Project quality management - PMI PMBOK Knowledge Area

Project Quality Management
(PMI PMBOK® Knowledge Area)

Contents
Few Concepts from PMI PMBOK®, 5th Edition
Project Quality Management overview
Plan Quality Management
Perform Quality Assurance
Control Quality
Sample Questions

Learning Objectives


Concepts from PMI PMBOK®, 5th Edition



What is the Project Management?












Plan Quality Mgmt





PMBOK Knowledge Area

Control Quality

PQM Processes

PMP Sample Questions

Concepts from PMI PMBOK®
What is PMI®?


Project Management Institute (PMI ) is the world’s largest not-forprofit membership association for the project management profession.



PMI professional resources and research empower more than 700,000
members, credential holders and volunteers in nearly every country in
the world .
http://www.pmi.org/About-Us/About-Us-What-is-PMI.aspx

What is PMBOK® Guide?


Project

Management

Body

of

Knowledge (PMBOK®)



This standard provide a foundation

for project management knowledge
and represent the four areas of the
profession:

project,

program,

portfolio and the organizational
approach to project management.

What is a Project?


A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create unique product,
service or result.



Temporary: a definite beginning and end


Project end is reached when;



When it is clear that objectives can not be met





Project objectives are achieved

Need of the project does not exist

Temporary – applicable to project, not to product or result produced by

project


Unique: each project has distinguishing characteristics from other
All definitions are taken from PMI, A guide to Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK®), 5th Edition

Project vs Operation

VS

Sample Question?
Question 01: All of the following are characteristics of a project EXCEPT:
A. Temporary
B. Definite beginning and end
C. Interrelated activities
D. Repeats itself every month

Answer: D

Portfolio, Program and Project?


A portfolio refers to a collection
of projects, programs, subportfolios,

and

operations

managed as a group to achieve

strategic objectives.



Programs are grouped within a portfolio and are comprised of subprograms,
projects or other works that are managed in a coordinated fashion in support
of the portfolio.

What is Project Management?


Project management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools and
techniques to project activities to meet the project requirements.



Appropriate application and integration of project management
processes


Five Process Groups

PMBOK®, 5th Edition, Page 50

Five Process Groups?

PMI, A guide to Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK®), 5th Edition

What is Project Management?


Balancing the project competing constraints;

Scope

Quality

Cost

Schedule

Resources

Risk

Project Management Process
Group Mapping

Reproduced in reference to Table 3.1, PMI, A guide to Project
Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK®), 5th Edition ,
page 61

What is Quality Management?


Coordinated activities to direct and control an organization
with regard to Quality (ISO 9000:2005 – Clause 3.2.8)



Direction & Control with regard to quality includes
establishment of;


Quality policy



Quality objectives



Quality planning



Quality assurance



Quality control

ISO 9001:2008 is the applicable standard for Quality Management System


The Handy Guide to
Quality

What is Project Quality Management?


It includes the processes and activities that determine quality policies,
objectives and responsibilities so that the project will satisfy the needs
for which it was undertaken.



Project quality management works to
ensure that the project requirements,
including product requirements, are met
and validated.

(Project Quality Management, Chapter 8, page 227, PMI PMBOK ®, 5th Edition)



Project quality management uses policies and procedures, to
implement, within the project’s context, the organization’s QMS.



The basic approach to project quality management as described in
PMI PMBOK®, is intended to be compatible with International
Organization of Standardization (ISO).

(Project Quality Management, Chapter 8, PMI PMBOK ®, 5th Edition)

PQM – Few concepts
Quality vs Grade?

LCD TV

or

Good old CRT TV

Quality vs Grade?

LCD TV

or

Smart 3D LED TV

Quality vs Grade?


Quality and grade are not the same concept.



Quality:
The degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfill
requirements (ISO 9000:2005)



Grade:
A category assigned to deliverables having the same
functional use but different technical characteristics


Accuracy vs Precision?

Assume you are firing “05” shots


Precise

but not

Accurate


Accurate

but not

Precise



Precision:
is the measure of exactness



Accuracy:
is an assessment of correctness

Project management team should determine the appropriate levels of
accuracy and precision.


Project Management Process
Group Mapping

Reproduced in reference to Table 3.1, PMI, A guide to Project
Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK®), 5th Edition ,
page 61

PQM Overview

Initiating

Project Quality
Mgmt

Planning

Executing

Monitoring &
Controlling

Plan Quality
Mgmt
Perform Quality
Assurance

Control
Quality

Closing

PQM Overview

PQM Overview
Plan Quality
Management

Perform Quality
Assurance

Control Quality

Process Group
Planning

Executing

Monitoring and
controlling

High level description of what each process focus on
• What is quality?
• How will we ensure it?

• Are we following the
procedures and
processes as planned?
• Are the procedures and
processes giving the
intended results?

• Are the results of our
work meeting the
standards?

Question:
Quality audits are an important part of quality management because?
A.

They allow for quantification of the risk

B.

They randomly audit product results to see if they are
meeting quality standards

C.

They check to see if the quality process is being followed

D.

They are conducted without prior notice and do not allow
team members time to cover up defects

Answer: C

PQM - Plan Quality Mgmt



Plan quality management is the process of identifying quality
requirements and/or standards for the project and the deliverables
and documenting how the project will demonstrate compliance with
relevant quality requirements.



Key benefit: it provides guidance and direction on how quality will be
managed and validated throughout the project.

Quality planning should be done in parallel with the other planning processes

Plan Quality Management - ITTOs

Plan Quality Management – Data flow Diagram
4.2
Develop Project
Mgmt Plan


13.1
Identify
Stakeholders
• Stakeholder
Register

5.2
Collect
requirements
• Requirements
documentation

11.2
Identify risks
• Risk Register

• Project
documents
update

• Project Mgmt Plan

8.1
Plan Quality
Management
• Enterprise
Environmental
factors
• Organizational
Process Assets

• Process
Improvement
Plan

8.2
Perform Quality
assurance

• Quality Mgmt Plan

• Quality
checklists

• Quality Mgmt
Plan
• Quality
metrics

8.3
Control
Quality

Enterprise
/Organization

Project
documents

11.2
Identify risks

Question:
Plan Quality includes all of the following outputs EXCEPT:
A.

Quality Management Plan

B.

Accepted deliverables

C.

Operational definitions

D.

Checklists

Answer: B

Plan Quality Management - Inputs


Project Management Plan



Stakeholder register



Risk register



Requirements documentation



Enterprise environmental factors



Organizational process assets


1

Important Plans


Scope baseline



Schedule baseline



Cost baseline

Figure 4-5: Develop Project Management Plan Data Flow Diagram
(Project Quality Management, PMI PMBOK ®, 5th Edition)

Stakeholder Register

2



Identify
stakeholders
possessing a
particular interest

in, or having an
impact on, quality


Risk Register

3


Risk register contains information
on threats and opportunities that
may impact quality requirements


Requirements documentation

4


Captures the requirements
that the project shall meet



The components of the
requirements
documentation include
project (and product)
quality requirement as
well.


Enterprise Environmental Factors

5


Government agency regulations



Rules, Standards and guidelines



Working or operating conditions

Organizational Process Assets

6


Organizational quality policy,
procedures, guidelines



Historical database



Lesson learned from previous projects

Plan Quality Management – Tools & Techniques


Cost benefit analysis



Cost of quality



Seven basic quality tools



Benchmarking



Design of experiments



Statistical sampling



Additional quality planning tools



Meetings


Cost of quality:


Cost of Conformance



Cost of Nonconformance

Cause and effect diagram

Checksheet

Pareto diagram

Control Chart

Scatter diagram

Histogram

Flowchart

Plan Quality Management - Outputs
1.


2.

Process Improvement Plan

3.

Quality Metrics

4.

Quality Checklists

5.

Project Documents Updates


Plan Quality Mgmt Output – Quality Management Plan

1


How the organization’s quality policies will be implemented?



How the project management team plans to meet the quality
requirements



Quality management plan – Formal or Informal, Detailed or broadly
framed



Component of the Project Management Plan

For Sample PQP


Plan Quality Mgmt Output – Process Improvement Plan

2


Analysis & improvement of project processes



How quality activities will be streamlined and
improved

Plan Quality Mgmt Output – Quality Metrics

3


Specifically describe a project or product
attribute and how the control quality process
will measure it.



These are used in “perform quality assurance”
and “control quality” processes.
Quality Metrics

Plan Quality Mgmt Output – Quality Checklists

4


A structured tool, usually component specific, used to verify that a set
of required steps has been performed.



Checklists may be simple or complex

Quality Checklists

Plan Quality Mgmt Output – Project Documents Updates

5


Stakeholder register



Responsibility assignment matrix


Question:
All of the following are true quality statements EXCEPT:
A.

Quality improvement depends upon better definition and
increased awareness of the requirements/specifications

B.

Project

quality

management

must

address

both

management of the project and the product of the project
C.

Recognition of key actions required of each team member is
necessary to meet quality objectives

D.

Computer-aided design systems can improve quality but only
at the expense of an increase in the cost of design

Answer: D

Question:
Which of the following is NOT a part of the Plan Quality process?
A.

Benchmarking

B.

Audits

C.

Cost benefit analysis

D.

Design of experiments

Answer: B

Question:
A project manager wants to perform a code review, but over two million
lines of code have already been written for this project, and more are
being produced every day. Rather than reviewing each line of code, the
manager should consider:
A.

Automated testing tools

B.

Trend analysis

C.

Statistical sampling

D.

Regression analysis

Answer: C

Perform Quality Assurance - ITTOs


Process of auditing the quality requirements and the results from quality
control measurements



Facilitates the improvement of quality processes


Perform Quality Assurance – Data flow Diagram
8.1
Plan Quality
Management

Project
Documents

• Quality Mgmt
Plan
• Process Impr.
Plan
• Quality metrics

• Project Mgmt
Plan update

8.3
Control
Quality
• Quality control
measurements

• Change
requests

• Project documents

8.2
Perform Quality
Assurance

• Project documents
update

• Organizational process asset updates


4.2
Develop Project
Mgmt Plan

4.5
Perform
Integrated
Change Control

Project
documents

Enterprise
/Organization

Question:
A customer is concerned that the quality process is not being followed as
laid out in the quality management plan. The best way to see if this claim
is accurate is:
A.

Random sampling

B.

Kaizen

C.

Personally participate in the quality inspections

D.

Audits

Answer: D

Perform Quality Assurance - Inputs








Quality metrics



Quality control measurements



Project documents


1



Describes the quality assurance approach for the project


2



QA activities should be supportive of and consistent with the performing
organization’s process improvement plans

3

Quality Metrics


Provides the attributes that should be measured and the allowable
variations

Quality Metrics


4

Quality Control Measurements


QC activities feedback to QA for use in re-evaluating the quality
standards

5

Project documents


Project documents should be

monitored as they may influence
QA work


Perform Quality Assurance – Tools & Techniques


Quality Management and Control tools



Quality Audits



Process Analysis


Quality Management and Control tools

1


Same tools and techniques of the Plan Quality Management and
Control Quality processes



Other tools that can be utilized are:


Affinity Diagram



Tree Diagram



Matrix diagrams



Prioritization matrices



Activity network diagram



Interrelationship digraphs


Affinity Diagram

a


A grouping technique that
does

not

involve

quantitative ranking


A brainstorming method to
gather ideas


Tree Diagram

b


Useful as decision tree



Parent to child relationships



To identify the tasks needed
to solve a problem and reach

a goal


2

Quality Audits


A structured, independent process to determine if project activities
comply with organizational and project policies and procedures.



Quality audits may be scheduled or random.



May be conducted by internal or external auditors.

Quality Audits


3

Process Analysis


To be done as per Process Improvement Plan



To examine problems experienced, constraints, non-value added
activities

Process Analysis


Perform Quality Assurance - Outputs
1.

Change requests

2.

Project management plan updates

3.

Project documents updates

4.

Organizational process assets updates


Change Requests

1


Used to take corrective action, preventive action or to perform defect
repair


Project Mgmt Plan Updates

2


Updates to:





Scope Management Plan



Schedule Management Plan



Cost Management Plan


3


Updates to:


Quality audit reports



Training plans


Organizational Process Assets Updates

4


Updates to:


Organization’s quality management system


Question:
A customer is concerned that the quality process is not being followed as You are in charge
of managing a software development project which is related to simulations for driving
racing cars. In one of your team meetings - it has been reported that a lot of issues have
been reported in the air tunnel modeling module. On deeper analysis - it is found that many
of the issues could have been prevented, if a simple code review checklist been used. You
prepare a code review checklist and ensure the code is reviewed as per the checklist. This is a
good example of :
A.

Corrective Action

B.

Defect Repair

C.

Preventive Action

D.

Quality Control

Answer: A

Control
Quality

PQM – Control Quality
Control Quality - ITTOs


Assessing project results for compliance with quality standards



Identifying root causes of quality defects


Control Quality – Data flow Diagram
4.2
Develop Project
Mgmt Plan

• Project
documents
update

8.1
Plan
Quality
Management

4.3
Direct & Manage
Project Work
•Deliverables
•Work Performance Data

•Quality metrics
•Quality checklists

• Project Mgmt
Plan updates

4.5
Perform
Integrated Change
Control

• Project
Mgmt Plan

• Approved Change Requests

Project
documents
• Project
documents

Enterprise
/Organization

Project
documents

• Organizational
Process Assets

8.3
Control
Quality

• Quality Control
Measures

4.2
Develop Project
Mgmt Plan

• Validated
changes
• Work
performance
information

• Change requests

• Validated
deliverables

8.2
Perform Quality
assurance


• Organizational
Process Assets
updates

4.4
Monitor & Control
Project work

4.5
Perform
Integrated Change
Control

5.5
Validate Scope

Enterprise
/Organization

Question:
Reduced quality on a project would MOST likely lead to which of the
following:
A.

Rework and increased cost risk

B.

Increased inspections and decreased cost

C.

Absenteeism and decreased cost

D.

Reduced quality limits

Answer: A

Question:
In the process of managing a construction project, you discover a very
serious defect in the way one particular section has been built. Your
engineers analyze the section of the building and decide that the problem
is actually relatively minor. In which process are you involved?
A.

Plan Quality

B.


C.

Perform Quality Control

D.


Answer: C

Control Quality - Inputs





Quality metrics



Quality checklists



Work performance data



Approved Change Requests



Deliverables



Project Documents





1




2

Quality management plan – a component of Project management plan
Describe how quality control will be performed

Quality Metrics



3

Describe a project or product attribute and how it will be measured
Examples are failure rate, test coverage etc

Quality Checklists


Help to verify that the work of the
projects and its deliverables fulfill a set of
requirements

Quality Metrics

4

Work Performance data



5

Information on status of project activities

Deliverables completed, Quality requirements met etc.

Approved Change Requests


Change requests may include modifications such as defect repairs,
revised work methods etc.

6

Deliverables


Any unique and verifiable product, result of capability


7

Project documents



8

Agreements
Corrective action log



Organization’s quality policy



Standard work guidelines



Issue and defect reporting procedures


Control Quality – Tools & Techniques


Seven Basic Quality Tools



Statistical Sampling



Inspection



Approved change request review


Control Quality – Inspection


Examination of a work product to determine if it conforms to
documented standards



Inspections also used to validate defect repairs

Control Quality - Outputs
1.


2.

Validated Changes

3.

Verified Deliverables

4.

Works Performance Information

5.

Change Requests

6.

Project management plan updates

7.

Project documents updates

8.

Organizational process assets updates


1




2

Documented results of control quality activities
Format for documenting these results – outline during “Plan Quality”

Validated Changes


3

Changed or repaired items are inspected for acceptance or rejection

Verified deliverables


To determine the correctness of deliverables



Inputs to “Validate Scope” for formalized

acceptance


4

Work Performance Information



5

Performance data collected from various controlling processes
Examples include causes for rejection, rework required etc

Change Requests


For corrective actions or preventive actions or a defect repair

Project Management Plan Updates

6







7



Quality Standards



Quality audit reports



Agreements



Training plans

Organizational Process Assets Updates

8


Completed checklists



Lesson Learned documentation


Quality Myths

PMP Concept

Quality is the responsibility of
QA&QC department.

Project Management Team has
responsibilities relating to quality.

Quality is expensive.

Quality leads to lower costs (reworks,
failures)

Inspection is the key to quality.

Inspection is too late. Workers should
produce defect-free goods, right at first time
(Prevention over inspection)

Defects are caused by workers.

Most defects are caused by the system
(Project success factors research)

Rewarding the best performers and
punishing the worst will lead to
greater productivity and creativity

Most variation is caused by the systems that
judge, punish, destroy teamwork.

Question:
You are responsible for managing a project that deals with laying out a freeway connecting
two major port cities. Progress on the project has been smooth and you and your team are

very confident on completing the project well within the stipulated timelines. On reviewing
you see that the project has also run below the budget resulting in savings. You decide to
add an extra feature of reflector strips on the road every mile. You do a quick calculation
and are satisfied that neither budget nor schedule will slip. You feel that by adding these

extra features you could also bag some future projects as well. This is an example of
A.

Scope Creep

B.

Gold Plating

C.

Fast Tracking

D.

Integrated Change Control

Answer: B

Question:
The project quality management process must:
A.

Address the quality of management and product

B.

Improve the project management and quality of the product

C.

Ensure that the project satisfies customer requirement

D.

All of the above

Answer: D

Project quality management - PMI PMBOK Knowledge Area

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