Fostering Friendships - Enhancing Social Bonds in the Classroom
1.3 session by klanarong cassava as a biofuel-bioenergy crop ghana
1.
2. Overview of potential of cassava as a food crop
And as a feedstock for biofuels
Klanarong Sriroth
(aapkrs@ku.ac.th)
Cassava and Starch Technology Rerearch Unit (CSTRU)Cassava and Starch Technology Rerearch Unit (CSTRU)
Kasetsart University, ThailandKasetsart University, Thailand
3. Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy cropCassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop
4. Cassava: The best alternativeCassava: The best alternative
Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop
6. Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop
Genotype Environment Management
7. Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop
Yield of cassava : increase 1 ton/ha (per year)
Productions of cassava in 2009
Yield = 12.64 tons/ha
Area = 19,058,000 ha
8. Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop
Productions increase from 2009Productions increase from 2009
= 259,951,120= 259,951,120 -- 240,989,000240,989,000
== 18,962,12018,962,120 tonstons
Productions of cassava in 2010Productions of cassava in 2010
= 13.64 * 19,058,000= 13.64 * 19,058,000
= 259,951,120 tons= 259,951,120 tons
9. Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop
Advantage as Food CropsAdvantage as Food Crops
10. ““Growth tolerance to poorGrowth tolerance to poor
environmental condition ”environmental condition ”
Advantage as Food Crops
11. Advantage as Food Crops
Root yield (t/ha) of cassava roots of different varieties
Variety Harvest time (months)
10 months 12 months
Without water
stresss
With water
stress
Without water
stress
With water
stress
Rayong 1 24.6 + 1.8 14.9+ 2.7 29.8+ 5.8 24.8+ 2.5
Rayong 5 35.2 + 4.5 17.9 + 1.1 41.8 + 5.1 26.9 + 4.9
Rayong 60 26.8 + 3.6 18.7 + 3.9 34.7 + 7.8 30.6 + 2.9
Rayong 90 26.6 + 1.8 16.7 + 4.4 34.9 + 3.4 26.2 + 7.8
KU50 27.8 + 2.9 18.2 + 0.5 34.9 + 6.3 28.8 + 4.4
CMR 33-57-81 41.9 + 3.9 21.3 + 8.1 51.1 + 7.6 28.8 + 7.2
Source : Santisopasri et al., 2001. Industrial crop and Products., 13, p.115-129.
12. ““All year round planting/harvesting”All year round planting/harvesting”
Advantage as Food Crops
13. ““ Possibility toPossibility to increase root productivity ”increase root productivity ”
Improved varieties + Cost-effective cultivation practices = High productivity
Advantage as Food Crops
24. ““Simple conversion to dried chips forSimple conversion to dried chips for
effective storage and transportation”effective storage and transportation”
Dried ChipsDried Chips
Advantage as Food Crops
25. Cassava ChipCassava Chip
Cassava ChipCassava Chip
Conversion : 2.25 kg fresh roots / 1 kg chip
(25% starch content) (14% moisture content)
Advantage as Food Crops
27. Advantage as Food Crops
Modification
Function
Application
Native starch
““Variation of Usage as Food”Variation of Usage as Food”
Source: CSTRU, 2009.
29. Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop
Potential as Feedstock for
Fuel
30. Gasohol
is a blend of anhydrous ethanol ‘derived from
agricultural products’ with gasoline !
E10
E20
E85
Advantages of Cassava as Feedstock for FuelAdvantages of Cassava as Feedstock for Fuel
31. Advantages of Cassava as Feedstock for FuelAdvantages of Cassava as Feedstock for Fuel
Sriroth et al,. 2010. The promise of a technology revolution in cassava bioethanol From Thai practice
to the world practice , Fuel. ( Available source:http://www.elsevier.com/locate/fuel )
32. Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop
Advantage of cassava as Feedstock forAdvantage of cassava as Feedstock for
Ethanol fermentation byEthanol fermentation by
Yeast FermentationYeast Fermentation
Source: Sriroth et al,. 2010. Fuel 89, p.1333-1338.
www.praj.com
33. Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop
Advantage in Fermentable to
Non-Fermentable Solids Ratio
(F/N ratio)
CassavaCassava
Fermentable glucose (up to 99%Fermentable glucose (up to 99%))
can be obtained from conventionalcan be obtained from conventional
hydrolysis of cassava starchhydrolysis of cassava starch..
34. MolassesMolasses
Case I : Brix = 85
Total Sugars = 51
Non-fermentable Solids = 85-51 = 34
F/N ratioF/N ratio = 51/34 = 1.50= 51/34 = 1.50
Case II : Brix = 85
Total Sugars = 40
Non-fermentable Solids = 85-40 = 45
F/N ratioF/N ratio = 40/45 = 0.88= 40/45 = 0.88
F/N ratioF/N ratio
35. F/N ratio < 0.9F/N ratio < 0.9
retards fermentation rate by average 15-20%retards fermentation rate by average 15-20%
F/N ratioF/N ratio
(www.praj.com)
36. Ash content > 10%Ash content > 10%
can retard the rate of fermentationcan retard the rate of fermentation
by 5-10%by 5-10%
Ash content
Max = 3.0%
Ash content
10-16%
Advantage of its Low Ash ContentAdvantage of its Low Ash Content
(www.praj.com)
37. Advantage of Absence of Volatile AcidsAdvantage of Absence of Volatile Acids
> 5000 ppm reduce fermention rate by 30-40%
> 7000 ppm reduce fermention rate by 40-50%
Volatile Acids
Cassava chips : None
Molasses : Acetic acid, Formic acid etc.
(www.praj.com)
38. Advantage of no caramelizationAdvantage of no caramelization in cassavain cassava
> 0.40 OD retards fermentation rate by 20-25%> 0.40 OD retards fermentation rate by 20-25%
(Measured as color in OD units(Measured as color in OD units
at 375 nm of 0.1% Solution)at 375 nm of 0.1% Solution)
(www.praj.com)
39. Advantage in waste utilizationAdvantage in waste utilization
Solid wasteSolid waste Liquid wasteLiquid waste
40. Stillage from cassava chips Stillage from molasses
1. COD (mg/L) 40,000-60,000 100,000-150,000
2. BOD (mg/L) 15,000-30,000 40,000-70,000
3. TKN (mg/L) 350-400 1,500-2,000
4. Total Solids (mg/L) 60,000-65,000 100,000-120,000
5. Total Suspended Solid (mg/L) 3,000-20,000 14,000-18,000
6. Total Volatile Solids (mg/L) 20,000-40,000 n.a
7. Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L) 50,000 105,000-300,000
8. pH 3.5-4.3 4.1-4.6
Sriroth et al., 2006.
n.a = not applicable
Waste ManagementWaste Management
Stillage quality from ethanol factories in ThailandStillage quality from ethanol factories in Thailand
41. Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop
““Advantage of Well-developed technologyAdvantage of Well-developed technology
for ethanol production from cassava”for ethanol production from cassava”
42. Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop
Cassava Chips
Milling
α-amylase glucoamylase
yeast
Distillation
&Dehydration
Liquefaction SSF
Simultaneous SaccharificationSimultaneous Saccharification
and Fermentaion processand Fermentaion process
43. Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop
Mass Balance of Ethanol from Cassava Chip
T/D = Ton/Day, TS = Total Solid ,L/D =Liter/day
Fermentation efficiency 90%, Distillation efficiency 98.5%
M i l l i n g
M i x i n g
L i q u e f a c t i o n
S S F
F e r m e n t a t i o n
D i s t i l l a t i o n
M o l e c u l a r S i e v e
D e h y d r a t i o n
F u e l E t h a n o l
C a s s a v a C h i p
C O 2
T h i c k S l o p
F u s e l o i l
S t e a m
W a t e r
- M o i s t u r e 1 5 %
- S t a r c h c o n t e n t 6 5 % ( w e t b a s i s )
3 6 2 . 1 7 T / D
8 5 . 0 0 % T S
1 , 7 9 4 . 4 3 T / D
1 7 . 1 6 % T S
1 , 9 1 4 . 4 3 T / D
1 6 . 0 8 % T S
1 , 7 9 9 . 4 5 T / D
7 . 4 2 % ( w / w ) A l c o h o l
1 2 4 . 5 8 T / D
9 5 % A l c o h o l
0 . 5 0 T / D
1 , 4 9 6 . 8 4 T / D
6 . 5 % T S
1 1 4 . 9 8 T / D
1 1 8 . 3 5 T / D o r
1 5 0 , 0 0 0 L / D
1 , 2 4 8 . 5 0 T / D
1 2 0 T / D
6 . 2 3 T / D
1 7 7 . 5 3 T / D
S p e n t w a s h r e c y c l e
S p e n t w a s h r e c y c l e
44. Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop
Distillation
& Dehydration
Cassava Chips
Milling
Fermentation
yeast
Enzymes
Simultaneous Liquefaction,Simultaneous Liquefaction,
Saccharification andSaccharification and
Fermentation processFermentation process
(SLSF)(SLSF)
UNCOOKED SINGLE-STEPUNCOOKED SINGLE-STEP
45. Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop
SEMs of corn starches treated with granular
starch hydrolyzing enzymes (GSHE)
6 - hr
incubation
12 - hr
incubation
24 - hr
incubation
48 - hr
incubation
CassavaCassava
CornCorn
46. Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop
To increase ethanol concentration
18% (v/v) or 14.6% (w/w)
Increase the total solid/starch content (>30% Total dissolved solid)
by increasing the feedstock to water ratio
VHG (very high gravity) technology in fuel alcohol production
47. Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop
Mash viscosity reduction
by enzyme cocktail
VHG technology development for cassava roots
48. Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop
Ethanol
Fermentation
VHGVHG TechnologyTechnology
DevelopmentDevelopment
Process waterProcess water
9999 TonsTons
MixingMixing
(total solid = 25%)(total solid = 25%)
140 Tons140 Tons
Milling
WaterWater
59 Tons59 Tons
Fresh RootFresh Root
(moisture content =(moisture content =
60-70%)60-70%)
100 Tons100 Tons
CassavaCassava ChipChip
(moisture content = 14%)(moisture content = 14%)
4141 TonsTons
Process water saving
Sun
Drying
56. Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop
ConclusionsConclusions
CassavaCassava :: The WINNERThe WINNER for an alternativefor an alternative
food and biofuelfood and biofuel
FoodFood - Improved yield with variation productions- Improved yield with variation productions
FuelFuel – Reduction of energy for– Reduction of energy for
ethanol productionethanol production
(SLSF / VHG)(SLSF / VHG)
57. Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop
THANK YOU
aapkrs@ku.ac.thaapkrs@ku.ac.th
www.cassava.orgwww.cassava.org
www.thailandethanol.comwww.thailandethanol.com