEW ONES
OPEN 29 STATE-OWNED POER TERMINALS
TO PRIVATE OPERATORS
GOVERNMENT EXPECTS 66.1 BILLION RISE IN
INVESTMENTS IN HIGHWAYS, 86.4 BILLION IN RAILWAYS,
37.4 BILLION IN PORTS AND 8.5 BILLION IN AIRPORTS
TRANSPORT
WORLD
RANKING OF
VEHICLES
PER CAPITA.
NUMBER 63
3
BRAZILIAN
CITIES IN
WORLD’S TOP
10 MOST
CONGESTED
CITIES
NUMBER
OF VEHICLES
PER 1000
PEOPLE.
263

SAU PAULO
CASE STUDY
SAU PAULO
47

City population: 10 million. 1st in Brazil.
Metropolitan population: 20 million. 1st in Brazil.
Economy: Provides 62% of state GDP and 20% of national GDP.
Age profile: 27% children, 66% working age, 7% seniors.
Literacy: 97% ten or older.
ThecitySaoPauloisBrazil’slargestcityandthe12thlargestintheworldasof2016.Coupledwithitsgreatermetropolitan
area, the population of Sao Paulo doubles, and is the world’s 10th largest metropolitan area as of 2014. Whilst the
city’s population growth has slowed and fallen behind some of Brazil’s other metropolitan areas between 2000 and
2012, the city continues to remain Brazil’s economic powerhouse, with its GDP making up 20% of Brazil’s total GDP.
As of 2012, the top employment sectors in Sao Paulo were public services at 20% of total employment, manufacturing
at 19%, distribution & retail at 18% and business services at 15%.
Founded in the 16th century as a Portuguese colony, Sao Paulo became an official city in 1711. Its development
and urban growth has been characterised by unsustainable urban sprawl, social segregation, insecurity, crime,
poor work-life balances and clogged traffic arteries. Whilst ‘smart city’ technologies have the potential to mitigate
many of Sao Paulo’s urban dilemmas, commentators have noted that ‘what matters first and foremost for the future
of the metropolis is its spatial reorganization, lest these new technologies become accessories to the chaos’. The
urban centre, for example, concentrates job for 17% of the city’s population has contains only 3% of its housing. It
is encouraging then to find that Sao Paulo has taken steps to remedy its urban inefficiencies and has embraced the
potential of smart technology.
Sao Paulo has set a carbon emissions reduction target of 20% below 2005 levels by 20202
. The city also aims to
generate 70% of its electricity from renewable energy sources by 2020. Whilst an ambitious target, around 61% of
Sao Paulo’s emissions are currently generated from transport.
BACKGROUND:
THE PLACE
At present, Sao Paulo has no direct policy document detailing a ‘smart city’ strategy or listing a number of specific
planned policies, interventions or initiatives.
The majority of Sao Paulo’s future plans and policies that pertain to building a more sustainable city are contained
within their ‘Guidelines for the Action Plan of the City of Sao Paulo for Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change’4
.
This comprehensive document details the city’s extensive efforts to tackle the important issue of sustainability.
The policies proposed cover the following areas: transport, energy, construction, land use, solid waste, health,
education and economic instruments. There is significant scope amongst these policies for ‘smart city’ solutions, and
in some instances ‘smart city’ solutions have already been utilized.
The city has also enacted a new Master Plan5
for urban development as 2014. Intended to drive sustainable growth
and urban densification, this plan contains scope to utilize ‘smart city’ technologies to achieve its objectives. Some of
the measures imposed by the new plan involve mass transit corridors, building density, sidewalk widening, mixed-use
development and reservations for affordable housing.
1 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
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Full report: 'Smartness for Prosperity: UK & Brazil' commissioned by the Future Cities Catapult

Full report: 'Smartness for Prosperity: UK & Brazil' commissioned by the Future Cities Catapult

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Full report: 'Smartness for Prosperity: UK & Brazil' commissioned by the Future Cities Catapult