SYNHRONOUS TRANSMISSION OFC

WELCOME TO PRESENTATION ON
NEXT GENERATION SDH
ARVIND

Agenda
 Migration to NGN SDH
Pre SDH & SDH Review
Market & Technology Drivers
 NGN SDH – Overview
Virtual Concatenation (VCAT)
Page 2 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
Virtual Concatenation (VCAT)
Link Capacity Adjustment scheme
(LCAS)
Generic Framing Procedure
 Future SDH Technologies
Siemens NGN SDH Products

PDH Bit rates

PDH Multiplexing Structure

Tributary Access

No Common Standard

Synchronisation

Point to Point Networks

Developing Networks

Pre SDH Summary : Limitations of PDH Network
Traffic Add Drop
Inter vendor operability
Bandwidth Utilisation of Transmission Media
Synchronisation
Efficient Network Management
Efficient Network Management

SDH Definition

Advantages of SDH

Notes on SDH Rates

SONET

× 4
× 1
STM-16 AUG-16 VC-4-16c
VC-4-4c
STM-64 AUG-64
× 1
STM-4 C-4-4c
C-4-16c
× 1× 1
STM-256 VC-4-256c C-4-256c
× 1
VC-4-64c C-4-64c
AUG-4
× 4
AU-4-256c
AU-4-64c
AU-4-16c
AU-4-4c
AUG-256
× 1
× 4
× 1
× 1
T1540590-00
(108449)
C-11VC-11TU-11
× 1
× 3
× 3 × 1
× 1
× 3
× 4
× 7 × 7
STM-1 AUG-1 AU-4 VC-4
AU-3 VC-3
C-4
C-3
C-2
C-12
VC-3
VC-2
VC-12
TU-3
TU-2
TU-12
TUG-2
TUG-3
× 4
STM-0
× 1
× 1
Aligning
Mapping
Pointer processing
Multiplexing

SDH / PDH Rates
SDH
140 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
Nx45 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s
45Mbit/s 32 Mbit/s
400 Mbit/s
PDH
Level 4
Level 3
STM64 10Gbit/s
STM16 2,48Gbit/s
34 Mbit/s
8 Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s
45Mbit/s
6,3 Mbit/s
1,5 Mbit/s
32 Mbit/s
6,3 Mbit/s
1,5 Mbit/s
PDH
EUROPE
PDH
JAPAN
PDH
NOTH AMERICA
Level 1
Level 3
Level 2STM4 620Mbit/s
STM1 155Mbit/s
STM16 2,48Gbit/s

ETSI Multiplexing structure
139 264Kb/sC-4
C-3VC-3
44 736Kb/s
34 368Kb/s
x 7
x 3
x 1
x 1
x N
STM-N AU-4 VC-4
TU-3
POH processing
SOH
TUG-3
AU-G
POH
POH
Pointer
Pointer
POH
x 3
X 1
VC-12 C-12
VC-11
VC-2
C-11
2 048Kb/s
1 544Kb/s
Pointer processing
Multiplexing
Mapping
Aligning
TU-
2
TU-12
TUG-
2
POH
POH
POH
Pointer
Pointer

The STM1 Frame
VC-12
TU-12
TUG-2
PTrVC-12
3 time
TU-12TU-12 TU-12
7 time
PO
H
C-12
C-12
TUG-3
STM-1
VC-4
AU-4
7 time
TUG-2
TUG-3 TUG-3
TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2
3 time
PTrAU-4 TUG-3
SOHSOH
1 time
PO
H

Basic SDH frame
STM1 linear structure
32 bytes  /125µs
2430 bytes /125µs
1st line 2nd line 3rd line 4th line 5th line 6th line 7th line 8th line 9th line
2M
SOH
STM1
PointerSOH
Transmission data carried by a VC4
(payload)

Basic STM1 frame
ITU-T structure
Pointer
SOH
(Payload)
9 rows
SOH
9 Columns
270 Columns
261 Columns

Path and section
26
1
2 Mbit/s
Sectio
nVC12 path
3452 Mbit/s

Two types of section:
Regenerator : (RSOH)
Multiplexing : (MSOH)
RSOH RSOHRSOHRSOH
STM Overhead
Regenerato
r
Section
MSOH MSOH
Multiplexin
g
Section
Regenerato
r
Section
Regenerato
r
Section

The situation
The economic situation in the Telecom Industry
has changed...
...and so has the technological approach to meet
new challenges!

The future - as seen in 2000
SONET/SDH
Network
SONET/SDH for
VOICE
Services
Seen Status
Future Network
 One new network for both applications!
LAN
Fully Routed
Optical IP
Network
Optical IP for
DATA
Services
Future Network

The Status Today
SDH/ SONET - is the deployed technology in the core network
with huge investments in capacity!
Ethernet - is the dominant technology of choice at LANs and
well known at all enterprises worldwide!
Data traffic is still growing, but only at a slower speed than
expected
All network topologies focusing on a IP/Ethernet ONLY
approach are shifted to long-term future.
The future today:
 Bring SONET/SDH and Ethernet together!

New Customer Applications
Virtual Private Network
(VPN)
Core Network
LAN LAN
PC
ServerEthernet
Storage Area Network
(SAN)
Edge Network
Core Network
Storage Server
SONET/SDH
Fibre Channel

Bringing it all together?
Core
Operator wants:
• Reduce Opex
• Realize revenue-earning services
• Use bandwidth of Core Network X
Customer expects:
• QoS & BW at low costs
• Native Data Interfaces
•  Use & Improve what he knows!
LAN
Voice
Edge
• Use bandwidth of Core Network
• Low investment  immediate ROI
•  Close the edge bottleneck!
X
SAN
Solution:
Make SONET/SDH flexible & data aware at the edge and
still use the existing core!
Edge
Manufacturer needs:
• ...to develop solutions...fast!

Worldwide Optical Network Equipment Market
10,000.0
12,000.0
14,000.0
16,000.0
18,000.0
MillionsofU.S.Dollars
NewGen
Traditional SDH/SONET
0.0
2,000.0
4,000.0
6,000.0
8,000.0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
MillionsofU.S.Dollars
Traditional SDH/SONET
Source: Gartner

Mass market Carrier Class market
Asynchronous Synchronous
Ethernet vs. SONET/SDH
Ethernet SONET / SDH
Dynamic Bandwidth Fixed Bandwidth
Connection less Connection oriented
Best Effort Service High Quality of Service
How to solve all these challenges?

NNewew
SSDH /DH / SSONETONET
OOverviewverviewOOverviewverview

Going into Details
Campus A
Ethernet
SONET/
SDHSONET/
SDH
Campus B
Ethernet
FICON
Optical CoreOptical Core
NetworkNetwork
Remote
Servers
Storage
Servers
Fibre
Channel
SONET/SDHSONET/SDH
DWDMDWDM
SONET/
SDH
Let‘s zoom in!
Core NE
Edge NE

SONETMUX/DEMUX
NativeInterfaces
New SONET/SDH at the
Edge
?
VC LCASGFP
Ethernet
Ficon
Edge CoreAdaptation
Customer Operator
SONET/
SDH/
OTN
SONETMUX/DEMUX
NativeInterfaces
?
That’s “ New SONET/SDH “
Virtual
Concatenation
Link
Capacity
Adjustment
Scheme
Generic
Frame
Procedure
LAPS
Ficon
Escon
Fibre
Channel

Customer needs Ethernet
Typical
Ethernet Traffic
Connections
100
75
Mbit/s
Problem: How can we efficiently transport Ethernet over an
existing SONET/SDH network?
Customer 3 = 100M
Customer 2 = 60M
Connections
25
50
time
1 2 3 4
Ethernet Packet
Example: For 10M available SDH - Containers are...
VC-12 ...too small !
2.176 Mbit/s
VC-3 ... inefficient
20%
48.38 Mbit/s
OR
Customer 1 = 10M

SDH Line Rates
10 M
Transport
10M Ethernet over SDH?
C-11 1.600 Mbit/s
C-12 2.176 Mbit/s
C-2 6.784 Mbit/s
C-3 48.384 Mbit/s
C-4 149.760 Mbit/s
SDH Payload Sizes
Standard
Containers
are inefficient!
?5x
C-4-4c 0.599 Gbit/s
C-4-16c 2.396 Gbit/s
C-4-64c 9.584 Gbit/s
C-4-256c 38.338 Gbit/s
Contiguous ConcatenationContiguous
Concatenation
only large containers!
Can’t 5 x VC-12 be concatenated?

VVirtualirtual
CConcatenationoncatenation
VC-n-X v

Concatenation?
Contiguous Concatenation
Offers concatenated payloads in fixed, large steps
One towing truck (POH) for all containers
All containers are on one path thru the network
C4 C4 C4 C4
C-4-4c 599.040 Mbit/s
C-4-16c 2.396 Gbit/s
C-4-64c 9.584 Gbit/s
C-4-256c 38.338 Gbit/s
Contiguous ConcatenationVirtual Concatenation
Offers structures in a fine granularity
Every container has its own towing truck (POH)
Every container might take a different path
VC-4-4v
VC-4 #1VC-4 #2VC-4 #3VC-4 #4
VC-4-4c

VC Nomenclature
VC-n
Virtual Container n
n=4, 3, 2, 12, 11
-X
Number of
virtually
v
Indictor for
Virtual
n=4, 3, 2, 12, 11
Defines the type of virtual
containers, which will be
virtually concatenated.
virtually
concatenated
containers
All X Virtual Containers
form together the
“Virtual Concatenated
Group” (VCG)
Virtual
Concatenation
v = virtual
concatenation
c = contiguous
concatenation
Virtual Concatenated Group (VCG) of X VC-n containers!

High and Low Order VC
VC-4
High Order Virtual Concatenation
• refers to virtually concatenated...
VC-3 containers
VC-11
VC-12
VC-2
Low Order Virtual Concatenation
• refers to virtually concatenated...
containers

VCG Granularity
Minimum
VCGs:
VC-4-1v Payload Size 149,76 Mbit/s
VC-4-Xv Granularity
VC-4
Example High Order VC:
VC-4 Container Size 150,3 Mbit/s
VC-4 Payload Size 149,76 Mbit/s
VCG Payload
Capacity
Maximum
VC-4-256v Payload Size 38338 Mbit/s

Minimum
VCG Granularity
VCGs:
VC-12-Xv Granularity
Example Low Order VC:
VC-12 Container Size 2,240 Mbit/s
VC-12 Payload Size 2,176 Mbit/s
VC-12
VCG Payload
Capacity
Maximum

VC Granularity and max. Capacity
Nomenclature Granularity Max. Capacity
VC-4 –n v 149 M - 38.3G
VC-3 –n v 48 M - 12.7 G
VC-4
VC-3
VC-12 –n v 2.2 M - 139 MVC-12
Maximum Concatenation: = 256 containers
Max. Capacity: = 256 x granularity

VC Rate Efficiencies
Ethernet (10M) VC3 20% VC-12-5v  92%
Fast Ethernet (100M) VC-4 67% VC-12-46v  100%
Data Rates Efficiency w/o VC using VC
ESCON (200M) VC-4-4c 33% VC-3-4v  100%
Fibre Channel (800M) VC-4-16c 33% VC-4-6v  89%
100M Ethernet STM-1
= 64 x VC-12
VC-12-5v
VC-12-46v
2x 10M Ethernet
VC-12-5v
8x E1 Services
Example:
More services integrated- by using VC!
Gigabit Ethernet (1G) VC-4-16c 42% VC-4-7v  85%

Transporting Concatenated Signals
Contiguous Concatenation
VC-4-4c
C-4 C-4
C-4 C-4
C-4 C-4
C-4 C-4
NENE
One Path
C-4 C-4
C-4 C-4
Core Network
VC-4-2v
Virtual Concatenation
VC-4
#2
VC-4
#1
VC-4
#1
Path 2
Path 1
VC-4
#2
Differential Delay
VC-4
#2
VC-4
#1
VC-4
#2
VC-4
#1
VC-4-4cCore Network

Virtual Concatenation - Benefits
VC
Economical
Re-use core
network equipment
 invest only at the
edge
Efficient &
Scalable
Fine granularity &
multi-path capability
VC
BENEFITS
Well-known
SONET/SDH is well
engineered & reliable
& trained
Low
Investment
deployment only on
customer demand
 Fast ROI

Challenges ahead...
How can path bandwidth be increased or decreased?
  Dynamic Bandwidth Provisioning
 “..bring an additional truck on the road..”
VC-3 #1VC-3 #2
VC-3 #?
VC-4 #1VC-4 #3
FAILED
How can we ensure QoS for data services?
  VCG - Protection one VC container fails - the whole Virtual
Concatenation Group (VCG) fails!

Bandwidth on demand
Bandwidth “Call-by-Call”
NG NG
Network Management
VC-12-3v
LCAS
Transport Network
NG NG
ISP
Customer’s LAN
Customer
 rents a 6M Internet connection (VC-12-3v)
 calls to get additional 2M!
Operator
 will provision additional VC-12 path
 ..and will hitless add it to existing connection via LCAS!
+VC-12
LCAS

Bandwidth on demand
Bandwidth on Schedule
Transport Network
NG NG
100M 100M
900M900M
100M
900M
Location A Location B
Offer a fixed bandwidth schedule:
24/7 - Virtual Local Area Network service at 100M Ethernet
Every night for one hour - additional 900M ESCON service for data backup
 New revenue opportunities at low traffic hours!
900M900M 900M

Bandwidth on demand
Ethernet Traffic
1st VC-12
2nd VC-12
3rd VC-12
Variable
VCG capacity
Automatic Bandwidth Allocation - pay as you grow!
t
1 2 3 4
VCG capacity
Automatic Bandwidth Allocation:
Automatically, pre-provisioned VC capacity will be activated
No paid, but unused link capacity for the customer
Customized SLA possible!
 Optimal bandwidth for the customer for min. $$
 New revenues with pay per use & over-subscription!

LLinkink
CCapacityapacity
AAdjustmentdjustmentAAdjustmentdjustment
SSchemecheme

Los Angeles
Seattle
Dallas
Washington
Chicago
San Francisco
San Jose
Atlanta
New York
Boston
Kansas City
Denver
Columbus
Los Angeles
Seattle
Dallas
Washington
Chicago
San Francisco
San Jose
Atlanta
New York
Boston
Kansas City
Denver
Columbus
Location B
Bandwidth Provisioning - today
Houston OrlandoHouston Orlando
Location A
50Mbit/s Ethernet Private Line (VC-3-1v/ STS-1-1v)
The customer now requires 100Mbit/s
But: Traffic will be interrupted to bring 100M into service!!
Operator manually sets up a 2nd path
 using the network management system
 100M = VC-3-2v / STS-1-2v

LCAS Overview
Link
Capacity
Adjustment
Extension for
Virtual Conc.
 carried in
H4/K4 byte
Add/Remove
bandwidth
uninterrupted
Adjustment
Scheme
End-to-end
Real-Time
Communication
Standardized ITU-T G.7042, referred by ANSI
Handshake
Protocol
between edge
NE

Los Angeles
Seattle
Dallas
Washington
Chicago
San Francisco
San Jose
Atlanta
New York
Boston
Kansas City
Denver
Columbus
Los Angeles
Seattle
Dallas
Washington
Chicago
San Francisco
San Jose
Atlanta
New York
Boston
Kansas City
Denver
Columbus
LCAS - Add Bandwidth hitless
Location B
NE
NE
Houston OrlandoHouston Orlando
Operator manually provisions add. 50M path
Location A
Operator installs VC & LCAS edge equipment
LCAS protocol runs between the two edge NE!
NE negotiate - when the additional path gets valid and into
service!
LCAS Succeeds  A connection with 100M is in service!

Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme
LCAS
Cost Efficient
New NE necessary
only at the edge
Transparent to
core network
Enables Value
added services
Bandwidth on demand
”Soft” Protection
99.999% up-time
LCAS
BENEFITS
Flexible &
scalable
Offers variable VC
bandwidth in real-
time!
Restoration
Virtual Concatenation
link protection &
recovery

Challenges ahead
Efficient & suited mappings for all diverse data clients!
 “...one mapping fits all...?!?”
SONET/SDH
Rate adaptation between asynchronous clients and
synchronous transport network
Asynchronous
Rates
Synchronous
Rates

GGenericeneric
FFramerame
PProcedurerocedurePProcedurerocedure

SONETMUX/DEMUX
NativeInterfaces
New SONET/SDH at the
Edge
?
VC LCASGFP
Ethernet
Ficon
Edge CoreAdaptation
Customer Operator
SONET/
SDH
SONETMUX/DEMUX
NativeInterfaces
?
That’s “ New SONET/SDH “
Virtual
Concatenation
Link
Capacity
Adjustment
Scheme
Generic
Frame
Procedure
LAPS
Ficon
Escon
Fibre
Channel

GFP Overview
Generic
Frame
Data En-
capsulation
for various
services
Rate
Adaptation
Mechanism
Frame
Procedure
Asynch.
clients over
synchronous
networks
Standardized
ITU-T G.7041
referred by
ANSI

SANs
FICON
ESCON
Ethernet
DVI
HDLC
Frame Relay POS
DATA (IP, IPX, MPLS,...)
RPR
FibreChannel
Voice Video
Private
Lines
The Big picture
ATM
HDLC
Fiber
GFP-T
SONET/SDH
WDM / OTN
GFP-F
GFP

GFP - Layer Model
GFP - Client Specific Aspects
(payload dependent)
GFP - Common Aspects
Ethernet IP/PPP
Fibre
Channel
OthersClients
GFP
Frame Mapped Transparent Mapped
ESCON
GFP - Common Aspects
(payload independent)
SONET/SDH
VC-n Path
OTN
ODUk Path
Others
(e.g. Fibre)
Transport

Generic Frame Procedure
G.7041 Generic Frame Procedure defines
 Client encapsulation - for transport over SONET/SDH or
OTN networks
 Frame formats - for various clients
 Mapping Procedures - for client signals into GFP
Why do we need a new framing procedure?
 simple and scalable traffic adaptation for different
transport rates
 flexible approach for data transmission which requires stringent
delay, QoS

SStructuretructure ooff
GGFPFP -- FFramesramesGGFPFP -- FFramesrames

Core Header
GFP Frame Overview
Client Payload Field
Payload Headers gives type
of client and supports client
specific management
procedures
 Includes CRC detection &
correction
 Length 4 to 64 byte
Payload
Headers
Core Header contains the
length of the payload area
 and start of frame info
 and CRC-16 error detection
& correction
 Length 4 byte
Payload
Area
8 bit
GFP Payload Area transports
higher layer specific
information
 Length 4 to 65535 byte
Client Payload Field
contains
client frames (GFP-F) or
client characters (GFP-T)
Client
Payload
Information
Optional Payload FCS
protects the client payload
information field
 CRC-32 Length 4 byte
Optional
Payload FCS
GFP gets scrambled before transmission!

GGFPFP --
OOperationperation
MModesodesMModesodes

GFP Operation Modes
GFP-T (Transparent Mapped):
 Client characters are directly mapped in GFP-T
00
GFP-F (Framed Mapped):
 For packet oriented clients, e.g. Ethernet
 One Client Packet = packed in one GFP frame (1:1)
 Minimal overhead
GFP IDLE Frame:
 Rate Adaptation (“stuffing”)
GFP Management Frame:
 under study
 Client characters are directly mapped in GFP-T
frames e.g. Fibre Channel
 Fixed length GFP frames
 Minimal Latency

GFP Operation Modes
1GigE
GFP-F
Frame by Frame
GFPEthernet FrameGFP GFP GFP EthGFPGFPEth. Frame
variable
GFP-T
1GigE IDLELE EthEth. Frame IDLEEthernet Frame
TransparentGFP TransparentGFP TransparentGFP GFP
GFP GFP Header or IDLE frames
Block by Block
fixed
GFP

GFP-F Client vs. Transport Rate
Variable Client Rate
GFP-F
Mbit/s
F
I
F
O
IDLEs
+
M
a
p
p
e
Constant Transport Rate
Mbit/s
t
O
GFP-F Mapper
+e
r t
GFP-F IDLEs
Client
Ethernet
Fast Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet
IP
PPP

GFP-T Client vs. Transport Rate
M
a
p
p
Decoder
/ Coder
100+x %
GFP-T
Mbit/s
Constant Client Data Rate
100 %
Mbit/s
Constant Transport Rate
GFP-T Mapper
p
e
r
/ Coder
t
Effective Payload
Client IDLEs
Fibre Channel
ESCON
FICON
Gigabit Ethernet
10 GigE
Anything!
t
GFP Overhead
Effective Payload
Client IDLEs

Generic Frame Procedure
GFP
Reliable
Easy & stabile
algorithm
Header Correction
Expandable
with no need for
new transport
equipment
GFP
BENEFITS
New
Opportunities
Technological &
Economical
Compatible
works with basically
any higher layer
service and lower
layer network!

Granularity at VC12 level in Switch Matrix to ensure compactness and
effective use of container capacity.
DCC Transparency to ensure Network management in Multi Vendor
Environment
Open interface for NMS - CORBA
Additional issues – for New GEN. SDH

TThankhank yyou!ou!TThankhank yyou!ou!

SYNHRONOUS TRANSMISSION OFC

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