Dr. Sean Carton from idfive looks at the history of higher education development—where we are now and what's coming next. http://idfive.com/the-brand-of-higher-education-context-for-the-conflict/
7. Even with the bad press, 94% of
the U.S. parents with children 17
years old or younger expect their
kids to go to college.
July whitepaper
At least the American
public can agree on
something…
Pew Research Center
8. But despite that statistic, many parents
still aren’t “happy” with college
2015 Robert Morris Polling Institute
July whitepaper
Less than half were
satisfied that schools were
paying attention to current job
market trends in order to
prepare students for life
after graduation
57% of Americans felt that
higher education fails to
provide students with good
value for the money they
and their families spend.
75% felt that college has
become too expensive for
most Americans to afford
9. So, if it’s not working, then
what should college do?
July whitepaper
There are two ideas…
10. July whitepaper
46% of parents believe
that college is about job
preparation
39% of parents believe
college is about personal and
intellectual growth
12. July whitepaper
50% of Presidents
believe college is about
personal and
intellectual growth
47% of Presidents believe
that college is about job
preparation
Pew Research Center
13. July whitepaper
Misdirection and inconsistency is hurting
the higher ed brand. Making headway
against these forces is tough, but it can be
done.
But before we look at how
we can get there, lets look
at how we got here.
14. The Rise of Higher
Education in America: A
Brief History
July whitepaper
15. July whitepaper
The first Boston Latin School was founded in
1635 as a place to train the sons of the wealthy
for leadership positions in the church, the
government, or the judiciary.
16. July whitepaper
By 1647 the Massachusetts colony passed a law mandating
that every town with 50 or more families must hire a
schoolmaster in order to teach their children, and that every
town with over 100 families had to hire a Latin Grammar
school master to prepare them for Harvard College
17. July whitepaper
By 1693 the Southern
colonies caught up
As the mercantile class began to develop, there
was enough wealthy sons to warrant the opening
of the College of William and Mary in Virginia.
18. July whitepaper
There was also more to teach. European Enlightenment
in the 18th century brought more ideas to into public
education (arts, philosophy, sociology, humanities).
19. July whitepaper
Then came the the American Revolution.
Independence. New ideas. And a need to
create a well educated American public.
20. July whitepaper
By 1885 mandatory public primary
school laws had been passed by 16
of 38 states — 33 years later the rest
of the states caught up.
The next step was higher
education for more people.
21. The Land Grant Act of
1862 donates public
lands to the states for…
July whitepaper
the endowment, support, and maintenance of
at least one college where the leading object
shall be…to teach branches of learning…in
order to promote the liberal and practical
education of the industrial classes in the
several pursuits and processions in life.
This act essentially provided
the foundation of the state
university system
“
”
22. July whitepaper
By 1910 72% of all American children
attended school of some kind, and
9% of young adults had earned high
school diplomas.
By 1935 the number of high
school graduates jumped
to 40%.
23. July whitepaper
As public education grew in America so did
the number of people going to college
Year BA degrees MA degrees PhD degrees
1870 9,400 NA 1
1890 15,500 1,000 149
1910 37,200 2,100 440
1930 122,500 15,000 2,300
1950 432,000 58,200 6,600
1970 827,000 208,000 29,900
1990 1,052,000 325,000 38,000
2009 1,600,000 657,000 67,000
US Census
24. July whitepaper
This growth has tracked pretty
closely with education policy
decisions that increased the pool of
potential undergraduates.
26. While it’s easy to see the impact of policy
changes on higher education in the US, what’s
a little more difficult to see is why these changes
occurred. The answer, as it turns out, has a lot
to do with how technology and culture
collide.
June whitepaper
28. Resume for the educated
Industrial Revolution worker:
July whitepaper
Compliant with a hierarchal structure
Familiar with factory equipment
Understand the importance of time
Know my place in the great machine of the industrial
age
29. Public education prepared students to be good
workers and higher education prepared others
to be good managers, bankers, lawyers, doctors,
and others in the “professional classes”
July whitepaper
30. Additionally, funding provided by the government in the
form of land grants, and direct funding for certain types
of education, helped build foundations for state
systems of higher education while funding scientific
research and teaching from industrialists like
Rockefeller and Carnegie.
July whitepaper
31. July whitepaper
As industry exploded from the demands of material during World War II
and technological advancements drove more the more of the economy,
it became clear that higher education needed to be more affordable
and accessible in the Atomic Age.
32. This much needed democratization of
higher education—and the creation of the
educational system of today—was born
with the GI Bill of 1944 and the National
Defense Education Act of 1958.
July whitepaper
Millions of returning GI’s flocked to
colleges and universities after the war,
graduating into managerial, technical
and scientific professionals that fueled
the great boom years of the 1950’s and
early 1960’s
33. But as the American Dream became more accessible,
eventually the parents benefiting from the GI bill boomed
sons and daughters who needed a way to pay for college. And
colleges needed students to fill the classrooms they built.
July whitepaper
34. Introducing…. The
Higher Education
Act of 1965
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low-interest loans to students
more money for universities
Scholarships for students
Launched the National Teachers Corps
35. This was the answer for the time.
July whitepaper
An increasingly technologically-
driven society needed an ever
increasing number of college
educated people to keep it running
ahead of competing nations.
An expanding population
was creating an expanding need
for social scientists,
providers of social services,
and teachers.
38. Education changed during the
Industrial Revolution because the
needs of industry, government, and
society changed.
July whitepaper
Today, we find ourselves facing
the same kind of transition as we
enter the Digital Age…and
transitions aren’t easy
39. While higher education over the past century or so
evolved to meet the needs of an industrial society by
focusing on creating people who could work and lead
and create in a somewhat hierarchical, centralized
world driven by linear ideas, and measures of
productivity tied to output and profit tied to scale…
July whitepaper
The digital age demands new
skills and a new way of thinking
40. Whereas the scaling of production was often enough to
maintain profitability in the Industrial Age, now both cost
advantages and growth is almost always based on
continuous innovation. In such a world there are no
sustainable competitive advantages. Time and novelty are the
sources of profit, and such profits are temporary, at best. This
development characterizes the innovation-based economy.
At this stage, workers need to become innovators. The
balance shifts from the integrating function of education
towards the diversifying function.
July whitepaper
Learning and Education After the Industrial Age, Tuomi, Ilkka
and Miller, Riel (Oy Meaning Processing, 2011) p. 6
41. The reason that the higher education
market is so confused today, why the
brand is taking such a beating,
isn’t, at its heart, about student debt,
rising tuition costs, MOOCs, badges,
or any other buzzwords that gets
tossed around.
July whitepaper
42. July whitepaper
The reason is that we’re in the middle of a
massive transition just as large as the
transition from an agrarian society to an
industrial society.
We’re trying to force a system
based on the needs of one era to
meet the needs of a new one.