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Introduction
The complexity of the root canal systems, make it impossible to sterilize
them.
Fortunately in most cases of root canal treatment a reduction in the
microbial content of the canal system in system is sufficient to promote
periradicular healing.
In the mechanical method, metallic instruments of graded sizes are used
to remove intracanal dentine together with microorganisms. The method
largely relies on the ability to clear a significant surface area of molecular walls
of the RC system.
Microorganisms may be destroyed by antibacterial fluids to irrigants.
The combined action of mech and chemical cleaning is more efficient
than either method alone, and allows a more conservative canal preparation.
Objectives : Of Cleaning and Shaping the root canal.
Generally speaking the two main objectives in canal cleaning and
shaping are biologic and mechanical.
Biologically, the goal of intracanal procedures is to remove all pulp
tissue remnants and microorganisms and their substrates, along with infected
dentin and predentin.
Mechanically, three-dimensional shaping of the canal is the objective
I. Biologic objectives :
The biologic objectives are as follows.
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1. Confine all instruments within the root canal space
2. Avoid pushing contaminated debris past the canal confines of the apical
constriction.
3. Remove all the potential irritants from the entire canal system.
4. Establish the exact working length and completely clean and shape the
canal system during the first treatment visit.
5. Create sufficient width in the coronal half of canal system to allow for
copious flushing and debridement.
II. Mechanical objectives :
1. Prepare a sound apical dentin matrix at the dentine.
Cementum junction – The development of this matrix provides the resistance
form to the intraradicular cavity preparation.
- The matrix or canal narrowing prevents over extension of instruments and
controls the apical movement of gutta percha and sealer during obturation.
Matrix resistance 
2. Prepare the canal to taper apically, with the narrowest cross-sectional
diameter at the apical termination (apical dentin matrix)
The Retention 
3. Develop a continuously tapering funnel – type preparation in three
dimensions within the entire root canal system.
The objective addresses the need to view every root canal system as a
unique individual three dimensional system. Adherence to this concept also
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parallels the “extension for prevention” concept that is, through removal of the
irritant enhances through canal obturation.
4. Confine clearing and shaping procedure to the canal system.
- Adherance to this principle presents violation of periradicular tissues.
- This principle is evident when foramina are transported during excessive
instrumentation.
Foraminal transportation can be either
1. External
2. Internal
1. External transportation takes a forms and may occur when instruments is
carried out beyond the apical dentin matrix.
i. One result is the ripping of the apical end of the canal resulting in a:
i. teardrop
ii. elliptical
iii. Zipped foramen
ii. In its grossier form  outright perforation of the root results.
2. Internal transportation occurs when excessively large instruments are used
in the apical third of a curved canal.
Results in :
1. Ledging
2. Canal blockage
3. Loss of canal length
4. Development of false canals.
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Generally, both types of transportation’s of the apical foramen can be
prevented by containing cleaning and shaping procedure within the canal
system.
5. Remove all residue of cleaning and shaping procedures that could prevent
patency of the apical foramin – that is
Removal of debris is accomplished with a NaOcl or 15 file along with
copious and frequent irrigation. This is known as RECAPITULATION and is
essential to all cleaning and shaping procedures.
Anatomic Considerations in radicular cavity preparation
The primary objectives of precise measuring and confirming of the
length of tooth is to limit instrumentation and subsequent filling to the root
canal.
The apical termination of the canal is thought to be the junction of the
internal dentin and the external cementum, the cemento dentinal junction at the
foramen.
Kuttler, Green and others demonstrated that this cemento dentinal
junction is after found about 0.5 to 1mm from the external surface of the root
seen in the radiograph.
Once a good deal of experience is gained, the clinician may be able to
find the foramen.
If the patients are not anesthetized, their reactions may often be counted
upon. There is a decided difference in discomfort reaction between the
instrument touching or even approaching the periradicular tissue at the CD
junction and an instrument touching a shred of remaining vital pulp.
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Pulp remnants evoke a sharp instantaneous response where as the
reaction at the cemeto dentinal junction ranges from a mild awareness to
possibly no reaction at all. Any warning at all by the patient calls for a
reconfirmation of the tooth length.
Techniques of Radicular Cavity Preparation
Over the years there has been a gradual change in the ideal configuration
of a prepared root canal. At one time the shape was round and tapered, almost
parallel.
After, schilder’s classic description of “cleaning and shaping”, the more
accepted shape for the finished canal has become a gradually increasing taper,
with the smallest diameter at the apical constricture, and terminating larger at
the coronal orifice.
This gradually increasing taper is effective in final filling, for a
Buchanan has pointed out, the “apical movement of the core in to the tapered
apical preparation----- only tightness the apical seal.
As previously stated, two approaches to debriding and shaping the canal
have finally emerged
 Either starting at the apex with fine instruments and working one’s way
back up the canal with progressively larger instruments – the SERIAL OR
“STEP – BACK” technique.
 Or, starting at the cervical orifice with larger instruments and gradually
progressing towards the apex with smaller and smaller instruments – the
“STEP – DOWN” – technique also called “CROWN – DOWN” technique.
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Methods of Instrumentation
Many methods of instrument action within the canal system have been
expressed over the years. The most common of these actions is the PUSH-
TURN PULL MOTION.
 In which a K-file is inserted to the working length and given 1/6, 1/8 or ¼
turn, engaging the canal wall and then with drawn with pressure against the
canal wall.
 The push pull action is referred to as the “filing action” and is often
considered adequate for straight canals is larger teeth.
 A “REAMING ACTION” is defined as a boring action designed to drill
out an apical matrix and remove irregularities in the apical third of the
canal this approach is limited to straight rooted larger canals.
 The major problem with both of these techniques is that neither takes is to
account the degree of irregular canal anatomy often encounted.
 “CIRCUMFERENTIAL FILING” is defined as moving the file around the
circumference of the canal space while at the same time stroking the
instrument is a 1-3mm amplitude.
 Favors the development of a flared as funneled canal
preparation
 Aids in opening orifices of the canals.
Finally the tooth anatomy dictates the technique or goal of teaching.
According the STOCK, he divided the Biochemical preparation
techniques in to
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I  APICAL – CORONAL technique
In which the WL is established and the
full length of the canal then preparation,
sequent increasing in size.
- Standardized preparation
- Step back preparation
- The ROANES technique
(Balanced force techniqe)
II  CORONAL - APICAL techniques
Coronal potion is prepared before the WL
is determined, sequentially prepared from
coronal end to full WL.
- Step down techniqe
- Double flared technique
- Crown down preassureless
technique
- Canal master technique
Disadvantages of APICAL – CORONAL preparations
 Potential for extrusion of debris.
 Apical blockage
 Alteration of working length
 Tendency for canal discrepancy, when large inflexible instruments are
used.
Coronal Apical techniques (ADVANTAGES)
 Early debridement , under extension of debris.
 Early coronal widening, better, access, decreases penetration of irrigant
 Better control over apical instrumentation.
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Step Back Preparation
Weine, Martin, Walton and Mullaney were early advocates of step-back,
also called Telescopic or Serial Root Canal Preparation.
Designed to overcome instrument transportation in the apical third
canal, it has proved quite successful.
This method of preparation has been well described by Mullaney.
Mullaney divided the step-back preparation into 2 phases.
Phase I : Apical preparation starting at the apical constriction.
Phase II : Preparation of the remainder of the canal, gradually stepping back
while increasing in size.
Although the stepback was designed to avoid zipping the apical area in
curved canals, it applies as well to straight canal preparation.
It has been mentioned that the guide line for the termination of the apical
preparation has been cited as three sizes larger than the first instrument that
binds at the apical terminus.
The fall range of sizes is recommended as a guide time for the shape of
the canal system, type and flexibility of the instrument used.
One of the first axions of endodontitis is “always use a curved
instrument in a curved canal” curving the file to match the canal is paramount
to success in the step-back more ever.
Figure 2 – Step-Back Preparation :
A. Phase I – Apical preparation up to file No. 25 with recapitulation using
prior size files.
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B. Phase II – Stepping –Back procedure in 1mm increments Nos. 25 through
45, Recapitulation with 25 file to full working length.
C. Refining phase II-A – Greater glidden drill No. 23 and 4 used to create
coronal and mid root perparations.
D. Refining phase II-B No.25 file, circumferential filing smooths step-back.
E. Completed preparation – a continuous flowing flare preparation.
Step-Back – Phase I – It must be assumed that the canal has been
explored and the working length of the tooth has been established, i.e, the
apical constriction identified.
- The first active instrument to be inserted should be a fine (No. 08, 10, or 15)
K-file, curved, and coated with a lubricant such as gly-oxide, Root canal
preparation or liquid soap.
- If a curved No.15, for example refuses to go to place easily, are drops back
to a No. 10 or even a No.8.
- The motion of the instrument is “watch winding” two or three quarter –
turns clockwise counterclockwise and then retract. Upon removal, the
instrument is wiped clean, recurved, relubricated and repositioned, watch
widening is then repeated. This procedure is repeated until the instrument is
loose in posterior.
- The next size K-file is used in the same manner, very short (1.0mm) filing
strokes can also be used at the apex.
- It is most important that a lubricant be used in this area. In very fine canals,
the irrigant that will reach this area, will be insufficient to dissolve tissue,
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lubrication emulifies tissue allowing instrument tips to macerate and
remove this tissue.
By the time a size 25 K-file has been used to full length, phase I is
complete.
- It is emphasized here that irrigation between each instrument use is now in
older, as well as recapitulation with the previous smaller instrument carried
to full depth and watch wound. All these maneuvers will ensure patency of
the canal to the apical constriction.
II Phase II –
- In a fine canal, the step-back process begins with a No.30 K-style file. Its
working length is set one millimeter short of the full working length. It is
precurved, lubricated, carried down the canal to the new shortened depth,
watch wound and retracted.
The same process is reported until a No.30 is loose at this adjusted
length (Figure). Recapitulation to full length with a No. 25 file follows to
assure patency of the constriction.
The next curved instrument i.e., No. 35 again shortened by 1.0mm from
the No. 30. (2mm from the apical No.25). It is curved, lubricated, inserted,
watch wound and retracted followed by recapitulation and irrigation.
Figure:
- A step-back /telescopic preparation. Working length of 20mm used as
example.
- Coronal part of canal enlarged with circumferential filing or Gater Glidden
drills.
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- Thus the preparation step-back up the canal one millimeter and one larger
instrument at a time.
- It is at this point that H-files are effectives, this is also the area of canal
preparation that can be done with power driven, Gater Glidden drills
starting with the smaller drills (No.1 and 2) and gradually increasing in size
to No. 4,5 and 6. Proper continuing taper is developed to finish phase II A
preparation.
- Refining phase II B is a return to a size No.25 instrument, smoothing all
round the canal walls with vertical push-pull stroker to perfect the taper
from the apical constriction to the cervical orifice – safe ended H-file is
most efficient.
- At this point Buchanan recommends NaOcl to left in place to the apex for 5
to 10 minutes. This is only way the auxiliary canals can be cleaned.
- Hand powered Gates Glidden drills may be used for final finish.
According to Grossman
Advantages of the step-back preparation over the conventional method.
1. Less likely to cause periapical trauma.
2. Facilitates the removal of more debris
3. Greater flare facilitates packing of additional G.P. by lateral/vertical
condensation technique.
4. Development of apical matrix / prevents overfilling.
5. Greater condensation pressure can be exerted.
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Negotiation of narrowly Curved Root Canals : (According to Grossman)
- The apical segment of the root canal is cleaned and shaped with a prepared
No.10 file and shaped to canal length.
- Figure – modification of an instrument to clean and shape narrow root
canals.
A. Sequentially larger file is found to be short of the working length.
B. One millimeter is cut off a smaller file.
C. The tip is reestablished with a diamond file.
- If the next prepared file (No.15) binds firmly 1mm or 2mm short of the
working length, it should not be forced apically beyond this point of cotnact
(Figure).
- The No.15 file is removed, and the canal is irrigated with a 5.2% solution of
sodium hypochlorite. Because the next size file is not available, the operator
can create one by cutting off part the instrument tip of the No. 10 file.
- Cutting off 1mm of the tip of No.10 file converts it into a No.12 file.
- The stainless steel tip of a file can be cut with sharp iries scissors (Fig). A
diamond file is used for reestablish and to smooth the inter tip. The
instrument is curved, sterilized and is ready for use in the apical third of the
preparation.
- Figure 2
Variation in cleaning and shaping for double curved or S- shaped root
canals. A small H-file is used to reduce the middle third curve of the root canal
and leaves only the apical curve to be instrumented.
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Double-Curved Root Canals :
Double curved or bayonet shaped canals are cleaned and shaped with
one main variation.
- When the area of the apical foramen has been cleaned and shaped with a
prepared No. 10 file, the middle third curve is eliminated by filling it with a
H-file that straightens out the enlarged canal. (Figure).
- A small H-file is introduced into root canal until the junction of the middle
and apical thirds reached. The liner portion of their curves is then filed
away.
Dilacerated Root Canals :
Dilacerated or extremely curved canals can be instrumented by
enlarging the middle and cervical third of the root canal first.
Figure – Modify of instrument to clean and shape a dilacerated root canal.
A and B, root canal before and after cleaning and shaping.
C- the flares of small, curved file are dulled on the outer portion of the
apical third and on the inner portion of the middle third of the root canal.
- A small H-file is inserted to the beginning of the dilaceration – without
forcing the file apically circumferential filing is prepared once, and canal
irrigated and refiled to working length with a prepared No.10 file.
- Repeat this procedure until the middle and cervical thirds are open wide
enough that the apical third can be instrumented without forcing the
instruments.
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- When the cervical and middle thirds of the canal are open, one should
prepare a No.15 file by dulling the flutes on the outer portion of the apical
third, and the inner portion of the middle third of the curved instrument
(Figure).
- This procedure prevents transportation of the apical foramen and over
instrumentation in the dilacerated area.
Modified Manipulation of Instruments :
Anticurvature filing :
- Denotes filing preferentially away from the inner curvatures or facial
aspect, the site of potential perforation.
- This method, involves filing buccal, mesial and ling walls of the root
canal with more strokes than the furcal wall by a ration of 3:1 is
effective.
Step-Down Technique
Initially, Marshall and Pappin advocated a “Crown Down Pressureless
Preparation” in which Gates Glidden drills and larger size files are first used in
the coronal two thirds of the canals and then progressively smaller files are
used from the “crown down” until the desired length is reached. This has
become known as the Step-down technique.
- The primary purpose of this technique is to minimize or eliminate the
amount of necrotic debris that could be extruded through the apical foramen
during instrumentation.
- One of the primary advantages of the step-down preparation is the freedom
from constraint of the apical enlarging instruments.
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- By first flaring the coronal two-thirds of the canal, there is increased access
allowing greater control and less change of zipping near the apical
constriction.
- In addition, it “provides a coronal escape way that reduce the piston in a
cylinder effect” responsible for debris extrusion from the apex”.
Step-Down technique :
In this method, working length of tooth is not first established. The
access cavity is filled with NaOcl and the first instrument is introduced into the
canal.
Figure – (Step-Down canal preparation) :
Straight canal used as example :
A. “Pre-Gates” preparation of coronal half of canal to receive second phase
instruments.
B. No. 2 Gates Glidden drill widens preparations to receive.
C. No. 3 Gates glidden (size of 80 file) to provide unobstructed access for
instrument to follow.
D. Starting with larger instruments (No.40), canal is progressively enlarged
apically 1 to 2 mm at a time until.
E. No. 25 file reaches cemento dentinal junction.
If it appears that a No.35 file until pass, it is carried into the canal to the
point of resistance. If resistance is encountered at (for instance) 13mm
(FIGURE) the preoperatives radiograph is consulted to determine if it is canal
curvature or narrowing that is stapping the instrument.
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Radicular access is now prepared upto this point taking care not to ledge
the wall of a curve begins here.
If No.2 Gates Glidden drill (size of a No.60 file)followed by a No.3
Gates (size of a No.80 file) is used without apical force to flare out the
radicular access (FIGURE) and copious irrigation follows.
If initially the No.35 Instrument does not penetrate to this depth, smaller
instruments must be used to prepare the radicular access upto this size before
the Gates Glidden flaring begins. This is referred to as “PRE-GATES
PREPARATION”.
At this point, Morgan and Mantgomery suggest that “a provisional
working length”, 3mm short of the radiographic apex be established. The next
step of preparation now begins in the presence of NaOCl.
A No. 30 file is placed in the canal until resistance is encountered and is
rotated twice in a clockwise passive penetrating movement.
Then a No.25 file repeats this reaming procedure, fall by a No.20, a
No.15, etc. until the provisional working length is reached.
At this point, true working length must be established at the apical
construction.
This is the point of resistance form. Irrigation follows.
To make sure the apical area is thoroughly cleaned, successively larger
files are used to reach the construction until a No.25, at least is used to full
working depth (FIGURE).
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Final smoothening of the walls and perfection of the continuing flaring
shape are accomplished with No.30 to 35. Safe end H-files used
circumferential.
Efficacy of the step down technique Compared to the step-back
“circumferential filing tech with precurred files. Morgan found that the step-
down tech had better shape and terminus.
Another study found less belives extruded from the apex with the step
down tech.
Positive disadvantage include
1. Hedges
2. Apical blackage
3. Perforations especially in narrow canals but may be overcome by
careful manipulation of files and frequent recapitulation.
HYBRID TECHNIQUE (Step – Down / Step Back)
GOERIG, and later BUCHANAN suggested a combination of the step-
down / Step – back technique
- Buchanan preparation what he calls Early Radicular Access (ERA) which is
a step – down process, preferably done with Gates glidden drills with No1
and advancing up through No6. This is carried out in straight part of the
canal.
- In the event a No.1 Gates cannot be introduced, Buchanan prepares a “Pre-
Gates” canal space with smaller files until the No1 Gates will effortlessly
reach full depth. This is followed by a No.2, then the No.3 at half depth and
a 4, 5 and 6 only at the orifice level.
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- Once the coronal flaring in complete true working length, may be
established at the apical constriction. This is where resistance form will be
established.
- The Step-Back part of the preparation begins with a precurved, lubricated,
fine file (No. 8, No.10 or No 15) inserted passively. Step back begins with
the next larger inserted passively. Step back begins with the next larger size
instrument 1.00 short of working length. As each larger precurved
instrument is introduced the step-back is 1.0mm until the previously
prepared step down portion of the canal is reached.
- Following extensive irrigation the entire canal is correctly tapered with a
small H-file.
- Out of these 2 methods, The hybrid approach was developed.
Starting coronally with larger instruments, often power driven, one
works down the straight coronal portion of the canal with progressively smaller
instruments – the step-down approach.
Then at this point, the procedure is reversed starting at the apex with
small instruments and gradually increasing in size as one works back up the
canal – the step – back approach.
This HYBRID approach could be called – STEP –DOWN-STEP
BACK technique or MODIFIED DOUBLE FLARED TECHNIQUE.
Any one of these methods of preparing the root canal will ensure staying
within the confines of the canal and delivering or continuously tapered
preparation and as Buchanan has noted, eliminate blocking apical ledging,
zipping and perforation.
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STANDARDIZED PREPARATION
The premise of this technique is that most root canals are circular in
cross-section in the apical third, the aim is to prepare the root canal by
enlarging it sequentially to a selected size as follows.
 Determine the WL
 Introduce the smallest reamer into the canal and rotate it clockwise to
engage dentin and then withdraw.
 Repeat with successively larger reamers until the reg. Size is reached
apically (size 20)
 A canal shape should be produced, which matches the last reamer.
This technique occasionally works, particularly if the canals are narrow,
of circular cross section and enlarged to a large canal size. The technique is
unlikely to debride canals with more complicated shapes.
BALANCED FORCE CONCEPT USING FLEX-R-FILES:-
After 12 years of experimentation, Roane and Sabala introduced their
Balanced force concept of canal preparation.
Essentially, the entire preparation beginning with flaring of the canal
coronal and middle thirds of the canal with Gates glidden bills, size 1 through
6. This essentially increases the radius and decreases the arc of the curve of the
canal, thus making it straighter and more assessable to reaming instruments
At this point, the balanced force instrumentation begins. It involves
placement, cutting and removal using only rotatory motions.
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Insertion is done with a half-turn clockwise ratio with slight apical
pressure.
Cutting is accomplished using counter clockwise rotation, “again with
apical pressure, adjusted to match the files strength is very light for fine
instruments and heavy for large instruments”.
FLEX-R-FILE
 Machine from a blank of triangular cross section.
 Resembles a twisted instrument.
 Greater contract of strength and flexibility.
 Increased flexibility and increased strength
Designed to cut most efficiently in Anti clockwise rotatory motion.
 Modified safe ended tip.
THE ROANE TECHNIQUE (B-T)
Main features
1. Canals prep to predesigned dimensions, of which 3 are recognised and
designated 45, 60 and 80 accord to size of apical prep
2. These dimension refer to size of the file used at the 3rd
Step back to the size
of MAF.
Each step back from MAF at the Ph is 0.5mm shorter.
3. Prep to Radiographic length.
Raane firmly believes in enlarging the apical area to sizes larger than
generally recommended up to size 80 in single canal teeth, for example and
size 45 for multiple canal teeth. These sizes are not absolute, of course and
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final shaping depends upon treat bulk and/or fragility, or extreme curvature of
the canal.
He also believes in carrying the preparation through to “full length” the
radiographic apex of the teath.
Preparation with large instruments (i.e., 30) extents to full root length.
Use of larger instruments in the 2nd
and 3rd
steps forms apical constriction.
In canals to the prepared to a No.45 instrument, for eg, the No.30
instrument is carried to full root length root length and larger instruments are
stepped back from that No.40 at 0.5mm back, No.45 at 1.0mm back up the
canal until Gates Glidden preparation is reached.
Clockwise rotation, which “sets” the instrument, should never exceed
180 degrees; otherwise the instrument will start to unwind.
In this way and counterclockwise cutting and removal, the instruments
advance toward the apex, continuing this technique, the clinician enlarges the
apical third of the canal by advancing up the scale of larger and larger
instruments. Flex-R files prevent the instruments from gouging into the curved
walls. The Flex-R files are not pre curved and are used in a controlled rotatory
motion, which is said to balance forces acting on a file in a curved canal and
prevent procedural errors.
“When enlargement has been accomplished, a final year clockwise
cleaning rotation is used to load canal debris into the flutes and to elevate the
debris away from the apical foramen”. Irrigation follows.
Canal Master:
- The cutting portion of this instrument resembles a reamer with blunted
edges.
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- 0.75mm non cutting pilot tip
- Most efficient means of cutting cutting is using a clockwise rotating motion
thro’ 60°.
Canal master ‘U’
Canal Master technique:
 Redesigned so that only the apical 1-2mm is engaged in dentin removal.
 Apical 0.75mm of inst., is safe-ended to facilitate maintenance of canal
curvature.
 Claimed this tech avoids the need for recapitulation.
Canal Master ‘U’ Preparation
Senia and Wildey completely redesigned endodontic instruments and
introduced the canal master “U” instrument. The canal master more closely
resembles a Gates Glidden drill in appearance and action.
Technique : A (step down/ step back) approach is recommended in using these
instruments.
 Length of the tooth is first established, followed by circumferential filing to
the apical constriction up through a N0. 15 file. Capious irrigation is used
throughout.
 When full canal potency is established, the step-down flaring of the
cervical-mid canal is carried out using the canal master rotary instruments
in a slow speed hand piece.
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 A limit to the depth of the powered rotary penetration is necessary, so a
provisional rotary length (PRL) is established at either the 1st
curve in the
canal or 5.0mm back from the apex.
 Starting with No. 50 rotary instrument, the canal is enlarged to the PRL.
The No. 50 is followed by the no. 60, no. 70, no. 80 until a flare is
established.
 Slow gentle apical pressure is used with each rotatory instrument followed
by recapitulation to the apex with the no. 15 file and irrigation.
 At this point the canal is flooded with 17% EDTA which is allowed to
remain for 5 minutes. Then hand instrumentation begins, taking off from
the PRL with a No. 20 canal master ‘U’ instrument. It is used in a gentle
pressure, rapid full clockwise motion being constantly rotated as it cuts its
way to full working length.
 Preparation continuous, advancing up the instrument sizes until one feels
that the apical area is completely debrided, for e.g., to size 35 or 40.
 To complete the flare, a step back procedure follows, shortening by 1.0mm
each successively larger canal master – No. 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80 etc.
 Final smoothening of the canals can also done with a non cutting tip H file
used circumferentially.
Through evaluation of this technique is needed, but early results seem
promising in terms of the shape produced.
Intermediate file sizes are available, enabling cases negotiated of curves.
The instruments have a tendency to fracture. The disadvantages are
those of any technique using purely rotating motion.
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NiTi Power File Preparation:
- McSpadden developed a SENSOR FILE a variation of the original
Hedstreem files, that varies in design with the size of the instrument, these
instruments have 3 flutes, the 3rd
flute set at half the angle of the other z
shaped flutes.
- These files are produced in all sizes in stainless steel and in sizes 35 and
above in nickel-titanium.
Technique – After establishing tooth length, McSpadden begins a step-back
preparation with a Na. 15 NiTi instrument in a controlled, slow speed (Less
than oo RPM) rotating hand piece. The no. 30 and 25 are similarly used.
 Step down tapering is begun in the cervical mid canal with either the larger
size NiTi or Gates Glidden drills.
 The apical preparation is then completed with step back, larger and larger
instruments to meet the mid canal preparation. Final canal cleaning is done
with a CaviEndo ultrasonic system.
Canal Finder System Preparation
Canal Cleaning and shaping with the automated, air driven canal finder
system handpiece and ‘A’ style headstroem filler is best done as a step-down /
step-back preparation.
The unique features of ‘A’ files are :
1. Step depth of fillers.
2. 40 Degress helical angle of cutting blades.
3. More efficient cutting results.
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- The canal finder is more effective than any other technique or deveice in
negotiating very fine, very curved or even partially calcified canals.
- The canal finder delivers a vertical stroke that “drives the special H-files
apically with the non cutting plane tip.
- The instrument and the canal must be well lubricated with soluset (contain
EDTA and similar to root canal preparation).
- At this point step-back preparation begins, starting with a No. 8 or 10,
followed by No.15 up the scale until the apical area is enlarged to atleast
No.25.
- Stepping back from apex, a fully flared cavity is developed by the files
forced against all of the canal walls as it strokes vertically.
- Because H-files cut in a pulling motion, the canal finder is less apt to force
debris apically.
ULTRASONIC SYSTEMS
Ultrasonic endodontics has brought a new era of biotechnology to root
canal therapy. This technology which has ultrasound energy, continues the
traditional endodontic concepts of debridement and irrigates with ultrasonic,
biologic, chemical and physical actions.
Root canal systems are rapidly and effectively cleaned, irrigated,
disinfected and shaped by the clinician using an ultrasonic system.
Preparation of root canal with ultrasonic system for canal obturation
consist of 4 interrelated and dependent phases.
1. Mechanical debridment of hard and soft tissue within the canal system
26
2. Chemical debridement the canal system
3. Disinfection
4. Final shaping of the canal system
Diamond coated files have also been introduced to the combination of
ultrasound energized debridment, activated irrigation and aid in canal cleaning
and disinfection.
Technique : Initial root canal lengths determination and apical preparation are
accomplished with small hand files.
- Subsequent canal preparation is performed with smaller sized ultrasonic
files, which are precurved prior to entry into the canal.
- The file motion used in ultrasonic root canal preparation is essentially a
push – pull action enhancing dentin removal.
- Circumferential more cement of the files is also associated to achieve the
smooth tapering canal shape.
- A side to side action or lateral morcement activates the irrigant solution,
which improves its disinfecting and cleaning qualities.
For Endosonic system the manufacturer recommends that 2.5% Sodium
hypochlorite solution be used to derive the maximum benefit of ultrasonics.
The continuous, high volume, flow-through irrigation and aspiration,
within the root canal, create the equivalent of an “ultrasonic bath”. This allows
three – dimensional debridement of the complex root canal marphology by the
hydrodynamic action and enhanced physical chemistry of the activated irrigant.
27
- The combination of continuously activated irrigation and the energized files
produces a multidimensional synergistic system that results in a biologically
cleaner root canal systems.
- The combination of ultrasonic waves and a microbiocide results is an
extremely efficient system. The improved effect is due to the
1. Agitation
2. Acoustic streaming
3. Cavitation
Created by the ultrasonic waves emitted from the energized file.
However, extreme care must be exercised in areas of the canal system
where the canal is close to the external root wall – for e.g., Mesial roots of
mandibular molars. Because of the efficiency of ultrasonic cutting, rapid
perforations may occur.
SONIC SYSTEMS:
The development of the Endostar 5 and the endo sonic air 3000
introduced sonic vibratory canal cleaning and shaping to endodontics.
- The sonic cutting that accurs, coupled with the sonic irrigating solutions
reduces fatigue and stress during canal preparations.
- For canal cleanliness, ultrasonic activation with a No. 15 file for 3 full
minutes in the presence of 5% NaOCl produced “smooth, clean canals, free
of the smear layer and superficial debris.
28
Laser Canal Preparation
Still to be approved by the U.S. Food and drug administration
committee on devices, is the use of lasers to prepare root canals, nonetheless
the method appears promising.
Weichman was probably the first to suggest laser canal preparation.
Levy has seriously pursued the use of the Nd-YAG laser mounted with a
fiber optic, to clean and shape the root canal.
“The attached fiber optic has a silicon base and a diameter of 200
microns, the diameter of a No. 20 file.
- The laser used in this study was a 35 watt pulsed Nd-YAG which produces
a beam with a wavelength of 1.06 microns.
The beam is carried through a silica fiber accompanied by a cleaning
system that delivers a spray of air and water.
Levy compared the results of cleaning and shaping by conventional
step-back procedures to laser beam, using SEM evaluation, Levy claimed “that
preparation with a laser beam is possible, with an improvement in the
cleanliness of the canal walls when compared to the conventional technique”.
Technique :
- For a full minute, the apical region of the canal is hand instrumented to the
constriction with a No.15 K-file and abundant irrigation.
- Preparation begins with the laser energy level set at 150 millijoules.
29
- The spray was reduced or increased so that the plasma effect could be
observed at the end of the fiber when contact was made with the dentin. It
appears as a Bright spark.
- The plasma effect is actually a laser “transformation of the dentin into an
ionized gas levaing no debris in the canal walls.
- The fiber optic was inserted to working length and enlargement was
performed circumferentially starting in the apical third, then the middle and
finally the cervical third to the size No.60 instrument. The average time to
accomplish this preparation was one minute.
- The laser preparation, showed remarkable cleanliness of all canals, the
dentin revealed a crusty, waxy aspect with open tubules and no apparent
smear layer.
- Wilder Smith feels that the eximer laser may have a bright futures in
endodontics. A wavelength of 193nm the ArF eximer “is well suited to slow
selective removal of necrotic debris from the root canal.
- The laser appears to have a future in endodontics and only time will tell
how long lasting and efficacious it is.

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Bmp/ rotary endodontic courses by indian dental academy

  • 1. 1 Introduction The complexity of the root canal systems, make it impossible to sterilize them. Fortunately in most cases of root canal treatment a reduction in the microbial content of the canal system in system is sufficient to promote periradicular healing. In the mechanical method, metallic instruments of graded sizes are used to remove intracanal dentine together with microorganisms. The method largely relies on the ability to clear a significant surface area of molecular walls of the RC system. Microorganisms may be destroyed by antibacterial fluids to irrigants. The combined action of mech and chemical cleaning is more efficient than either method alone, and allows a more conservative canal preparation. Objectives : Of Cleaning and Shaping the root canal. Generally speaking the two main objectives in canal cleaning and shaping are biologic and mechanical. Biologically, the goal of intracanal procedures is to remove all pulp tissue remnants and microorganisms and their substrates, along with infected dentin and predentin. Mechanically, three-dimensional shaping of the canal is the objective I. Biologic objectives : The biologic objectives are as follows.
  • 2. 2 1. Confine all instruments within the root canal space 2. Avoid pushing contaminated debris past the canal confines of the apical constriction. 3. Remove all the potential irritants from the entire canal system. 4. Establish the exact working length and completely clean and shape the canal system during the first treatment visit. 5. Create sufficient width in the coronal half of canal system to allow for copious flushing and debridement. II. Mechanical objectives : 1. Prepare a sound apical dentin matrix at the dentine. Cementum junction – The development of this matrix provides the resistance form to the intraradicular cavity preparation. - The matrix or canal narrowing prevents over extension of instruments and controls the apical movement of gutta percha and sealer during obturation. Matrix resistance  2. Prepare the canal to taper apically, with the narrowest cross-sectional diameter at the apical termination (apical dentin matrix) The Retention  3. Develop a continuously tapering funnel – type preparation in three dimensions within the entire root canal system. The objective addresses the need to view every root canal system as a unique individual three dimensional system. Adherence to this concept also
  • 3. 3 parallels the “extension for prevention” concept that is, through removal of the irritant enhances through canal obturation. 4. Confine clearing and shaping procedure to the canal system. - Adherance to this principle presents violation of periradicular tissues. - This principle is evident when foramina are transported during excessive instrumentation. Foraminal transportation can be either 1. External 2. Internal 1. External transportation takes a forms and may occur when instruments is carried out beyond the apical dentin matrix. i. One result is the ripping of the apical end of the canal resulting in a: i. teardrop ii. elliptical iii. Zipped foramen ii. In its grossier form  outright perforation of the root results. 2. Internal transportation occurs when excessively large instruments are used in the apical third of a curved canal. Results in : 1. Ledging 2. Canal blockage 3. Loss of canal length 4. Development of false canals.
  • 4. 4 Generally, both types of transportation’s of the apical foramen can be prevented by containing cleaning and shaping procedure within the canal system. 5. Remove all residue of cleaning and shaping procedures that could prevent patency of the apical foramin – that is Removal of debris is accomplished with a NaOcl or 15 file along with copious and frequent irrigation. This is known as RECAPITULATION and is essential to all cleaning and shaping procedures. Anatomic Considerations in radicular cavity preparation The primary objectives of precise measuring and confirming of the length of tooth is to limit instrumentation and subsequent filling to the root canal. The apical termination of the canal is thought to be the junction of the internal dentin and the external cementum, the cemento dentinal junction at the foramen. Kuttler, Green and others demonstrated that this cemento dentinal junction is after found about 0.5 to 1mm from the external surface of the root seen in the radiograph. Once a good deal of experience is gained, the clinician may be able to find the foramen. If the patients are not anesthetized, their reactions may often be counted upon. There is a decided difference in discomfort reaction between the instrument touching or even approaching the periradicular tissue at the CD junction and an instrument touching a shred of remaining vital pulp.
  • 5. 5 Pulp remnants evoke a sharp instantaneous response where as the reaction at the cemeto dentinal junction ranges from a mild awareness to possibly no reaction at all. Any warning at all by the patient calls for a reconfirmation of the tooth length. Techniques of Radicular Cavity Preparation Over the years there has been a gradual change in the ideal configuration of a prepared root canal. At one time the shape was round and tapered, almost parallel. After, schilder’s classic description of “cleaning and shaping”, the more accepted shape for the finished canal has become a gradually increasing taper, with the smallest diameter at the apical constricture, and terminating larger at the coronal orifice. This gradually increasing taper is effective in final filling, for a Buchanan has pointed out, the “apical movement of the core in to the tapered apical preparation----- only tightness the apical seal. As previously stated, two approaches to debriding and shaping the canal have finally emerged  Either starting at the apex with fine instruments and working one’s way back up the canal with progressively larger instruments – the SERIAL OR “STEP – BACK” technique.  Or, starting at the cervical orifice with larger instruments and gradually progressing towards the apex with smaller and smaller instruments – the “STEP – DOWN” – technique also called “CROWN – DOWN” technique.
  • 6. 6 Methods of Instrumentation Many methods of instrument action within the canal system have been expressed over the years. The most common of these actions is the PUSH- TURN PULL MOTION.  In which a K-file is inserted to the working length and given 1/6, 1/8 or ¼ turn, engaging the canal wall and then with drawn with pressure against the canal wall.  The push pull action is referred to as the “filing action” and is often considered adequate for straight canals is larger teeth.  A “REAMING ACTION” is defined as a boring action designed to drill out an apical matrix and remove irregularities in the apical third of the canal this approach is limited to straight rooted larger canals.  The major problem with both of these techniques is that neither takes is to account the degree of irregular canal anatomy often encounted.  “CIRCUMFERENTIAL FILING” is defined as moving the file around the circumference of the canal space while at the same time stroking the instrument is a 1-3mm amplitude.  Favors the development of a flared as funneled canal preparation  Aids in opening orifices of the canals. Finally the tooth anatomy dictates the technique or goal of teaching. According the STOCK, he divided the Biochemical preparation techniques in to
  • 7. 7 I  APICAL – CORONAL technique In which the WL is established and the full length of the canal then preparation, sequent increasing in size. - Standardized preparation - Step back preparation - The ROANES technique (Balanced force techniqe) II  CORONAL - APICAL techniques Coronal potion is prepared before the WL is determined, sequentially prepared from coronal end to full WL. - Step down techniqe - Double flared technique - Crown down preassureless technique - Canal master technique Disadvantages of APICAL – CORONAL preparations  Potential for extrusion of debris.  Apical blockage  Alteration of working length  Tendency for canal discrepancy, when large inflexible instruments are used. Coronal Apical techniques (ADVANTAGES)  Early debridement , under extension of debris.  Early coronal widening, better, access, decreases penetration of irrigant  Better control over apical instrumentation.
  • 8. 8 Step Back Preparation Weine, Martin, Walton and Mullaney were early advocates of step-back, also called Telescopic or Serial Root Canal Preparation. Designed to overcome instrument transportation in the apical third canal, it has proved quite successful. This method of preparation has been well described by Mullaney. Mullaney divided the step-back preparation into 2 phases. Phase I : Apical preparation starting at the apical constriction. Phase II : Preparation of the remainder of the canal, gradually stepping back while increasing in size. Although the stepback was designed to avoid zipping the apical area in curved canals, it applies as well to straight canal preparation. It has been mentioned that the guide line for the termination of the apical preparation has been cited as three sizes larger than the first instrument that binds at the apical terminus. The fall range of sizes is recommended as a guide time for the shape of the canal system, type and flexibility of the instrument used. One of the first axions of endodontitis is “always use a curved instrument in a curved canal” curving the file to match the canal is paramount to success in the step-back more ever. Figure 2 – Step-Back Preparation : A. Phase I – Apical preparation up to file No. 25 with recapitulation using prior size files.
  • 9. 9 B. Phase II – Stepping –Back procedure in 1mm increments Nos. 25 through 45, Recapitulation with 25 file to full working length. C. Refining phase II-A – Greater glidden drill No. 23 and 4 used to create coronal and mid root perparations. D. Refining phase II-B No.25 file, circumferential filing smooths step-back. E. Completed preparation – a continuous flowing flare preparation. Step-Back – Phase I – It must be assumed that the canal has been explored and the working length of the tooth has been established, i.e, the apical constriction identified. - The first active instrument to be inserted should be a fine (No. 08, 10, or 15) K-file, curved, and coated with a lubricant such as gly-oxide, Root canal preparation or liquid soap. - If a curved No.15, for example refuses to go to place easily, are drops back to a No. 10 or even a No.8. - The motion of the instrument is “watch winding” two or three quarter – turns clockwise counterclockwise and then retract. Upon removal, the instrument is wiped clean, recurved, relubricated and repositioned, watch widening is then repeated. This procedure is repeated until the instrument is loose in posterior. - The next size K-file is used in the same manner, very short (1.0mm) filing strokes can also be used at the apex. - It is most important that a lubricant be used in this area. In very fine canals, the irrigant that will reach this area, will be insufficient to dissolve tissue,
  • 10. 10 lubrication emulifies tissue allowing instrument tips to macerate and remove this tissue. By the time a size 25 K-file has been used to full length, phase I is complete. - It is emphasized here that irrigation between each instrument use is now in older, as well as recapitulation with the previous smaller instrument carried to full depth and watch wound. All these maneuvers will ensure patency of the canal to the apical constriction. II Phase II – - In a fine canal, the step-back process begins with a No.30 K-style file. Its working length is set one millimeter short of the full working length. It is precurved, lubricated, carried down the canal to the new shortened depth, watch wound and retracted. The same process is reported until a No.30 is loose at this adjusted length (Figure). Recapitulation to full length with a No. 25 file follows to assure patency of the constriction. The next curved instrument i.e., No. 35 again shortened by 1.0mm from the No. 30. (2mm from the apical No.25). It is curved, lubricated, inserted, watch wound and retracted followed by recapitulation and irrigation. Figure: - A step-back /telescopic preparation. Working length of 20mm used as example. - Coronal part of canal enlarged with circumferential filing or Gater Glidden drills.
  • 11. 11 - Thus the preparation step-back up the canal one millimeter and one larger instrument at a time. - It is at this point that H-files are effectives, this is also the area of canal preparation that can be done with power driven, Gater Glidden drills starting with the smaller drills (No.1 and 2) and gradually increasing in size to No. 4,5 and 6. Proper continuing taper is developed to finish phase II A preparation. - Refining phase II B is a return to a size No.25 instrument, smoothing all round the canal walls with vertical push-pull stroker to perfect the taper from the apical constriction to the cervical orifice – safe ended H-file is most efficient. - At this point Buchanan recommends NaOcl to left in place to the apex for 5 to 10 minutes. This is only way the auxiliary canals can be cleaned. - Hand powered Gates Glidden drills may be used for final finish. According to Grossman Advantages of the step-back preparation over the conventional method. 1. Less likely to cause periapical trauma. 2. Facilitates the removal of more debris 3. Greater flare facilitates packing of additional G.P. by lateral/vertical condensation technique. 4. Development of apical matrix / prevents overfilling. 5. Greater condensation pressure can be exerted.
  • 12. 12 Negotiation of narrowly Curved Root Canals : (According to Grossman) - The apical segment of the root canal is cleaned and shaped with a prepared No.10 file and shaped to canal length. - Figure – modification of an instrument to clean and shape narrow root canals. A. Sequentially larger file is found to be short of the working length. B. One millimeter is cut off a smaller file. C. The tip is reestablished with a diamond file. - If the next prepared file (No.15) binds firmly 1mm or 2mm short of the working length, it should not be forced apically beyond this point of cotnact (Figure). - The No.15 file is removed, and the canal is irrigated with a 5.2% solution of sodium hypochlorite. Because the next size file is not available, the operator can create one by cutting off part the instrument tip of the No. 10 file. - Cutting off 1mm of the tip of No.10 file converts it into a No.12 file. - The stainless steel tip of a file can be cut with sharp iries scissors (Fig). A diamond file is used for reestablish and to smooth the inter tip. The instrument is curved, sterilized and is ready for use in the apical third of the preparation. - Figure 2 Variation in cleaning and shaping for double curved or S- shaped root canals. A small H-file is used to reduce the middle third curve of the root canal and leaves only the apical curve to be instrumented.
  • 13. 13 Double-Curved Root Canals : Double curved or bayonet shaped canals are cleaned and shaped with one main variation. - When the area of the apical foramen has been cleaned and shaped with a prepared No. 10 file, the middle third curve is eliminated by filling it with a H-file that straightens out the enlarged canal. (Figure). - A small H-file is introduced into root canal until the junction of the middle and apical thirds reached. The liner portion of their curves is then filed away. Dilacerated Root Canals : Dilacerated or extremely curved canals can be instrumented by enlarging the middle and cervical third of the root canal first. Figure – Modify of instrument to clean and shape a dilacerated root canal. A and B, root canal before and after cleaning and shaping. C- the flares of small, curved file are dulled on the outer portion of the apical third and on the inner portion of the middle third of the root canal. - A small H-file is inserted to the beginning of the dilaceration – without forcing the file apically circumferential filing is prepared once, and canal irrigated and refiled to working length with a prepared No.10 file. - Repeat this procedure until the middle and cervical thirds are open wide enough that the apical third can be instrumented without forcing the instruments.
  • 14. 14 - When the cervical and middle thirds of the canal are open, one should prepare a No.15 file by dulling the flutes on the outer portion of the apical third, and the inner portion of the middle third of the curved instrument (Figure). - This procedure prevents transportation of the apical foramen and over instrumentation in the dilacerated area. Modified Manipulation of Instruments : Anticurvature filing : - Denotes filing preferentially away from the inner curvatures or facial aspect, the site of potential perforation. - This method, involves filing buccal, mesial and ling walls of the root canal with more strokes than the furcal wall by a ration of 3:1 is effective. Step-Down Technique Initially, Marshall and Pappin advocated a “Crown Down Pressureless Preparation” in which Gates Glidden drills and larger size files are first used in the coronal two thirds of the canals and then progressively smaller files are used from the “crown down” until the desired length is reached. This has become known as the Step-down technique. - The primary purpose of this technique is to minimize or eliminate the amount of necrotic debris that could be extruded through the apical foramen during instrumentation. - One of the primary advantages of the step-down preparation is the freedom from constraint of the apical enlarging instruments.
  • 15. 15 - By first flaring the coronal two-thirds of the canal, there is increased access allowing greater control and less change of zipping near the apical constriction. - In addition, it “provides a coronal escape way that reduce the piston in a cylinder effect” responsible for debris extrusion from the apex”. Step-Down technique : In this method, working length of tooth is not first established. The access cavity is filled with NaOcl and the first instrument is introduced into the canal. Figure – (Step-Down canal preparation) : Straight canal used as example : A. “Pre-Gates” preparation of coronal half of canal to receive second phase instruments. B. No. 2 Gates Glidden drill widens preparations to receive. C. No. 3 Gates glidden (size of 80 file) to provide unobstructed access for instrument to follow. D. Starting with larger instruments (No.40), canal is progressively enlarged apically 1 to 2 mm at a time until. E. No. 25 file reaches cemento dentinal junction. If it appears that a No.35 file until pass, it is carried into the canal to the point of resistance. If resistance is encountered at (for instance) 13mm (FIGURE) the preoperatives radiograph is consulted to determine if it is canal curvature or narrowing that is stapping the instrument.
  • 16. 16 Radicular access is now prepared upto this point taking care not to ledge the wall of a curve begins here. If No.2 Gates Glidden drill (size of a No.60 file)followed by a No.3 Gates (size of a No.80 file) is used without apical force to flare out the radicular access (FIGURE) and copious irrigation follows. If initially the No.35 Instrument does not penetrate to this depth, smaller instruments must be used to prepare the radicular access upto this size before the Gates Glidden flaring begins. This is referred to as “PRE-GATES PREPARATION”. At this point, Morgan and Mantgomery suggest that “a provisional working length”, 3mm short of the radiographic apex be established. The next step of preparation now begins in the presence of NaOCl. A No. 30 file is placed in the canal until resistance is encountered and is rotated twice in a clockwise passive penetrating movement. Then a No.25 file repeats this reaming procedure, fall by a No.20, a No.15, etc. until the provisional working length is reached. At this point, true working length must be established at the apical construction. This is the point of resistance form. Irrigation follows. To make sure the apical area is thoroughly cleaned, successively larger files are used to reach the construction until a No.25, at least is used to full working depth (FIGURE).
  • 17. 17 Final smoothening of the walls and perfection of the continuing flaring shape are accomplished with No.30 to 35. Safe end H-files used circumferential. Efficacy of the step down technique Compared to the step-back “circumferential filing tech with precurred files. Morgan found that the step- down tech had better shape and terminus. Another study found less belives extruded from the apex with the step down tech. Positive disadvantage include 1. Hedges 2. Apical blackage 3. Perforations especially in narrow canals but may be overcome by careful manipulation of files and frequent recapitulation. HYBRID TECHNIQUE (Step – Down / Step Back) GOERIG, and later BUCHANAN suggested a combination of the step- down / Step – back technique - Buchanan preparation what he calls Early Radicular Access (ERA) which is a step – down process, preferably done with Gates glidden drills with No1 and advancing up through No6. This is carried out in straight part of the canal. - In the event a No.1 Gates cannot be introduced, Buchanan prepares a “Pre- Gates” canal space with smaller files until the No1 Gates will effortlessly reach full depth. This is followed by a No.2, then the No.3 at half depth and a 4, 5 and 6 only at the orifice level.
  • 18. 18 - Once the coronal flaring in complete true working length, may be established at the apical constriction. This is where resistance form will be established. - The Step-Back part of the preparation begins with a precurved, lubricated, fine file (No. 8, No.10 or No 15) inserted passively. Step back begins with the next larger inserted passively. Step back begins with the next larger size instrument 1.00 short of working length. As each larger precurved instrument is introduced the step-back is 1.0mm until the previously prepared step down portion of the canal is reached. - Following extensive irrigation the entire canal is correctly tapered with a small H-file. - Out of these 2 methods, The hybrid approach was developed. Starting coronally with larger instruments, often power driven, one works down the straight coronal portion of the canal with progressively smaller instruments – the step-down approach. Then at this point, the procedure is reversed starting at the apex with small instruments and gradually increasing in size as one works back up the canal – the step – back approach. This HYBRID approach could be called – STEP –DOWN-STEP BACK technique or MODIFIED DOUBLE FLARED TECHNIQUE. Any one of these methods of preparing the root canal will ensure staying within the confines of the canal and delivering or continuously tapered preparation and as Buchanan has noted, eliminate blocking apical ledging, zipping and perforation.
  • 19. 19 STANDARDIZED PREPARATION The premise of this technique is that most root canals are circular in cross-section in the apical third, the aim is to prepare the root canal by enlarging it sequentially to a selected size as follows.  Determine the WL  Introduce the smallest reamer into the canal and rotate it clockwise to engage dentin and then withdraw.  Repeat with successively larger reamers until the reg. Size is reached apically (size 20)  A canal shape should be produced, which matches the last reamer. This technique occasionally works, particularly if the canals are narrow, of circular cross section and enlarged to a large canal size. The technique is unlikely to debride canals with more complicated shapes. BALANCED FORCE CONCEPT USING FLEX-R-FILES:- After 12 years of experimentation, Roane and Sabala introduced their Balanced force concept of canal preparation. Essentially, the entire preparation beginning with flaring of the canal coronal and middle thirds of the canal with Gates glidden bills, size 1 through 6. This essentially increases the radius and decreases the arc of the curve of the canal, thus making it straighter and more assessable to reaming instruments At this point, the balanced force instrumentation begins. It involves placement, cutting and removal using only rotatory motions.
  • 20. 20 Insertion is done with a half-turn clockwise ratio with slight apical pressure. Cutting is accomplished using counter clockwise rotation, “again with apical pressure, adjusted to match the files strength is very light for fine instruments and heavy for large instruments”. FLEX-R-FILE  Machine from a blank of triangular cross section.  Resembles a twisted instrument.  Greater contract of strength and flexibility.  Increased flexibility and increased strength Designed to cut most efficiently in Anti clockwise rotatory motion.  Modified safe ended tip. THE ROANE TECHNIQUE (B-T) Main features 1. Canals prep to predesigned dimensions, of which 3 are recognised and designated 45, 60 and 80 accord to size of apical prep 2. These dimension refer to size of the file used at the 3rd Step back to the size of MAF. Each step back from MAF at the Ph is 0.5mm shorter. 3. Prep to Radiographic length. Raane firmly believes in enlarging the apical area to sizes larger than generally recommended up to size 80 in single canal teeth, for example and size 45 for multiple canal teeth. These sizes are not absolute, of course and
  • 21. 21 final shaping depends upon treat bulk and/or fragility, or extreme curvature of the canal. He also believes in carrying the preparation through to “full length” the radiographic apex of the teath. Preparation with large instruments (i.e., 30) extents to full root length. Use of larger instruments in the 2nd and 3rd steps forms apical constriction. In canals to the prepared to a No.45 instrument, for eg, the No.30 instrument is carried to full root length root length and larger instruments are stepped back from that No.40 at 0.5mm back, No.45 at 1.0mm back up the canal until Gates Glidden preparation is reached. Clockwise rotation, which “sets” the instrument, should never exceed 180 degrees; otherwise the instrument will start to unwind. In this way and counterclockwise cutting and removal, the instruments advance toward the apex, continuing this technique, the clinician enlarges the apical third of the canal by advancing up the scale of larger and larger instruments. Flex-R files prevent the instruments from gouging into the curved walls. The Flex-R files are not pre curved and are used in a controlled rotatory motion, which is said to balance forces acting on a file in a curved canal and prevent procedural errors. “When enlargement has been accomplished, a final year clockwise cleaning rotation is used to load canal debris into the flutes and to elevate the debris away from the apical foramen”. Irrigation follows. Canal Master: - The cutting portion of this instrument resembles a reamer with blunted edges.
  • 22. 22 - 0.75mm non cutting pilot tip - Most efficient means of cutting cutting is using a clockwise rotating motion thro’ 60°. Canal master ‘U’ Canal Master technique:  Redesigned so that only the apical 1-2mm is engaged in dentin removal.  Apical 0.75mm of inst., is safe-ended to facilitate maintenance of canal curvature.  Claimed this tech avoids the need for recapitulation. Canal Master ‘U’ Preparation Senia and Wildey completely redesigned endodontic instruments and introduced the canal master “U” instrument. The canal master more closely resembles a Gates Glidden drill in appearance and action. Technique : A (step down/ step back) approach is recommended in using these instruments.  Length of the tooth is first established, followed by circumferential filing to the apical constriction up through a N0. 15 file. Capious irrigation is used throughout.  When full canal potency is established, the step-down flaring of the cervical-mid canal is carried out using the canal master rotary instruments in a slow speed hand piece.
  • 23. 23  A limit to the depth of the powered rotary penetration is necessary, so a provisional rotary length (PRL) is established at either the 1st curve in the canal or 5.0mm back from the apex.  Starting with No. 50 rotary instrument, the canal is enlarged to the PRL. The No. 50 is followed by the no. 60, no. 70, no. 80 until a flare is established.  Slow gentle apical pressure is used with each rotatory instrument followed by recapitulation to the apex with the no. 15 file and irrigation.  At this point the canal is flooded with 17% EDTA which is allowed to remain for 5 minutes. Then hand instrumentation begins, taking off from the PRL with a No. 20 canal master ‘U’ instrument. It is used in a gentle pressure, rapid full clockwise motion being constantly rotated as it cuts its way to full working length.  Preparation continuous, advancing up the instrument sizes until one feels that the apical area is completely debrided, for e.g., to size 35 or 40.  To complete the flare, a step back procedure follows, shortening by 1.0mm each successively larger canal master – No. 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80 etc.  Final smoothening of the canals can also done with a non cutting tip H file used circumferentially. Through evaluation of this technique is needed, but early results seem promising in terms of the shape produced. Intermediate file sizes are available, enabling cases negotiated of curves. The instruments have a tendency to fracture. The disadvantages are those of any technique using purely rotating motion.
  • 24. 24 NiTi Power File Preparation: - McSpadden developed a SENSOR FILE a variation of the original Hedstreem files, that varies in design with the size of the instrument, these instruments have 3 flutes, the 3rd flute set at half the angle of the other z shaped flutes. - These files are produced in all sizes in stainless steel and in sizes 35 and above in nickel-titanium. Technique – After establishing tooth length, McSpadden begins a step-back preparation with a Na. 15 NiTi instrument in a controlled, slow speed (Less than oo RPM) rotating hand piece. The no. 30 and 25 are similarly used.  Step down tapering is begun in the cervical mid canal with either the larger size NiTi or Gates Glidden drills.  The apical preparation is then completed with step back, larger and larger instruments to meet the mid canal preparation. Final canal cleaning is done with a CaviEndo ultrasonic system. Canal Finder System Preparation Canal Cleaning and shaping with the automated, air driven canal finder system handpiece and ‘A’ style headstroem filler is best done as a step-down / step-back preparation. The unique features of ‘A’ files are : 1. Step depth of fillers. 2. 40 Degress helical angle of cutting blades. 3. More efficient cutting results.
  • 25. 25 - The canal finder is more effective than any other technique or deveice in negotiating very fine, very curved or even partially calcified canals. - The canal finder delivers a vertical stroke that “drives the special H-files apically with the non cutting plane tip. - The instrument and the canal must be well lubricated with soluset (contain EDTA and similar to root canal preparation). - At this point step-back preparation begins, starting with a No. 8 or 10, followed by No.15 up the scale until the apical area is enlarged to atleast No.25. - Stepping back from apex, a fully flared cavity is developed by the files forced against all of the canal walls as it strokes vertically. - Because H-files cut in a pulling motion, the canal finder is less apt to force debris apically. ULTRASONIC SYSTEMS Ultrasonic endodontics has brought a new era of biotechnology to root canal therapy. This technology which has ultrasound energy, continues the traditional endodontic concepts of debridement and irrigates with ultrasonic, biologic, chemical and physical actions. Root canal systems are rapidly and effectively cleaned, irrigated, disinfected and shaped by the clinician using an ultrasonic system. Preparation of root canal with ultrasonic system for canal obturation consist of 4 interrelated and dependent phases. 1. Mechanical debridment of hard and soft tissue within the canal system
  • 26. 26 2. Chemical debridement the canal system 3. Disinfection 4. Final shaping of the canal system Diamond coated files have also been introduced to the combination of ultrasound energized debridment, activated irrigation and aid in canal cleaning and disinfection. Technique : Initial root canal lengths determination and apical preparation are accomplished with small hand files. - Subsequent canal preparation is performed with smaller sized ultrasonic files, which are precurved prior to entry into the canal. - The file motion used in ultrasonic root canal preparation is essentially a push – pull action enhancing dentin removal. - Circumferential more cement of the files is also associated to achieve the smooth tapering canal shape. - A side to side action or lateral morcement activates the irrigant solution, which improves its disinfecting and cleaning qualities. For Endosonic system the manufacturer recommends that 2.5% Sodium hypochlorite solution be used to derive the maximum benefit of ultrasonics. The continuous, high volume, flow-through irrigation and aspiration, within the root canal, create the equivalent of an “ultrasonic bath”. This allows three – dimensional debridement of the complex root canal marphology by the hydrodynamic action and enhanced physical chemistry of the activated irrigant.
  • 27. 27 - The combination of continuously activated irrigation and the energized files produces a multidimensional synergistic system that results in a biologically cleaner root canal systems. - The combination of ultrasonic waves and a microbiocide results is an extremely efficient system. The improved effect is due to the 1. Agitation 2. Acoustic streaming 3. Cavitation Created by the ultrasonic waves emitted from the energized file. However, extreme care must be exercised in areas of the canal system where the canal is close to the external root wall – for e.g., Mesial roots of mandibular molars. Because of the efficiency of ultrasonic cutting, rapid perforations may occur. SONIC SYSTEMS: The development of the Endostar 5 and the endo sonic air 3000 introduced sonic vibratory canal cleaning and shaping to endodontics. - The sonic cutting that accurs, coupled with the sonic irrigating solutions reduces fatigue and stress during canal preparations. - For canal cleanliness, ultrasonic activation with a No. 15 file for 3 full minutes in the presence of 5% NaOCl produced “smooth, clean canals, free of the smear layer and superficial debris.
  • 28. 28 Laser Canal Preparation Still to be approved by the U.S. Food and drug administration committee on devices, is the use of lasers to prepare root canals, nonetheless the method appears promising. Weichman was probably the first to suggest laser canal preparation. Levy has seriously pursued the use of the Nd-YAG laser mounted with a fiber optic, to clean and shape the root canal. “The attached fiber optic has a silicon base and a diameter of 200 microns, the diameter of a No. 20 file. - The laser used in this study was a 35 watt pulsed Nd-YAG which produces a beam with a wavelength of 1.06 microns. The beam is carried through a silica fiber accompanied by a cleaning system that delivers a spray of air and water. Levy compared the results of cleaning and shaping by conventional step-back procedures to laser beam, using SEM evaluation, Levy claimed “that preparation with a laser beam is possible, with an improvement in the cleanliness of the canal walls when compared to the conventional technique”. Technique : - For a full minute, the apical region of the canal is hand instrumented to the constriction with a No.15 K-file and abundant irrigation. - Preparation begins with the laser energy level set at 150 millijoules.
  • 29. 29 - The spray was reduced or increased so that the plasma effect could be observed at the end of the fiber when contact was made with the dentin. It appears as a Bright spark. - The plasma effect is actually a laser “transformation of the dentin into an ionized gas levaing no debris in the canal walls. - The fiber optic was inserted to working length and enlargement was performed circumferentially starting in the apical third, then the middle and finally the cervical third to the size No.60 instrument. The average time to accomplish this preparation was one minute. - The laser preparation, showed remarkable cleanliness of all canals, the dentin revealed a crusty, waxy aspect with open tubules and no apparent smear layer. - Wilder Smith feels that the eximer laser may have a bright futures in endodontics. A wavelength of 193nm the ArF eximer “is well suited to slow selective removal of necrotic debris from the root canal. - The laser appears to have a future in endodontics and only time will tell how long lasting and efficacious it is.