Advanced metering infrastructure

1. 1
A
PROJECT REPORT
ON
ADVANCED METREING INFRASTRUCTURE PROTOCOLS,
STANDARDS & INITIATIVES
SubmittedBy: - SubmittedTo:-
Eklavya Sharma SandeepSoni
Roll No.- 12EBKEE031 Professor(Electrical Department)
Electrical Engineering I B K Birla Instituteof Engineering &
B K Birla Instituteof Engineering Technology, Pilani
& Technology, Pilani

2. 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary....................................................................................................3
What is AMI?............................................................................................4
What are the technology options for AMI?.........................................5
What are initiatives?..................................................................................9
What policies apply to AMI?.........................................................................10
What Standards apply to AMI?....................................................................12

3. 3
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Deploying an Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) is a fundamental
early step to grid modernization. AMI provides the framework for
meeting one of the Modern Grid’s Principal Characteristics – Motivation
and Inclusion of the Consumer.
AMI is not a single technology, butrather an integration of many technologies that
provides an intelligent connection between consumers and system operators. AMI
givesconsumers the information they need to make intelligent decisions, the ability to
execute thosedecisionsandavarietyof choicesleadingtosubstantialbenefitstheydo
notcurrently enjoy. Inaddition,systemoperatorsare able togreatlyimprove consumer
service byrefiningutilityoperating andassetmanagement processesbasedonAMIdata.
Throughthe integration of multiple technologies (such as smart metering, homearea
networks, integrated communications, data management applications, and
standardized software interfaces) with existing utility operations and asset
management processes, AMI provides an essentiallink betweenthe grid, consumers
and theirloads, and generation and storage resources. Such a link is a fundamental
requirement of a Modern Grid.
Figure 1below illustrateshowAMI isthe firststeptothe overall Modern Grid vision.
Modern
Grid
Future Vision….
Motivates and includes the
consumer
Accommodates all generation and storage
options
Enables markets
Provides power quality for 21st century
needs
Resistsattack
Customer
Voltage
Measurement
Customer
Outage
Detection AMI
Remote TFTN
Hourly
Price Signals
sent to Customer
New Rate Design
Load Control
SelfHeals
Optimizes assets and operates
efficiently
Remote
Meter
Reads
Remote Meter
Programming
Figure 1: AMI – The first step to a Modern Grid

4. 4
Consumer Portal layer
Metering layer
Communications layer
WHAT IS AMI?
AMI is not a single technology implementation, but rather a fully
configured infrastructure that must be integrated into existing and new
utility processes and applications.
This infrastructure includes home network systems, including communicating
thermostats and otherin-home controls, smart meters, communicationnetworks from
the meters to local data concentrators, back-haul communications networks to
corporate data centers, meterdata management systems (MDMS) and, finally, data
integration into existing and new software application platforms. Additionally, AMI
providesavery “intelligent”steptowardmodernizing the entire powersystem. Figure
4 below graphically describes the AMI technologies and how they interface:
DER
Residential
Home Area
Network
Distribution
Mgmt
System
Operations
Load Control
Devices Smart Meter
Consumer Portal layer
Metering layer
Communications la yer
DMS Gateway
Communications
DER Load Control
Local Area
Network
Smart Meter
AMI Interface
AMI Head End
MDMS
Customer Service
Commercial & Industrial
Figure 4: Overview of AMI
The flow of metering data has different needs
from the flow of DER and Load monitoring and
control signals.
At the consumer level, smart meters communicate consumption data to both the
user and the service provider. Smart meterscommunicate within- home displaysto
make consumers more aware of their energy usage. Going further, electric pricing
information suppliedby the service providerenables loadcontrol devices likesmart
thermostats to modulate electricdemand, based on pre-establishedconsumerprice
preferences. More advanced customers deploy distributed energy resources (DER)
basedon these economic signals. Andconsumerportalsprocess the AMI datainways
that enable more intelligent energy consumption decisions,evenproviding interactive
services like prepayment.

5. 5
WHAT ARE THE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR AMI?
An AMI system is comprised of a number of technologies and
applications that have been integrated to perform as one:
• Smart meters
• Wide-area communications infrastructure
• Home (local) areanetworks(HANs)
• Meter DataManagement Systems (MDMS)
• Operational Gateways
SMART METERS
Conventional electromechanical metersserved as the utility cash register for most
of its history. Atthe residentiallevel, these meterssimply recorded the total energy
consumed over a period of time – typically a month. Smart meters are solid state
programmable devices thatperform many more functions, includingmostorall of the
following:
• Time-basedpricing
• Consumption dataforconsumerand utility
• Net metering
• Loss of power(and restoration) notification
• Remote turn on / turn off operations
• Load limiting for “bad pay” or demand response purposes
• Energyprepayment
• Power quality monitoring
• Tamperand energytheftdetection
• Communications withotherintelligent devices in the home
Figure 5: A Modern Solid State Smart Meter (left) and an older Electromechanical Watt hour Meter

6. 6
Anda smartmeteris a greenmeterbecauseit enablesthe demandresponse thatcan
lead to emissions and carbon reductions. It facilitates greaterenergy efficiencysince
information feedbackalone has been shownto cause consumersto reduce usage.
COMMUNICATIONS INFRASTRUCTURE
The AMI communications infrastructure supports continuous interaction between
the utility, the consumer andthe controllable electrical load. It mustemploy openbi-
directional communication standards, yetbe highly secure. Ithas the potential to also
serve as the foundationfor a multitude of modern gridfunctionsbeyond AMI. Various
architectures can be employed,withoneof the mostcommonbeinglocalconcentrators
that collectdatafrom groups of metersand transmit that datato a central server via a
backhaul channel. Various media can be considered to provide part or all of this
architecture:
• Power Line Carrier(PLC)
• Broadband over powerlines(BPL)
• Copper or optical fiber
• Wireless (Radiofrequency), eithercentralized or a distributed mesh
• Internet
• Combinations of the above
Future inclusionof smart gridapplications and potentialconsumerservicesshouldbe
considered whendetermining communication bandwidth requirements.
HOME AREA NETWORKS (HAN)
A HAN interfaces with a consumerportal to link smart meters to controllable
electrical devices. Its energy managementfunctionsmay include:
• In-home displayssothe consumeralways knows whatenergyisbeingusedand
whatit is costing
• Responsiveness to price signals based on consumer-entered
preferences
• Setpointsthatlimit utilityor local control actionstoaconsumer- specified
band
• Control of loadswithoutcontinuingconsumerinvolvement
• Consumerover-ride capability
The HAN/consumer portal provides a smart interface to the market by acting as the
consumer’s “agent.” It can also support new value added services such as security
monitoring.
A HAN may be implemented ina numberof ways, withtheconsumerportal locatedin
anyof several possibledevices includingthe meteritself, the neighborhood collector,
a stand-alone utility-supplied gateway or even within customer-supplied equipment.

7. 7
METER DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (MDMS)
A MDMS is a database with analytical tools that enable interaction with other
information systems (see Operational Gateways below) such as the following:
• ConsumerInformation System (CIS), billing systems, and the utility web site
• Outage Management System (OMS)
• Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) power quality management and load
forecasting systems
• Mobile Workforce Management (MWM)
• GeographicInformation System (GIS)
• TransformerLoadManagement (TLM)
One of the primary functions of an MDMS is to perform validation, editing and
estimation (VEE) on the AMI data to ensure that despite disruptions in the
communications network or at customer premises, the data flowing to the systems
describedabove is complete and accurate.
OPERATIONAL GATEWAYS
AMI interfaces with manysystem-side applications (see MDMS above) to support:
Advanced Distribution Operations (ADO)
• Distribution Management System withadvanced sensors (includingPQ
datafromAMI meters)
• Advanced Outage Management (real-time outage information fromAMI
meters)
• DER Operations (usingWatt and VARdatafrom AMI meters)
• Distribution automation (includingVolt/VARoptimization andfaultlocation,
isolation, sectionalization and restoration (FLISR))
• Distribution GeographicInformation System
• Application of AMI communications infrastructure for:
oMicro-gridoperations(ACand DC)
oHi-speed information processing
oAdvanced protectionand control
oAdvanced gridcomponents for distribution
Advanced Transmission Operations (ATO)
• SubstationAutomation
• Hi-speed information processing
• Advanced protectionandcontrol(includingdistributioncontroltoimprove
transmission conditions)
• Modeling, simulation and visualization tools
• Advanced regional operational applications

8. 8
Advanced Asset Management (AAM)
AMI datawill support AAM in the following areas:
• System operating information
• Asset“health” information
• Operationsto optimize asset utilization
• T&D planning
• Condition-basedmaintenance
• Engineeringdesign and construction
• Consumerservice
• Work and resource management

9. 9
WHAT ARE INTIATIVES?
Deployment approaches will depend upon the utility’s starting point, geography,
regulatory situation and long-term vision. For those utilities that already have
deployedanAMRsystem,the questionwill be whethertheycanbuildonthatsystemor
need to startafresh. If the systemincludesa two-waycommunications infrastructure,
it should be possible to upgrade the metering to accommodate a range of AMI
applications. Where the communications infrastructure is unidirectional (i.e. outgoing
only), itmay be possible to overlay a return channel usinga complementary technology.
This option
would have tobe compared tothe costand benefits of installing a new integrated two-
way communications infrastructure. The speed, reliability and security of the
communications infrastructure will determine the range of applicationsitcansupport.
For utilities with widespread and diverse territories, it may be that multiple
communications solutionswillbeneeded.Pilotprograms thatexplorethe performance
of various solutionscan be useful as the firstphase of an AMI deployment.
The choice of an AMI communications infrastructure is also influenced by the
utility’s long-term vision for AMI. If AMI is seen as the foundationfor overall grid
modernization, the communications system will need to accommodate anticipated
future needsandhavethe flexibility tohandle applicationsthatarenotevencurrently
on the utility’s radar screen. Experience has shown that these evolving grid
modernization applications often produce major benefits, as discussed in later
sections.
The deploymentof AMI is a strategic initiative that mustbe endorsed bythe utility
regulator. The benefits of AMI, and ultimately of overall grid modernization, flow to
not just the utility,but alsoto the consumerand societyin general. Hence regulators
need to consider the possibility that traditional utility economic analysis may not
capture the true value of an AMI strategic initiative and thatan expandedframework
may be more appropriate, as discussed laterin this document.Some regulators may
see AMI andgridmodernization as very desirable andtheywill encourage theirutilities
to move aggressively. Others may be less proactive and will expect
theirutilitiestobroachAMIandbringwiththemacompelling argument on itsmerits. In
eithercase, recognition of the wide-ranging societal benefitsofAMImustbe addressed.
Together, the utility and its regulators should communicate the full benefits of an
AMI initiative to consumers and society at large. There is a general lack of
understandingamong the publicregarding how electricity isproduced anddelivered,
how itaffectstheirquality of life andhow itcanmeettheirneedsinthe 21stcentury.
In particular, the value of consumers’ increased involvement in electricity markets,
and the potential benefits for consumers involved in such programs needs to be
explained.

10. 10
WHAT POLICIES APPLY TO AMI?
HISTORY
For mostof the history of the electricity industry, the areaof metering hasnot seen
major policy issues or developments. Those issues thatdid develop dealtwithareas
such as meter accuracy testing, frequency of billing,and other aspects of the meter
reading function. Most of these were addressed via state legislation or regulation.
There waslittle, if any, federal policy enactedwithrespectto metering.
Given thatmetering is part of the infrastructure of a regulatedutility, and is in part a
capital expense, metering investments by utilities have always been subject to the
approval of policy makers. But this has mainly come in the
formof specificapprovals viarate casesandotherpolicy proceedings. Whileinvolving
policy makers, the proceedings to deal with costs have not been generic policy
proceedings.
In the 1990’s as a numberof statesmovedto restructure theirelectricity industry to
make the commodity subjectto competitive retail markets, some states, notably New
YorkandTexas, wentfurtherand“unbundled”oropenedupdistributionservicessuch
as metering for competition. The intentof this policy wasto spur the introductionof
advancedmetersfasterthanthe regulated system appearedto be deploying them.
Competitive metering didnotworkverywell. Thecostsof adhocmetering deployment
(i.e. wheremetersareputinsporadically andwithnogeographiccohesionorproximity)
proved to be 5 to 10 timesthe cost per meter as compared to a mass deployment by
the utility. Competitive metering policyhad evenworse impacts on the deployment of
advanced metering. Because such policy grantedcompetitors the ability to take away
the metering part of the utility franchise, utilities aroundthe country – notjustin New
York and Texas - quickly became wary of making metering investments that could
potentially become stranded. Thus, competitive metering policy actually froze the
introduction of advanced metering insteadof fosteringand accelerating
it. BothTexas and New Yorkhave rescindedtheir competitive metering policy.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
Beginning in 2000, metering became a more important issue in the eyes of policy
makers and the electricity industry. New metering and communications technologies
brought forward new benefits. Most importantly, however, the rise in interest in
demandresponse asa new policyand businesscomponent of the electricity industry–
both at the wholesale and retail level – beganto drive interestin advanced metering.
ThisnewinterestinAMI occurred becausedemand response couldnow be basedona
betterability to monitor and verify the time atwhichelectricity wasused.

11. 11
FEDERAL POLICY
The firstmajorfederal policy onelectricity meteringwasenactedin2005.The Energy
Policy Actof 2005 (EPACT) containedaSectionentitled“SmartMetering.” The Section
put in place the following policy:
• Requirement on statesandnon-regulated utilitiestoinvestigate andconsider
providingTime-BasedRatesand Advanced Meteringto all consumers.
• Requirement thatFERC conductan annual assessmentondemandresponseand
advanced metering, whichwouldincludeamong other things, a national survey
to determine the penetrationand saturationof advanced metering.
• Requirement thatDOE issue areporttoCongressondemandresponse potential,
togetherwithrecommendations on how to use policy to overcome barriersto
advancedmetering and demand response.
• Requirement thatallFederalBuildingsbe equippedwithadvancedmetering.
Both FERC and DOE completed their Requirements on time and bothare available as
reference documents (see bibliography). Both include discussion of potential policy
options. Inthe case of the FERCassessment,the surveyconductedrepresentsthe first
nationwide survey on advanced metering.
The Federal Buildings Requirement hasresultedinall federal agenciesdeveloping
metering plans. They are now in the process of implementing those plans.
The requirement uponstates, municipalities andcooperative boardshas,forthe most
part, been pursued diligently by those entities affected. The language of EPACT
requiredthatinvestigations be concluded and decisions reached byAugust of 2007.
More information on state developments in this area is available at
www.demandresponsecommittee.org.
In Decemberof 2007, new energy legislation entitledthe Energy Independence
andSecurityActof 2007wassigned intolaw. Title XIIIaddresses the development
of a Smart Grid. Thisnew law willserve as a major catalyst forrapiddeployment of
AMI and gridmodernization.
STATE POLICY
As is the case at the Federal level, States have begun tomove inrecent years to put
policy in place that directly or indirectly affects the metering area. Much of it has
come in response to the EPACT investigation requirement noted in the previous
section. Insome cases,Stateshadinitiated policyeffortspriortoEPACT;inothercases,
Stateshave decidednottostrictlyimplement the EPACT requirement buthave instead
setotherpolicies inplace orinmotion to move the state forwardondemand response
and advanced metering. Many states have begun pilot programs that incorporate
demand response andadvancedmetering. Among the statesthat are notable fortheir
self-initiated efforts are New York, Texas, Connecticutand California.

12. 12
IV. SMART GRID STANDARDS
There are many applications, techniques and technological solutions for smart grid system that have been
developed or are still in the development phase. However, the key challenge isthat the overall smart grid
system is lacking widely accepted standards and this situation prevents the integration of advanced
applications, smart meters, smart devices and renewable energy sources and limits the inter-operability
between them. The adoption of inter-operability standards for the overall system is a critical prerequisite
for making the smart grid system a reality. Seamless interoperability, robust information security,
increased safety of new products and systems, compact set of protocols and communication exchange
are some of the objectives that can be achieved with smart grid standardization efforts [37]. There are
many regional and national attempts towards achieving this goal; for example, the European Union
Technology Platform orga-nization’s strategic energy technology plan is all about the development of a
smart electricity system over the next 30 years; Ontario Energy Board, Canada, has committed itself to-
wards the completion of a smart meter installation [37]. On the other hand, NIST, the American National
Standards Institute (ANSI), the International Electro technical Commission (IEC), the Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the
International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the 3rd Gener-ation Partnership Project (3GPP) and on the
regional level,the Korean Agency for Technology and Standards (KATS) and Joint Inannounced formation
Systems Committee(JISC) are the recognized standard development organizations that are worth to
mention. In addition, the CEN, CENELEC and ETSI has formed a Joint working group for smart grid
standardiza-tion efforts and aim to achieve the European Commission’s policy objectives regarding the
smart grid [37]. Their efforts focus on smart metering functionalities and communication interfaces for
electric, water and heat sectors in Europe. An overview of smart grid standards are given in Table II. In
the following, the details of these standards are explained.
A. Revenue Metering Information Model
ANSI C12.19: ANSI C12.19 is an ANSI standard for utility industry end device data tables. This standard is
defining a table structure for data transmissions between an end device and a computer for utility

13. 13
applications using binary codes and XML content. ANSI C12.19 is not interested in defining device design
criteria or specifying the language or protocol used to transport that data.
M-Bus: M-Bus is a European standard and provides the requirements for remotely reading all kinds of
utility meters. The utility meters are connected to a common master that periodically reads the meters
via M-Bus. The wireless version, Wireless M-Bus, is also specified recently.
ANSI C12.18: ANSI C12.18 is an American National Standard (ANSI) standard that is specifically designed
for meter communications and responsible for two way com-munications between smart electricity
meters (C12.18 device) and a C12.18 client via an optical port.
B. Building Automation
BACnet: BACnet is a standard communication proto-col that was developed by the American Society of
Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) for building automation and control
networks and support the implementation of intelligentbuildings with full integration of computer-based
building automa-tion and control systems from multiple manufacturers.
C. Substation Automation
IEC 61850: IEC 61850 is a flexible, open standard that defines the communication between devices in
transmis-sion, distribution and substation automation systems. To enable seamless data communications
and information exchange between the overall distribution networks, it is aimed to increase the scope
of IEC 6180 to whole electric network and provide its compatibility with Common Information Model
(CIM) for monitoring, control and protection applications [25]. This technology is imple-mented by
modern manufacturers in their latest power en-gineering products like distribution automation
nodes/grid measurement and diagnostics devices [13].
D. Powerline Networking
HomePlug: HomePlug is a power line technology and the existing home electricity is used to connect the
smart appliances to HAN; HomePlug Command and Control (HPCC) version is designed for low-cost
applications. HomePlug is a promising technology to create a reliable HAN between electric appliances
and a smart meter.

14. 14
HomePlug Green PHY: HomePlug Green PHY specifi-cation is developed as a low power, cost-optimized
power line networking specification standard for smart grid applications used in home area networking
by the Smart Energy Technical Working Group within the HomePlug Powerline Alliance. The inputs for
optimization of speci-fications for field tests were gathered from many utilities, i.e., Consumers Energy,
Duke Energy, Pacific Gas and Electric, and Southern California Edison. Backwards in-teroperability, lower
data rate and IP networking support, low power consumption, full interoperability with both HomePlug
devices are the leading features of HomePlug Green PHY specification.
PRIME: PRIME is an open, global power line stan-dard that provides multi-vendor interoperability and
wel-comes several entities to its body. Advanced Digital Design, CURRENT Group, Landis+Gyr,
STMicroelec-tronics, uSyscom and ZIV Medida are some of the current companies that have extensive
experience in PLC technology and smart metering.
G3-PLC: G3-PLC is a power line communications speci-fication launched by ERDF and Maxim that aims to
pro-vide interoperability, cyber security and robustness and reduce infrastructure costs in smart grid
implementations worldwide.
E. Home Area Network Device Communication Measurement and Control
U-SNAP: There have been a variety of incompatible standards for HAN. This lack of standardization in
HAN Utility has driven major AMI suppliers and product manufacturers to develop a solution, namely
Utility Smart.

15. 15
OVERVIEW OF SMART GRID STANDARDS
Type/Name of Details Application
Standards
IEC 61970 Providing CommonInformationModel (CIM): IEC Energy management systems
and IEC 61970 works in the transmissiondomain andIEC
61969 61969 works inthe distribution domain
IEC61850 Flexible, future proofing, open standard, communica- Substation Automation
tion between devices in transmission, distribution and
substationautomation systems
IEC 60870-6 Data exchange between utility control centers, utilities, Inter-control center communications
/TASE.2 power pools, regional control centers
IEC 62351 Defining cyber security for the communication proto- Information Security Systems
Parts 1-8 cols
IEEE P2030 A Guide for smart grid inter-operability of energy Customer-side applications
technology and IT operation with the electric power
system(EPS)
IEEE P1901 High speed power line communications In-home multimedia, utility and smart grid
applications
ITU-T G.9955 ITU-T G.9955 andG.9956 contain the physical layer Distribution Automation, AMI
and G.9956 specificationand the data linklayer specification
OpenADR Dynamic pricing, DemandResponse Price Responsive andLoadControl
BACnet Scalable system communications at customer side Buildingautomation
HomePlug Powerline technology to connect the smart appliances HAN
to HAN
HomePlug Specification developed as a low power, cost-optimized HAN
Green PHY power line networking specification standard for smart
grid applications
U-SNAP Providing many communication protocols toconnect HAN
HAN devices to smart meters
ISA100.11a Open standard for wireless systems Industrial Automation
SAE J2293 Standard for the electrical energy transfer from electric Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment
utilityto EVs
ANSI C12.22 Data network communications are supported and AMI
C12.19 tables are transported
ANSI C12.18 Data structures transportationvia the infrared optical AMI
port han
ANSI C12.19 Flexible metering model for common data structures AMI
and industry "vocabulary" for meter data communica-
tions
Z-Wave Alternative solution to ZigBee that handles the inter- HAN
ference with 802.11/b/g
M-Bus European standard andproviding the requirements for AMI
remotelyreading all kinds of utilitymeters
PRIME Open, global standard for multi-vendor interoperability AMI
G3-PLC Providing interoperability, cyber security, and robust- AMI
ness
SAE J2836 Supporting use cases for plug-inelectric vehicles com- Electric Vehicle
munication
SAE J2847 Supports communicationmessages between PEVs and Electric Vehicle
grid components

16. 16
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• “Establishingthe AMI Business Case Framework: Advanced Technology to Support
Utility, Consumerand SocietalNeeds” (Levy Associates, PowerPoint presentation,
May 2005)
• “Assessment of Demand Response and Advanced Metering”(FERC Report
2006). http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand- response.pdf
• “Benefits of Demand response in Utility Markets and Recommendations for
Achieving Them” (DOE Report 2006).
http://www.oe.energy.gov/DocumentsandMedia/congress_1252d.pdf.
• “AdvancedMeteringInfrastructure – MGI View”(NETL PowerPoint Presentation
July 2007 at PublicUtilitiesCommission of Ohio– Technical Conference )
• Evans, Jeff. “AMI and Smart Grid Deployment: GeographicSequencingby Benefit
Maximizes Utility ROI.” Utility Automation and Engineering T&D,
http://uaelp.pennnet.com/articles/article_display.cfm?Section=ARCHI&C=
INDUS&ARTICLE_ID=274755&KEYWORDS=AMI%20and%20Smart%25.
• Faruqui, Ahmad et al. “The Powerof Five Percent:How Dynamic PricingCan Save
$35 Billion in Electricity Costs.” (The Brattle Group, discussion paper, May 16,
2007.)
• Luth, John F. “10 Yearsof Results:AmerenUE’s AMR Business Case
Evolves to SupportAMI.”Utility Automation and Engineering T&D (April
2006), http://uaelp.pennnet.com/articles/article_display.cfm?Section=ARCHI&C=Fe
at&ARTICLE_ID=252019&KEYWORDS=ameren&p=22
• Plexus Research, Inc. “Decidingon‘Smart’ Meters: The Technology Implications
of Section 1252 of the Energy Policy Act Of 2005” (Edison Electric Institute,
report, September 2006).
• Schoenwetter, Sara. “Plan for the Deployment of Advanced Electric and Gas
MeteringInfrastructure by ConsolidatedEdison Company of New York, Inc. and
Orange and Rockland Utilities, Inc.” (Proposal, Consolidated Edison Company of
New York, Inc., and Orange and Rockland Utilities, Inc., New York, New York,
March 28, 2007).
• Tram, Hahn and Chris Ash. “Meter Data Management System - What, Why, When,
and How.” Energy Central Network (August 29, 2005),
http://topics.energycentral.com/centers/datamanage/view/detail.cfm?ai d=1061.
• Welch, Markand Kieran McLoughlin.“Information is Power:The
Intelligent Utility Network”(IBMGlobal Business Services, white paper)