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Contents
• INTRODUCTION
• HISTORY
• EDGE WISE APPLIANCE
ANGLE
ALEXANDER PHILOSOPHY
BIOPROGRESSIVE SYSTEM
• BEGG
• MODERN BEGG
CAT
FOUR STAGE APPLIANCE
BEDDTIOT
• TIP EDGE
PEA
ANDREWS
ROTH
MBT
BUTTERFLY
•SELF LIGATING BRACKETS
•SYNERGY BRACKETS
•LINGUAL BRACKETS
•ZERO BASED APPLIANCE
•CONCLUSION
•BIMETRIC SYSTEM
•DUAL ENVIRONMENT BRACKET
•BIO -EFFICIENT APPLIANCE
•SPEED
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Introduction
If you think the desire for straight teeth is a
trapping of modern society, think again! Extreme
Makeovers may be new, but "braces" date as far
back as ancient man!
Early History
Even ancient people wanted straight teeth!
According to the AAO (American Association of
Orthodontists), archaeologists have discovered
mummified ancients with crude metal bands
wrapped around individual teeth.
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• Greece were burying their dead
with appliances that were used
to maintain space and prevent
collapse of the dentition during
life.
• At the time of Christ, Aurelius
Cornelius Celsus first recorded
the treatment ofmalaligned
teeth by finger pressure.
                                         
•  In 1728,. Fauchard used a device
called a "Bandeau," a horseshoe-
shaped piece of precious metal
which helped expand the arch..
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• In 1847 in New York
Dwinell invented the
regulating jack screw. It
delivered a pushing force
on the teeth, which was
later improved by
Dr.Edward Hartley Angle
to increase the range of
action. developed the
regulating retraction
screw.
• In 1887, Angle
developed the prototype of
the first bracket
attachment (a delicate
metal tube soldered to the
band).
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THE E-ARCH APPLIANCE (1907) :
consists of heavy
arch wire – 4
designs
•Basic E arch –
used in mandible for
bakers anchorage
2. E arch for
expansion – by tying
bas ligatures to the
arch
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• 3. E arch without threaded ends that fit into the
molar sheaths with attatched ball for high pull
head gear in the incisor area.
• 4. E arch with hooks - intermaxillary traction
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PIN AND TUBE APPLIANCE (1910) :
Each band of the
tooth had a tube
paralleled to long
axis of the tooth
Pin were soldered
to the arch wire .
First appliance to
cause root
movement
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RIBBON ARCH
APPLIANCE (1915) :
• Developed due to difficult
in use of pin and tube
appliance.
• It was actually the first
Bracket, as such to be used
in an orthodontic appliance.
• It was characterized by
Bracket with a vertical slot
facing incisally.
• rectanglar wire is inserted
in vertical slot.
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This was one of the Angle final achievement introduced
2yrs before he died.( 1928).
The term edge wise implies : the rectangular wire insert into
the narrowed or edge wise position of the Bracket.
The new edge wise bracket consisted of rectangular box with 3
walls within the bracket, 0.022 x 0.028 inch dimension slot opening
horizontally. This design provided more accuracy and more efficient
torquing mechanism.
THE EDGE WISE APPLIANCE.
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The original edge wise bracket as designed by Angle was made of
soft gold with a 0.022 x 0.028 inch slot that was readily
deformed by the forces of occlusion and by tying ligature wires to the
bracket.
The original edge wise bracket has been redesigned in the cross
section which is used today.
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MODIFICATIONS OF THE ORIGINAL EDGE WISE
BRACKET
SINGLE WIDTH BRACKET : The original edge wise arch
bracket was 0.050 inch wide and soldered to the gold band
material.
Arch wire was secured on the bottom of the bracket slot.
Disadvantages :
Because of narrow width, ineffective tooth rotation.
To overcome this Angle soldered gold eyelets at an appropriate
position on the orthodontic bands, ligature wire was tied from the
eyelet to the arch wire. Rotation was observed due to deflections of
the arch wire.
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TWIN BRACKETS :
“Siamese twin brackets” by brainerd swain.
two brackets on a single tooth.
This was done by joining together the two edge wise brackets
on a common base.
The space between two brackets was 0.050 inch equal to the
width of one of the brackets.
used on upper central incisors and on molar teeth.
.
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Basically there are four sizes of twin brackets.
Extra wide Standard Intermediate Junior
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Another early development was the evolution of a solid bracket that
was approximately twice as size as the original edge wise
bracket called a posterior bracket. It was approximately
0.100 inch wide and although designed to be used on molar teeth,
it has gained popularity for use on practically all teeth.
Curved Base Twin Bracket :
These brackets confirm to the buccal surfaces of the canines
and premolars.
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Advantages :
Maintain control of axial tooth inclinations.
“Positive control” – to retain corrected rotations
Ability to effect most of the tooth rotation without the use of auxiliary
eye let ties.
Disadvantages :
Inter bracket distance is decreased
Difficulty in employing closing loop arch wires and second order
bends.
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LEWIS BRACKET :
For efficient tooth rotation Dr.Paul D. Lewis soldered
auxiliary rotation arms that abutted to the bracket itself that
offered a lever arm to deflect the arch wire and rotate the teeth.
The present Lewis rotation bracket is a single width
bracket with integral rigid rotation wings..
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Advantages :
One decided advantage is 100% tooth rotation can be easily
obtained and over correction of rotations. This can be accomplished
by bending one wing closer to the tooth and the apposite wing
farther away.
Disadvantages :
Less control of axial inclination of tooth than to do twin brackets.
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Vertical Slot Lewis Bracket :
incorporation of 0.020 x 0.020 inch vertical slot.
Possible to use uprighting springs to correct axial inclination
Curved Base Lewis Bracket :
This involved the curving of the base and wings of the bracket to
conform to the canine and premolar teeth.
It allows greater contact with the band or bonding pad.
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STEINER BRACKET :
Designed by Cecil Steiner.
These bracket did not depend on the resiliency of the arch wires for
tooth rotation due to their inbuilt flexible rotational arms.
Steiner bracket utilizes a single width edge wise bracket.
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Swed bracket
Designed by ALEXANDER SWED
Instead of being a horizontal channel it is formed by a 2 opposing
wedges.
This design permits turning of arch wire in the slot
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BROUSSARD BRACKET :
Another modification of the edge wise has been the addition of
0.0185 x 0046 inch vertical slot to accept a doubled 0.018 inch
auxillary wire.
Designed by Garford Broussard.
Other Bracket Modification :
Burstone has modified the canine bracket by adding a vertical tube
for the insertion of retraction assemblies.
Burstone also designed a second premolar bracket with an auxiliary
tube.
TWIN WIRE ARCH BRACKETS( JOSEPH JOHN)
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BIO-PROGRESSIVE SYSTEM
• Developed by Robert.M. Ricketts in
1950.
• Ricketts described development of
Edgewise in 3 phases-
primary egde wise – Angle
secondary edgewise – strang ,Brodie.
tertiary edge wise – Tweed
quaternery edge wise - bioprogressive
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Bioprogressive
It was so named because of the
practice of progressive banding and a
planned progression of events in a
sequential manner.
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Ten principles of bioprogressive therapy
• Systematic approach to diagnosis and treatment
planning , v.t.o, anchorage
• Torque control.
• Muscular and cortical anchorage
• Movement of teeth in any direction with proper
application of pressure.
.
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• Orthopedic traction
• Treat overjet before overbite
• Sectional arch therapy
• Overtreatment
• Unlocking of malocclusion to establish normal
function
• prefabricated appliance
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• development of bioprogressive set ups – 3
phases
• standard bioprogressive – 1950
• Full torque bioprogressive – 1960
• Triple control bioprogressive- 1970
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Standard bioprogressive therapy
Brackets were
angulated on
bands on all
canines -50
80
- lateral incisor
50
- lower molars
Torque - 220
- CI
140
- LI
70
- c
Acc to jarabak
and holdaway
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Fully Torque Bioprogressive
Incorporated 120
rotation to lower
molar.
220
of torque on
lower second
premolar and lower
molar – for
anchorage.
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Triple control Bioprogressive
Raised bracket
on canine and
premolar of both
arches
150
rotation
triple tube-
upper molar
Convertible lower
first molar
tubes with 120
rotation 220
torque.
Second molar
tube with 320
torque and 120
rotation
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Alexander Principle
Given by Dr.Wick Alexander in 1978.
It is also called as Vari-Simplex discipline .
Vari – refers to variety of bracket types.
Simplex – Kiss principle (Keep it simple sir)
As archwires are simple, because first, 2nd, 3rd order
effects are incorporated into the bracket.
Hooks are not soldered to wire. Bracket hooks are used.
Multiloop arch forms are rarely used.
Discipline was chosen rather than appliance to reflect that
idea that the orthodontist must be knowledgable in
edgewise appliance and must play a active role in
application of appliance to the individual patient in order
that the treatment be successful.
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Appliance Design : Important factors
(1) size and shape of teeth especially mesiodistal
curvature
(2) ease of archwire ligation into bracket.
(3) Other major factor – is the accessibility of tooth
and whether it is located in a curved or straight
area of the arch.
“Vari simplex system is designed for 0.018
bracket slots and .017 wire”.
All brackets used in vari simplex systems allow
maximum engagement of archwires in the
bracket slot.
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Bracket Types :
Twin brackets : Used on large, flat
surface teeth maximum central
incisor and lateral incisor.
Lateral incisor twin brackets have
additional tie wings for easy
engagement of wire when canines
are placed high
.
Lateral incisor brackets have
permanent hooks attachment to
accommodate Class II elastics.
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Lang Brackets
Were invented by Dr.Howard Lang,
Round surfaced teeth at the corners of the mouth i.e. on
Maximum and Mandibular cuspids.
It is diamond form, single bracket with flat rotational
wings containing a circular hole. This aperture increases
flexibility of wing and can be used for ligation.
The bracket pad is contoured
The straight wing of lang eliminates interferences in this
curved portion of arch.
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Lewis Bracket : large round surface teeth that are not
at curve of arch, and also for small flat surface teeth
i.e. premolar, mandibular incisor.
It is fixed wing single bracket with built in lateral
curvature of rotation wings. This intends to provide 3
point contact on the wire, and they are wedge shaped.
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A twin bracket with a convertible sheath is used on
each maxillary and mandibular first molar.
Headgear tubes are placed occlusally.
Ball hooks are attached to upper and lower brackets.
Single buccal tubes are used on maxillary and
mandibular 2nd molars.
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Tip values and torque values in Alexander philosophy.
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Unique features
1) -6 ° angulation of the lower first molars- tip back
built to promote leveling of arch and preserves
anchorage.
1) 15° offset onto maxillary 1 st molar tube and 5 deg
on lower I st molar tube.
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Torque - by measuring torque on rectangular wires
used in well finished cases.
-3 deg on upper canine – eliminates the need of
adjusting torque during treatment.
No torque was incorporated on to the mandibular
second molar tubes as omega stops placed in
wire was bent to prevent impingement and
torque was automatically incorporated.
-5 deg lingual crown torque on mandibular incisors –
holds the mandibular position( class ii non
extraction)
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Begg Bracket
• Introduced by Precival Raymond Begg.
• In 1933 , about 3 yrs after switching from
rectangular to round wires he began using
stainless steel ribbon arch brackets with slots
gingivally rather than ooclusally.
• Hence The Begg bracket was the modified ribbon
arch bracket .
• In 1956 he introduced the concept of differential
force system.
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MODIFIED RIBBON ARCH BRACKET
Slot dimensions 0.020x0.045inch to accept both 0.020 inch arch wire
and when required a 0.016 inch torquing auxillary invented during
1960
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Modern begg
combination of begg and egdewise
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Four stage appliance
• It is introduced by William J. Thompson in 1981.
• The concept of the appliance was to use a light wire appliance
system to establish the early organization of malocclusion
and then to finish the treatment with a more rigid and
precise straight wire appliance.
• With combination light wire mechanics it is possible to use
light wire mechanics at their optimum for rapid anterior
alignment, maximum retraction of anteriors and good bite
opening.
At the desired point in treatment, the anchorage
resistance can be altered by changing slots, wire size
and friction to produce maximum edgewise control
and resistance in specific area of the appliance
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The ribbon arch slot is designed for free tipping
movements, edge wise slot for precise final detailing.
Edge wise slot incorporates pre- angulation, pre
torque, in – out correction.
The base of the bracket is bevelled to reduce the
possibility of friction.
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Combination anchorage technique.
For combination treatment, it is
essential that the combination
anchorage bracket be designed to
produce optimum light wire / straight
wire movements.
The CAT bracket has a 0.022 x 0.035
inch gingival or ribbon arch slot for
light for tipping movement and 0.018
x 0.025 inch or 0.022 x 0.025
edgewise slot to facilitate 3 dimension
movements with inbuilt tip, torque and
compensation. An enclosed vertical slot
to incorporate uprighting and rotating
springs.
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CAT brackets are contoured, reduced in
thickness and has slight modifications in built
features of edge wise slot when compared with
four stage appliance.
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Beddtiot
Begg edgewise diagnosis determined
totally individualized orthodontic
technique.
• By Hocevar
• This system uses narrow , single width , with 0.022x0.028 inch
edge wise arch wire slot and 0.020x0.020 vertical slot for various
auxillaries.
• 5 brackets – different torque values
• 0, 5,10,15,20 degrees
buccal tubes are conventional with 4.5mm long, 0.022x0.028 inch
torqued edge wire tube
with additional rectangular tube at a 15 degree angle to basic tube
used in extraction cases for anchorage purposes and bite openning.
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Tip-Edge bracket
Tip- edge bracket was invented by
Dr.Peter Kesling .
Introduced differential tooth movement in
edgewise based bracket system.
As, its name suggests Tip Edge combines
initial degree of tooth tipping ,which greatly
facilitates tooth movement prior to edge
wise precision finishing.
DIFFERENTIAL STRAIGHT ARCH TECHNIQUE
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Characteristics of Tip Edge
bracket.
By removing the predetermined ,diagonally
apposed corners from the conventional
edgewise slot, tip edge bracket is created.
Conventional tie wings and circular marking
on the distogingival wing for identification
on uppers and triangular marking on lowers.
A vertical slot is incorporated lingual to
main arch wire to accommodate auxiliaries
The shape of this slot is also known as
propeller slot
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The cut out surfaces of the arch wire
slot forms the tip limiting surfaces
which restrict the degree of the tipping.
The intact surfaces are finishing
surfaces,containg the the individualized
finishing prescription for each tooth.
The point at which tip limiting surface
and intact surfaces meet constitutes a
central ridge provide vertical control
and also torque is imparted ,under the
influence of auxillary springs under the
influence of final rectangular wire
phase.
The amount of tipping is dependent on
the angulations of cut portion of tip
limiting surface.
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Anterior tip edge brackets are
designed to allow distal crown tipping
during translation in the first stage of
treatment.
But ,premolar brackets are selected
according to the extraction site.
Tip Edge employs double buccal tubes. .
022x.028 rectangular tubes with convertible
tubes.
0.036 inch internal diameter –gingival
placed round tube.www.indiandentalacademy.com
side winders are used for uprighting of the roots, and
simultaneously help in expressing the in built torque.
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The finishing prescription contained within the Rx-1 bracket is
identical to today's straight wire systems with tip in face and torque
in base. These values were comparable with ROTH values.
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Tip Edge Plus
Modified version of Rx – 1 tip
edge bracket.
It has an additional horizontal
slot on the lingual surface of
the bracket .
It carries HANT auxiliary arch
wire to achieve up righting
root movements instead of
side winders.
Advantages- spring free
stage iii, oral hygiene, patient
comfort.
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Bimetric appliance
• The bimetric system of the edge wise mechanism is a tecnique
which uses bracket slots of two different sizes in the same mouth
• Introduced by Schudy f.f and Schudy g.f in 1975
• It uses 0.016 inch brackets on ANTERIORS
• 0.022 inch brackets on POSTERIORS.
• When an 0.016 x 0.022 inch wire is used an 90° twist is made to
canine the wire will fit all the brackets. Thus in anterior section
the treatment wire is edge wise and in posterior section it is ribbon
arch
• 2 way buccal tube on the molar will receive either dimension of wire
vertically or horizontally without allowing it to turn in the tube
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The rationale for these changes -
To best control the correct movement of anterior teeth by placing
the 0.016 inch wire vertically in anterior portion ,it gives resilient ,
gentle, effective torquing force.
When the wire is twisted 90°distal to canine the 0.022 dimension is
placed vertically so, that the maximum strength of the wire is
utilized
single width bracket (0.05 inch) with steiners double rotating
levers
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The Level Anchorage System
-
Terrel L.Root
Its consists of banded and bonded edge wise appliance with
built in torque, tip and offset and a treatment planning chart
with a step by step procedure.
CHARLES TWEED- ANCHORAGE PREPARATION
ANDREWS – STRAIGHT WIRE APPLIANCE
LEVEL ANCHORGE SYSTEM- combination of anchorage
preparation and straight wire appliance.
Bracket type- utilizes twin brackets for upper central incisors
and single lewis bracket for other teeth.
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PRE ADJUSTMENTS OF LEVER ANCHORAGE
SYSTEM.
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DUAL ENVIRONMENT
BRACKETS
Introduced by George F. Schudy in 1990
.
This edge wise bracket would offer a
maximum range of action of wires, yet still
permit précise control with small edge wise
wires and require minimum change in the
techniques
.
Bracket Proper
Outer slot
Inner slot
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Larger outer slot for maximum arch wire flexibility in
the initial phase.
Smaller inner slot that accepts small
rectangular wires for maximum control later in
treatment.
The outer slot measures 0.040 inch for twin
bracket and 0.030 inch for single bracket. The inner
slot can be 0.016 or 0.018 inch
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Speed system - Dr. Hanson
The acronym speed is derived from the descriptive terms
Spring loaded, Edgewise, Energy and Delivery system.
The main components of the appliance are multi slotted bracket
body,a spring clip, specially shaped foil meshed bonding
bases.
The Bracket Body- consists of 4 slots, a small traingular
groove , short welding flanges and no gingival tie wing .
0.018x0.025 inch horizontal arch wire slot which opens
labially.
0.017x0.017 inch horizontal opens lingually.
A vertical spring slot opens lingually
A short and narrow angled access slot
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The highly resilient
spring clip is made of
stainless steel strip.
Each has a short labial arm
joining a longer lingual
arm by a occlusal curved
portion.
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Operation of speed bracket.
The spring is moved into a open position by application of
approximately 10 ½ ounces of occlusally directed force by using a
suitable lingual director.
The SPEED appliance has been designed for precise rational
control in 3 axis
occlusogingival axis
Labiolingual axis
Mesio distal axis
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Bioefficient therapy -
Vaizis
Is system was mainly designed to shorten the time consumed for initial
leveling.
Bracket design –
It is a multipurpose single bracket to increase the flexibility of wire
and also control the rotations .
ITS capabilities are -
 Triangular in shape- confirms the crown anatomy and gingival
contour.
 Low profile of bracket allows easy engagement of arch wire.
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 Side elbows and wings of the bracket allows easy
engagement of Elastomeric modules.
 Minimum friction due to increased interbracket span,
increased flexibilty of wire.
 Ease of bracket placement
 Tip control - is due to narrow and elongated configuration
of bracket
 Rotational control
 Vertical slot for auxillaries
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Andrews- SWA
The concept that an edge wise appliance could be fully
programmed evolved from a series of 5 studies.
SWA is given by Andrews in 1972
edge wise appliance - three catogories
non programmed appliance
partially programmed appliance
fully programmed appliance
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Non programmed appliance - Angle
Had six shortcomming like
• perpendicular bases
• bases not contoured occusogingivally and
• mesiodistally
• Slot not angulated
• stems of equal prominence
• Maxillary molar offset not build in
that always required wire bends
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Fully programmed appliance
design features of the bracket
slot siting features
convenience features
auxiliary features
.
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slot siting features-
MID TRANSVERSE PLANE -
• Mid transverse plane of
slot ,stem and crown must
be same.
• The base of the bracket
should have same
inclination has facial plane
crown.
• Inclined base contoured
occlusogingivally
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IN MID SAGITTAL PLANE-
4) midsagital plane of slot, stem and crown is same
5) the plane of bracket base is same as that of facial axis
point on crown. Maxillary molars – 1000
on all other crown – 900
6) base of the bracket is contoured mesiodistally
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7) Vertical components of the bracket should be
parallel
( mesial and distal borders of stem and tie wings) and
straddle to crown FACC.
horizontal components to be parallel( superior and
inferior edges of the bracket) should be
equidistant from gingival margin and crown tip – FA
point.
Parallelogram bracket - ease of bracket placement
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MID FRONTAL PLANE
8) with in the arch all slot points must have the same
distance between them and embrasure line.
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• Convenience
features –
9) Assymetrical tie wings to
aid in ligation and prevent
gingival impingement on
posterior teeth.
10) Inclined bases prevent
occlusal interferences.
11) The face of the bracket
is contoured same as their
bases for lip comfort.
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Auxillary features-
power arms
face bow tubes
utility tubes
Rotation wings
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Fully programmed appliance –
standard brackets -
translation brackets –
Standard brackets – incisors –
3 standard brackets
for class I
class ii
class iii
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• posterior teeth 2 brackets
• for class I
• class ii
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• In 1976 Roth published a report entitled “
five year clinical evaluation of the Andrews
SWA “
• Discussed the disadvantages of SWA .
• Reasons for modification.
Inventory
Anchorage control
overcorrection - to finish a case to an end
of appliance therapy in which all tooth
positions are slightly overcorrected
Roth bracket system (1987)
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Roth recommended single bracket system ,consisting
of primarily of minimum extraction series .
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MBT
MBT philosphy has been developed over 20 years.
By 3 clinicians - MC Laughlin,Bennet,Trevisi.
3 rd generation of PEA.
phisolophy is based on 4 critical issues.
• treatment mechanics
• Pre adjusted appliance
• Bracket placement technique
• Arch form
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MC LAUGHLIN AND BENNET – 1975 -1993
Standard
SWA
bracket
Oviod
arch form
Brackets
positioned
at the centre
of clinical
crowns
Light force
levels and
sliding
mechanics
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Mc Laughlin, Bennet , and Trevisi 1993-1997
new range
of MBT
brackets
ovoid arch
form
brackets
positioned
with guage
Light force
levels and
sliding
mechanics
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1997 and 2001
New range
of MBT
brackets
Oviod,
square ,
tapered arch
forms
Brackets
positioned
with guage
Updated light
force levels
and sliding
mechanics
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MBT bracket system
• victory series
• Clarity brackets
• Full size twin brackets
• APC system
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MBT
Basic features of brackets
of modern bracket
system-
1) Range of brackets –
2) Rhomboidal shape
3)Torque in base
4)Expression of in out
5)Expression of tip-
19 x 25 wire in 0.022
slot almost express its tip
as clearance is less than
10.
T
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Dec upper anterior
tip – to conserve
anchorage .
Lower posterior tip
are same as
research values
angulating them
more mesially.www.indiandentalacademy.com
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6)Expression of torque-
Torque is inefficiently expressed by PEA appliance due to
.twist effect of small wire when compared to the bulk of
the teeth
.amount of play with 19x 25 wire -100
Extra torque was built into the appliance
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increased palatal
root torque in uppers
and increased labial
root torque in lowers.
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Versatility of MBT bracket system-
1. inversion of upper lateral incisor brackets
2. Same tip and torque in lower incisors
3. 3 prescriptions for canine - -7 ,0 ,+7, -6 ,0,+6
4. Same tip and torque in upper bicuspid brackets
5. upper second molar tubes on upper first molars in
non head gear cases
6. Lower second molar tubes on contra lateral upper
first molar to finish in class ii molar.
7. Additional 0.5mm of in – out for second upper
bicuspid,
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Butterfly brackets
Given by Dr. Bowman and Dr.
Carano
• The Butterfly system has
several unique features
designed to improve upon
existing PEA appliance
concepts in response to the
finding of ABO
• The Butterfly system is
based on a new low profile,
miniature twin wing design
and rounded tie wings,
elimination of hooks .
www.indiandentalacademy.com
It has seven unique features-
1) versatile vertical slot
2) progressive posterior torque
3) reversible second premolar
brackets- +3o
tip to
achieve good
intercuspation.
in extraction cases -these
brackets are reversed to
get better root
parallelism( -3o
)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
4) progressive mandibular anterior
tip
5) angulated first molar
attatchments -60
tip
6) mandibular anterior torque -
available at - 50
and -100
7) conservative anterior torque- 00
torque for upper canine and -30
for
lower canine
in deep bite cases it can be
inverted to get +30
to move crowns
labially back
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Zero Based Orthodontic Appliance
System• This system allows the orthodontic community to enhance the
quality of treatment results .
• The key is to move away from a universal appliance
that is applied to all the patients toward an
indivisualized appliance that fits the specific needs
of each patient.
• 3M Unitek has developed Zero Based Orthodontic Appliance
System to provide pts specific prescription that takes
advantages of 3M unitek victory series and APC system.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Self Ligating Brackets
Self ligating brackets are ligatureless bracket system that
have mechanical device built into the bracket to close off
the edgewise slot .
• first self ligating bracket -Russel lock.
• low frictional resistance.
• They are 2 types –
• 1) Active-spring clip
• 2) passive
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Ultradent company -a tooth-colored
self-ligating bracket which is made of a
polycrystalline with a high glass fiber
portion.  The Opal Bracket. This bracket has
a built-in hinged door which fits over the
arch wire.
Brackets Metálicos TIME - Self Ligating
System- available in 0.018 and 0.022 Roth
prescription.
ADENTA - New self ligating lingual
bracket
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Washington State orthodontist Dwight
Damon, use a 'sliding door' technique in
the Damon bracket.
Damon bracket, Damon 3, which is
part ceramic (clear or tooth-colored)
and part metal.
The 3M Company -self-ligating passive bracket
called SmartClips,, SmartClips brackets do not
have a "sliding door" or separate clip. The arch
wire is held in place with a specially designed
clip built into the bracket.
In-Ovation is made by the GAC
company. It is a twin bracket made
entirely of metal, and utilizes a
special clip built-in clip.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Synergy brackets
Is the bracket which
has friction contol due
to the morphology of
the slot.
Low friction during
alignment.
Superelatic wires
combined with synergy
bracket - dynamic
synergistic effect.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
LINGUALLY BONDABLE BRACKET SYSTEM
Introduced by Dr.Craven Kurz in 1970’s
As the straight wire appliance was developed,
treatment demands had increased and adults were
seeking treatment in greater numbers. This increasing
demand for adult treatment brought unique concern to
the profession. Esthetics was then and continues to be
a primary concern of patients. On esthetic grounds the
demand for an appliance that did not show, the concept
of lingually bondable appliance was born.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
From Generation #1 to Generation #7
Generation #1 – 1976
This appliance had a flat maxillary occlusal bite plane from
canine to canine. The lower incisor and premolar brackets were
low profile and half-round, and there were no hooks on any
brackets.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Generation #2 – 1980 :
Hooks were added to all canine brackets.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Generation #3 – 1981
Hooks were added to all
anterior premolar brackets. The first
molar had a bracket with an internal
hook. The second molar had a
terminal sheath without a hook but has
a terminal recess for elastic traction.
Generation #4 – 1984
This generation saw the
addition of a low profile anterior
inclined plane on the central and
lateral incisor brackets. Hooks were
optional, based upon individual
treatment needs and hygiene
concerns.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Generation #5 – 1985-86
The anterior inclined plane became more pronounced, with an
increase in labial torque in the maxillary anterior region. The canine
also had an inclined plane; however, it was bibeveled to allow
intercuspation of the maxillary cusp with the embrasure between the
mandibular canine and the first premolar. Hooks were optional. A
transpalatal bar attachment was now available for the first molar
bracket.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Generation #6 – 1987-90
The inclined plane on the maxillary anteriors become more
square in shape. Hooks on the anteriors and premolars were
elongated. Hooks were now available for all the brackets. The
transpalatal bar attachment for the first molar band was optional. A
hinge cap, allowing ease of archwire manipulation, was now available
for molar brackets.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Generation #7 – 1990 to Present :
Maxillary anterior inclined plane is now heart shaped with
short hooks
The lower anterior brackets have larger inclined plane with
short hooks
The premolar brackets were widened mesiodistally and
hooks were shortened
the increased width of Premolar bracket allows better
angulation and rotation control
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Lingual Beggs
-STEPHEN F. PAIGE
• with the slot oriented in
the occlusal-incisal
direction
• gingival "wing" to place
elastic modules
• vertical slots for arch
auxiliaries
• Molar Tube Design oval
tube with a mesiogingival
hook
www.indiandentalacademy.com
• Mesiodistal width is
minimal which increases
the inter bracket span
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Lingual straight wire (LSW)
Given by KYOTO TAKEMOTO and GIUSEPPE
SCUZZO.
The lingual orthodontic technique of Fujita uses a
mushroom archform because of the morphology of
lingual tooth surfaces.
As Buccolingual distances at the gingival margin did
not vary substantiallythis led to conclude that
straight archwires could be used in lingual
orthodontics if they were placed as close to the
gingival margin as possible.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
LSW appliance Vs Kurz appliance
• Advantages
– Allows ease of flossing.
– Gingival portion of bracket has fewer undercuts such as
hooks, resulting in improved oral hygiene in the cervical
region of lower anterior teeth.
– Distance of contact point from the wire is long enough to
permit proximal slicing without removing the wire.www.indiandentalacademy.com
– Without bite planes it is easy to establish
adequate overbite during detailing stage.
– Opposite direction of wire insertion helps in
easy rotational correction.
– Bracket rebondinig is easier as it doesn’t
require removal of archwire.
– Torque control is better as the wire is pushed
into the slot during application of the
retraction forces.
– Ease of anterior expansion.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Orthodontist Clarke Stevens, in Nebraska
developed brackets shaped like hearts,
flowers, footballs, baseballs, and stars. He
calls his product WildSmiles Brackets.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
conclusion
Man’s quest for better performance
has led to many inventions , the same
implies for development of brackets
to achieve better results .
As there is no universal bracket
system available for treating all
malocclusions . It is upto the clinician
to decide for “ right appliance for
right patient”
www.indiandentalacademy.com
THANK YOUwww.indiandentalacademy.com

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orthodontics bracket systems / online orthodontics courses

  • 3. Contents • INTRODUCTION • HISTORY • EDGE WISE APPLIANCE ANGLE ALEXANDER PHILOSOPHY BIOPROGRESSIVE SYSTEM • BEGG • MODERN BEGG CAT FOUR STAGE APPLIANCE BEDDTIOT • TIP EDGE PEA ANDREWS ROTH MBT BUTTERFLY •SELF LIGATING BRACKETS •SYNERGY BRACKETS •LINGUAL BRACKETS •ZERO BASED APPLIANCE •CONCLUSION •BIMETRIC SYSTEM •DUAL ENVIRONMENT BRACKET •BIO -EFFICIENT APPLIANCE •SPEED www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 4. Introduction If you think the desire for straight teeth is a trapping of modern society, think again! Extreme Makeovers may be new, but "braces" date as far back as ancient man! Early History Even ancient people wanted straight teeth! According to the AAO (American Association of Orthodontists), archaeologists have discovered mummified ancients with crude metal bands wrapped around individual teeth. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 5. • Greece were burying their dead with appliances that were used to maintain space and prevent collapse of the dentition during life. • At the time of Christ, Aurelius Cornelius Celsus first recorded the treatment ofmalaligned teeth by finger pressure.                                           •  In 1728,. Fauchard used a device called a "Bandeau," a horseshoe- shaped piece of precious metal which helped expand the arch.. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 6. • In 1847 in New York Dwinell invented the regulating jack screw. It delivered a pushing force on the teeth, which was later improved by Dr.Edward Hartley Angle to increase the range of action. developed the regulating retraction screw. • In 1887, Angle developed the prototype of the first bracket attachment (a delicate metal tube soldered to the band). www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 7. THE E-ARCH APPLIANCE (1907) : consists of heavy arch wire – 4 designs •Basic E arch – used in mandible for bakers anchorage 2. E arch for expansion – by tying bas ligatures to the arch www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 8. • 3. E arch without threaded ends that fit into the molar sheaths with attatched ball for high pull head gear in the incisor area. • 4. E arch with hooks - intermaxillary traction www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 9. PIN AND TUBE APPLIANCE (1910) : Each band of the tooth had a tube paralleled to long axis of the tooth Pin were soldered to the arch wire . First appliance to cause root movement www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 10. RIBBON ARCH APPLIANCE (1915) : • Developed due to difficult in use of pin and tube appliance. • It was actually the first Bracket, as such to be used in an orthodontic appliance. • It was characterized by Bracket with a vertical slot facing incisally. • rectanglar wire is inserted in vertical slot. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 11. This was one of the Angle final achievement introduced 2yrs before he died.( 1928). The term edge wise implies : the rectangular wire insert into the narrowed or edge wise position of the Bracket. The new edge wise bracket consisted of rectangular box with 3 walls within the bracket, 0.022 x 0.028 inch dimension slot opening horizontally. This design provided more accuracy and more efficient torquing mechanism. THE EDGE WISE APPLIANCE. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 12. The original edge wise bracket as designed by Angle was made of soft gold with a 0.022 x 0.028 inch slot that was readily deformed by the forces of occlusion and by tying ligature wires to the bracket. The original edge wise bracket has been redesigned in the cross section which is used today. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 13. MODIFICATIONS OF THE ORIGINAL EDGE WISE BRACKET SINGLE WIDTH BRACKET : The original edge wise arch bracket was 0.050 inch wide and soldered to the gold band material. Arch wire was secured on the bottom of the bracket slot. Disadvantages : Because of narrow width, ineffective tooth rotation. To overcome this Angle soldered gold eyelets at an appropriate position on the orthodontic bands, ligature wire was tied from the eyelet to the arch wire. Rotation was observed due to deflections of the arch wire. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 14. TWIN BRACKETS : “Siamese twin brackets” by brainerd swain. two brackets on a single tooth. This was done by joining together the two edge wise brackets on a common base. The space between two brackets was 0.050 inch equal to the width of one of the brackets. used on upper central incisors and on molar teeth. . www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 15. Basically there are four sizes of twin brackets. Extra wide Standard Intermediate Junior www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 16. Another early development was the evolution of a solid bracket that was approximately twice as size as the original edge wise bracket called a posterior bracket. It was approximately 0.100 inch wide and although designed to be used on molar teeth, it has gained popularity for use on practically all teeth. Curved Base Twin Bracket : These brackets confirm to the buccal surfaces of the canines and premolars. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 17. Advantages : Maintain control of axial tooth inclinations. “Positive control” – to retain corrected rotations Ability to effect most of the tooth rotation without the use of auxiliary eye let ties. Disadvantages : Inter bracket distance is decreased Difficulty in employing closing loop arch wires and second order bends. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 18. LEWIS BRACKET : For efficient tooth rotation Dr.Paul D. Lewis soldered auxiliary rotation arms that abutted to the bracket itself that offered a lever arm to deflect the arch wire and rotate the teeth. The present Lewis rotation bracket is a single width bracket with integral rigid rotation wings.. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 19. Advantages : One decided advantage is 100% tooth rotation can be easily obtained and over correction of rotations. This can be accomplished by bending one wing closer to the tooth and the apposite wing farther away. Disadvantages : Less control of axial inclination of tooth than to do twin brackets. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 20. Vertical Slot Lewis Bracket : incorporation of 0.020 x 0.020 inch vertical slot. Possible to use uprighting springs to correct axial inclination Curved Base Lewis Bracket : This involved the curving of the base and wings of the bracket to conform to the canine and premolar teeth. It allows greater contact with the band or bonding pad. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 21. STEINER BRACKET : Designed by Cecil Steiner. These bracket did not depend on the resiliency of the arch wires for tooth rotation due to their inbuilt flexible rotational arms. Steiner bracket utilizes a single width edge wise bracket. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 22. Swed bracket Designed by ALEXANDER SWED Instead of being a horizontal channel it is formed by a 2 opposing wedges. This design permits turning of arch wire in the slot www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 23. BROUSSARD BRACKET : Another modification of the edge wise has been the addition of 0.0185 x 0046 inch vertical slot to accept a doubled 0.018 inch auxillary wire. Designed by Garford Broussard. Other Bracket Modification : Burstone has modified the canine bracket by adding a vertical tube for the insertion of retraction assemblies. Burstone also designed a second premolar bracket with an auxiliary tube. TWIN WIRE ARCH BRACKETS( JOSEPH JOHN) www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 24. BIO-PROGRESSIVE SYSTEM • Developed by Robert.M. Ricketts in 1950. • Ricketts described development of Edgewise in 3 phases- primary egde wise – Angle secondary edgewise – strang ,Brodie. tertiary edge wise – Tweed quaternery edge wise - bioprogressive www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 25. Bioprogressive It was so named because of the practice of progressive banding and a planned progression of events in a sequential manner. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 26. Ten principles of bioprogressive therapy • Systematic approach to diagnosis and treatment planning , v.t.o, anchorage • Torque control. • Muscular and cortical anchorage • Movement of teeth in any direction with proper application of pressure. . www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 27. • Orthopedic traction • Treat overjet before overbite • Sectional arch therapy • Overtreatment • Unlocking of malocclusion to establish normal function • prefabricated appliance www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 28. • development of bioprogressive set ups – 3 phases • standard bioprogressive – 1950 • Full torque bioprogressive – 1960 • Triple control bioprogressive- 1970 www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 29. Standard bioprogressive therapy Brackets were angulated on bands on all canines -50 80 - lateral incisor 50 - lower molars Torque - 220 - CI 140 - LI 70 - c Acc to jarabak and holdaway www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 30. Fully Torque Bioprogressive Incorporated 120 rotation to lower molar. 220 of torque on lower second premolar and lower molar – for anchorage. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 31. Triple control Bioprogressive Raised bracket on canine and premolar of both arches 150 rotation triple tube- upper molar Convertible lower first molar tubes with 120 rotation 220 torque. Second molar tube with 320 torque and 120 rotation www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 32. Alexander Principle Given by Dr.Wick Alexander in 1978. It is also called as Vari-Simplex discipline . Vari – refers to variety of bracket types. Simplex – Kiss principle (Keep it simple sir) As archwires are simple, because first, 2nd, 3rd order effects are incorporated into the bracket. Hooks are not soldered to wire. Bracket hooks are used. Multiloop arch forms are rarely used. Discipline was chosen rather than appliance to reflect that idea that the orthodontist must be knowledgable in edgewise appliance and must play a active role in application of appliance to the individual patient in order that the treatment be successful. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 33. Appliance Design : Important factors (1) size and shape of teeth especially mesiodistal curvature (2) ease of archwire ligation into bracket. (3) Other major factor – is the accessibility of tooth and whether it is located in a curved or straight area of the arch. “Vari simplex system is designed for 0.018 bracket slots and .017 wire”. All brackets used in vari simplex systems allow maximum engagement of archwires in the bracket slot. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 34. Bracket Types : Twin brackets : Used on large, flat surface teeth maximum central incisor and lateral incisor. Lateral incisor twin brackets have additional tie wings for easy engagement of wire when canines are placed high . Lateral incisor brackets have permanent hooks attachment to accommodate Class II elastics. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 35. Lang Brackets Were invented by Dr.Howard Lang, Round surfaced teeth at the corners of the mouth i.e. on Maximum and Mandibular cuspids. It is diamond form, single bracket with flat rotational wings containing a circular hole. This aperture increases flexibility of wing and can be used for ligation. The bracket pad is contoured The straight wing of lang eliminates interferences in this curved portion of arch. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 36. Lewis Bracket : large round surface teeth that are not at curve of arch, and also for small flat surface teeth i.e. premolar, mandibular incisor. It is fixed wing single bracket with built in lateral curvature of rotation wings. This intends to provide 3 point contact on the wire, and they are wedge shaped. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 37. A twin bracket with a convertible sheath is used on each maxillary and mandibular first molar. Headgear tubes are placed occlusally. Ball hooks are attached to upper and lower brackets. Single buccal tubes are used on maxillary and mandibular 2nd molars. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 38. Tip values and torque values in Alexander philosophy. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 39. Unique features 1) -6 ° angulation of the lower first molars- tip back built to promote leveling of arch and preserves anchorage. 1) 15° offset onto maxillary 1 st molar tube and 5 deg on lower I st molar tube. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 40. Torque - by measuring torque on rectangular wires used in well finished cases. -3 deg on upper canine – eliminates the need of adjusting torque during treatment. No torque was incorporated on to the mandibular second molar tubes as omega stops placed in wire was bent to prevent impingement and torque was automatically incorporated. -5 deg lingual crown torque on mandibular incisors – holds the mandibular position( class ii non extraction) www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 41. Begg Bracket • Introduced by Precival Raymond Begg. • In 1933 , about 3 yrs after switching from rectangular to round wires he began using stainless steel ribbon arch brackets with slots gingivally rather than ooclusally. • Hence The Begg bracket was the modified ribbon arch bracket . • In 1956 he introduced the concept of differential force system. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 42. MODIFIED RIBBON ARCH BRACKET Slot dimensions 0.020x0.045inch to accept both 0.020 inch arch wire and when required a 0.016 inch torquing auxillary invented during 1960 www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 43. Modern begg combination of begg and egdewise www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 44. Four stage appliance • It is introduced by William J. Thompson in 1981. • The concept of the appliance was to use a light wire appliance system to establish the early organization of malocclusion and then to finish the treatment with a more rigid and precise straight wire appliance. • With combination light wire mechanics it is possible to use light wire mechanics at their optimum for rapid anterior alignment, maximum retraction of anteriors and good bite opening. At the desired point in treatment, the anchorage resistance can be altered by changing slots, wire size and friction to produce maximum edgewise control and resistance in specific area of the appliance www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 45. The ribbon arch slot is designed for free tipping movements, edge wise slot for precise final detailing. Edge wise slot incorporates pre- angulation, pre torque, in – out correction. The base of the bracket is bevelled to reduce the possibility of friction. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 47. Combination anchorage technique. For combination treatment, it is essential that the combination anchorage bracket be designed to produce optimum light wire / straight wire movements. The CAT bracket has a 0.022 x 0.035 inch gingival or ribbon arch slot for light for tipping movement and 0.018 x 0.025 inch or 0.022 x 0.025 edgewise slot to facilitate 3 dimension movements with inbuilt tip, torque and compensation. An enclosed vertical slot to incorporate uprighting and rotating springs. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 48. CAT brackets are contoured, reduced in thickness and has slight modifications in built features of edge wise slot when compared with four stage appliance. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 49. Beddtiot Begg edgewise diagnosis determined totally individualized orthodontic technique. • By Hocevar • This system uses narrow , single width , with 0.022x0.028 inch edge wise arch wire slot and 0.020x0.020 vertical slot for various auxillaries. • 5 brackets – different torque values • 0, 5,10,15,20 degrees buccal tubes are conventional with 4.5mm long, 0.022x0.028 inch torqued edge wire tube with additional rectangular tube at a 15 degree angle to basic tube used in extraction cases for anchorage purposes and bite openning. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 51. Tip-Edge bracket Tip- edge bracket was invented by Dr.Peter Kesling . Introduced differential tooth movement in edgewise based bracket system. As, its name suggests Tip Edge combines initial degree of tooth tipping ,which greatly facilitates tooth movement prior to edge wise precision finishing. DIFFERENTIAL STRAIGHT ARCH TECHNIQUE www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 52. Characteristics of Tip Edge bracket. By removing the predetermined ,diagonally apposed corners from the conventional edgewise slot, tip edge bracket is created. Conventional tie wings and circular marking on the distogingival wing for identification on uppers and triangular marking on lowers. A vertical slot is incorporated lingual to main arch wire to accommodate auxiliaries The shape of this slot is also known as propeller slot www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 53. The cut out surfaces of the arch wire slot forms the tip limiting surfaces which restrict the degree of the tipping. The intact surfaces are finishing surfaces,containg the the individualized finishing prescription for each tooth. The point at which tip limiting surface and intact surfaces meet constitutes a central ridge provide vertical control and also torque is imparted ,under the influence of auxillary springs under the influence of final rectangular wire phase. The amount of tipping is dependent on the angulations of cut portion of tip limiting surface. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 54. Anterior tip edge brackets are designed to allow distal crown tipping during translation in the first stage of treatment. But ,premolar brackets are selected according to the extraction site. Tip Edge employs double buccal tubes. . 022x.028 rectangular tubes with convertible tubes. 0.036 inch internal diameter –gingival placed round tube.www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 55. side winders are used for uprighting of the roots, and simultaneously help in expressing the in built torque. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 56. The finishing prescription contained within the Rx-1 bracket is identical to today's straight wire systems with tip in face and torque in base. These values were comparable with ROTH values. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 57. Tip Edge Plus Modified version of Rx – 1 tip edge bracket. It has an additional horizontal slot on the lingual surface of the bracket . It carries HANT auxiliary arch wire to achieve up righting root movements instead of side winders. Advantages- spring free stage iii, oral hygiene, patient comfort. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 58. Bimetric appliance • The bimetric system of the edge wise mechanism is a tecnique which uses bracket slots of two different sizes in the same mouth • Introduced by Schudy f.f and Schudy g.f in 1975 • It uses 0.016 inch brackets on ANTERIORS • 0.022 inch brackets on POSTERIORS. • When an 0.016 x 0.022 inch wire is used an 90° twist is made to canine the wire will fit all the brackets. Thus in anterior section the treatment wire is edge wise and in posterior section it is ribbon arch • 2 way buccal tube on the molar will receive either dimension of wire vertically or horizontally without allowing it to turn in the tube www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 59. The rationale for these changes - To best control the correct movement of anterior teeth by placing the 0.016 inch wire vertically in anterior portion ,it gives resilient , gentle, effective torquing force. When the wire is twisted 90°distal to canine the 0.022 dimension is placed vertically so, that the maximum strength of the wire is utilized single width bracket (0.05 inch) with steiners double rotating levers www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 60. The Level Anchorage System - Terrel L.Root Its consists of banded and bonded edge wise appliance with built in torque, tip and offset and a treatment planning chart with a step by step procedure. CHARLES TWEED- ANCHORAGE PREPARATION ANDREWS – STRAIGHT WIRE APPLIANCE LEVEL ANCHORGE SYSTEM- combination of anchorage preparation and straight wire appliance. Bracket type- utilizes twin brackets for upper central incisors and single lewis bracket for other teeth. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 61. PRE ADJUSTMENTS OF LEVER ANCHORAGE SYSTEM. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 62. DUAL ENVIRONMENT BRACKETS Introduced by George F. Schudy in 1990 . This edge wise bracket would offer a maximum range of action of wires, yet still permit précise control with small edge wise wires and require minimum change in the techniques . Bracket Proper Outer slot Inner slot www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 63. Larger outer slot for maximum arch wire flexibility in the initial phase. Smaller inner slot that accepts small rectangular wires for maximum control later in treatment. The outer slot measures 0.040 inch for twin bracket and 0.030 inch for single bracket. The inner slot can be 0.016 or 0.018 inch www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 64. Speed system - Dr. Hanson The acronym speed is derived from the descriptive terms Spring loaded, Edgewise, Energy and Delivery system. The main components of the appliance are multi slotted bracket body,a spring clip, specially shaped foil meshed bonding bases. The Bracket Body- consists of 4 slots, a small traingular groove , short welding flanges and no gingival tie wing . 0.018x0.025 inch horizontal arch wire slot which opens labially. 0.017x0.017 inch horizontal opens lingually. A vertical spring slot opens lingually A short and narrow angled access slot www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 65. The highly resilient spring clip is made of stainless steel strip. Each has a short labial arm joining a longer lingual arm by a occlusal curved portion. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 67. Operation of speed bracket. The spring is moved into a open position by application of approximately 10 ½ ounces of occlusally directed force by using a suitable lingual director. The SPEED appliance has been designed for precise rational control in 3 axis occlusogingival axis Labiolingual axis Mesio distal axis www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 68. Bioefficient therapy - Vaizis Is system was mainly designed to shorten the time consumed for initial leveling. Bracket design – It is a multipurpose single bracket to increase the flexibility of wire and also control the rotations . ITS capabilities are -  Triangular in shape- confirms the crown anatomy and gingival contour.  Low profile of bracket allows easy engagement of arch wire. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 69.  Side elbows and wings of the bracket allows easy engagement of Elastomeric modules.  Minimum friction due to increased interbracket span, increased flexibilty of wire.  Ease of bracket placement  Tip control - is due to narrow and elongated configuration of bracket  Rotational control  Vertical slot for auxillaries www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 70. Andrews- SWA The concept that an edge wise appliance could be fully programmed evolved from a series of 5 studies. SWA is given by Andrews in 1972 edge wise appliance - three catogories non programmed appliance partially programmed appliance fully programmed appliance www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 71. Non programmed appliance - Angle Had six shortcomming like • perpendicular bases • bases not contoured occusogingivally and • mesiodistally • Slot not angulated • stems of equal prominence • Maxillary molar offset not build in that always required wire bends www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 72. Fully programmed appliance design features of the bracket slot siting features convenience features auxiliary features . www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 73. slot siting features- MID TRANSVERSE PLANE - • Mid transverse plane of slot ,stem and crown must be same. • The base of the bracket should have same inclination has facial plane crown. • Inclined base contoured occlusogingivally www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 74. IN MID SAGITTAL PLANE- 4) midsagital plane of slot, stem and crown is same 5) the plane of bracket base is same as that of facial axis point on crown. Maxillary molars – 1000 on all other crown – 900 6) base of the bracket is contoured mesiodistally www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 75. 7) Vertical components of the bracket should be parallel ( mesial and distal borders of stem and tie wings) and straddle to crown FACC. horizontal components to be parallel( superior and inferior edges of the bracket) should be equidistant from gingival margin and crown tip – FA point. Parallelogram bracket - ease of bracket placement www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 76. MID FRONTAL PLANE 8) with in the arch all slot points must have the same distance between them and embrasure line. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 77. • Convenience features – 9) Assymetrical tie wings to aid in ligation and prevent gingival impingement on posterior teeth. 10) Inclined bases prevent occlusal interferences. 11) The face of the bracket is contoured same as their bases for lip comfort. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 78. Auxillary features- power arms face bow tubes utility tubes Rotation wings www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 79. Fully programmed appliance – standard brackets - translation brackets – Standard brackets – incisors – 3 standard brackets for class I class ii class iii www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 80. • posterior teeth 2 brackets • for class I • class ii www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 82. • In 1976 Roth published a report entitled “ five year clinical evaluation of the Andrews SWA “ • Discussed the disadvantages of SWA . • Reasons for modification. Inventory Anchorage control overcorrection - to finish a case to an end of appliance therapy in which all tooth positions are slightly overcorrected Roth bracket system (1987) www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 83. Roth recommended single bracket system ,consisting of primarily of minimum extraction series . www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 85. MBT MBT philosphy has been developed over 20 years. By 3 clinicians - MC Laughlin,Bennet,Trevisi. 3 rd generation of PEA. phisolophy is based on 4 critical issues. • treatment mechanics • Pre adjusted appliance • Bracket placement technique • Arch form www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 86. MC LAUGHLIN AND BENNET – 1975 -1993 Standard SWA bracket Oviod arch form Brackets positioned at the centre of clinical crowns Light force levels and sliding mechanics www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 87. Mc Laughlin, Bennet , and Trevisi 1993-1997 new range of MBT brackets ovoid arch form brackets positioned with guage Light force levels and sliding mechanics www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 88. 1997 and 2001 New range of MBT brackets Oviod, square , tapered arch forms Brackets positioned with guage Updated light force levels and sliding mechanics www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 89. MBT bracket system • victory series • Clarity brackets • Full size twin brackets • APC system www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 90. MBT Basic features of brackets of modern bracket system- 1) Range of brackets – 2) Rhomboidal shape 3)Torque in base 4)Expression of in out 5)Expression of tip- 19 x 25 wire in 0.022 slot almost express its tip as clearance is less than 10. T www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 91. Dec upper anterior tip – to conserve anchorage . Lower posterior tip are same as research values angulating them more mesially.www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 93. 6)Expression of torque- Torque is inefficiently expressed by PEA appliance due to .twist effect of small wire when compared to the bulk of the teeth .amount of play with 19x 25 wire -100 Extra torque was built into the appliance www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 94. increased palatal root torque in uppers and increased labial root torque in lowers. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 95. Versatility of MBT bracket system- 1. inversion of upper lateral incisor brackets 2. Same tip and torque in lower incisors 3. 3 prescriptions for canine - -7 ,0 ,+7, -6 ,0,+6 4. Same tip and torque in upper bicuspid brackets 5. upper second molar tubes on upper first molars in non head gear cases 6. Lower second molar tubes on contra lateral upper first molar to finish in class ii molar. 7. Additional 0.5mm of in – out for second upper bicuspid, www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 96. Butterfly brackets Given by Dr. Bowman and Dr. Carano • The Butterfly system has several unique features designed to improve upon existing PEA appliance concepts in response to the finding of ABO • The Butterfly system is based on a new low profile, miniature twin wing design and rounded tie wings, elimination of hooks . www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 97. It has seven unique features- 1) versatile vertical slot 2) progressive posterior torque 3) reversible second premolar brackets- +3o tip to achieve good intercuspation. in extraction cases -these brackets are reversed to get better root parallelism( -3o ) www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 99. 4) progressive mandibular anterior tip 5) angulated first molar attatchments -60 tip 6) mandibular anterior torque - available at - 50 and -100 7) conservative anterior torque- 00 torque for upper canine and -30 for lower canine in deep bite cases it can be inverted to get +30 to move crowns labially back www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 100. Zero Based Orthodontic Appliance System• This system allows the orthodontic community to enhance the quality of treatment results . • The key is to move away from a universal appliance that is applied to all the patients toward an indivisualized appliance that fits the specific needs of each patient. • 3M Unitek has developed Zero Based Orthodontic Appliance System to provide pts specific prescription that takes advantages of 3M unitek victory series and APC system. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 101. Self Ligating Brackets Self ligating brackets are ligatureless bracket system that have mechanical device built into the bracket to close off the edgewise slot . • first self ligating bracket -Russel lock. • low frictional resistance. • They are 2 types – • 1) Active-spring clip • 2) passive www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 102. The Ultradent company -a tooth-colored self-ligating bracket which is made of a polycrystalline with a high glass fiber portion.  The Opal Bracket. This bracket has a built-in hinged door which fits over the arch wire. Brackets Metálicos TIME - Self Ligating System- available in 0.018 and 0.022 Roth prescription. ADENTA - New self ligating lingual bracket www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 103. Washington State orthodontist Dwight Damon, use a 'sliding door' technique in the Damon bracket. Damon bracket, Damon 3, which is part ceramic (clear or tooth-colored) and part metal. The 3M Company -self-ligating passive bracket called SmartClips,, SmartClips brackets do not have a "sliding door" or separate clip. The arch wire is held in place with a specially designed clip built into the bracket. In-Ovation is made by the GAC company. It is a twin bracket made entirely of metal, and utilizes a special clip built-in clip. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 104. Synergy brackets Is the bracket which has friction contol due to the morphology of the slot. Low friction during alignment. Superelatic wires combined with synergy bracket - dynamic synergistic effect. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 105. LINGUALLY BONDABLE BRACKET SYSTEM Introduced by Dr.Craven Kurz in 1970’s As the straight wire appliance was developed, treatment demands had increased and adults were seeking treatment in greater numbers. This increasing demand for adult treatment brought unique concern to the profession. Esthetics was then and continues to be a primary concern of patients. On esthetic grounds the demand for an appliance that did not show, the concept of lingually bondable appliance was born. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 106. From Generation #1 to Generation #7 Generation #1 – 1976 This appliance had a flat maxillary occlusal bite plane from canine to canine. The lower incisor and premolar brackets were low profile and half-round, and there were no hooks on any brackets. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 107. Generation #2 – 1980 : Hooks were added to all canine brackets. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 108. Generation #3 – 1981 Hooks were added to all anterior premolar brackets. The first molar had a bracket with an internal hook. The second molar had a terminal sheath without a hook but has a terminal recess for elastic traction. Generation #4 – 1984 This generation saw the addition of a low profile anterior inclined plane on the central and lateral incisor brackets. Hooks were optional, based upon individual treatment needs and hygiene concerns. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 109. Generation #5 – 1985-86 The anterior inclined plane became more pronounced, with an increase in labial torque in the maxillary anterior region. The canine also had an inclined plane; however, it was bibeveled to allow intercuspation of the maxillary cusp with the embrasure between the mandibular canine and the first premolar. Hooks were optional. A transpalatal bar attachment was now available for the first molar bracket. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 110. Generation #6 – 1987-90 The inclined plane on the maxillary anteriors become more square in shape. Hooks on the anteriors and premolars were elongated. Hooks were now available for all the brackets. The transpalatal bar attachment for the first molar band was optional. A hinge cap, allowing ease of archwire manipulation, was now available for molar brackets. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 111. Generation #7 – 1990 to Present : Maxillary anterior inclined plane is now heart shaped with short hooks The lower anterior brackets have larger inclined plane with short hooks The premolar brackets were widened mesiodistally and hooks were shortened the increased width of Premolar bracket allows better angulation and rotation control www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 112. Lingual Beggs -STEPHEN F. PAIGE • with the slot oriented in the occlusal-incisal direction • gingival "wing" to place elastic modules • vertical slots for arch auxiliaries • Molar Tube Design oval tube with a mesiogingival hook www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 113. • Mesiodistal width is minimal which increases the inter bracket span www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 114. Lingual straight wire (LSW) Given by KYOTO TAKEMOTO and GIUSEPPE SCUZZO. The lingual orthodontic technique of Fujita uses a mushroom archform because of the morphology of lingual tooth surfaces. As Buccolingual distances at the gingival margin did not vary substantiallythis led to conclude that straight archwires could be used in lingual orthodontics if they were placed as close to the gingival margin as possible. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 115. LSW appliance Vs Kurz appliance • Advantages – Allows ease of flossing. – Gingival portion of bracket has fewer undercuts such as hooks, resulting in improved oral hygiene in the cervical region of lower anterior teeth. – Distance of contact point from the wire is long enough to permit proximal slicing without removing the wire.www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 116. – Without bite planes it is easy to establish adequate overbite during detailing stage. – Opposite direction of wire insertion helps in easy rotational correction. – Bracket rebondinig is easier as it doesn’t require removal of archwire. – Torque control is better as the wire is pushed into the slot during application of the retraction forces. – Ease of anterior expansion. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 117. Orthodontist Clarke Stevens, in Nebraska developed brackets shaped like hearts, flowers, footballs, baseballs, and stars. He calls his product WildSmiles Brackets. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 118. conclusion Man’s quest for better performance has led to many inventions , the same implies for development of brackets to achieve better results . As there is no universal bracket system available for treating all malocclusions . It is upto the clinician to decide for “ right appliance for right patient” www.indiandentalacademy.com

Editor's Notes

  1. THE EDGE WISE APPLIANCE : This was one of the angle final achievement, which was the culmination of many years of effort and many different appliances design attempting to place the teeth according to lien of occlusion. The term edge wise implies : the rectangular wire insert into the narrowed or edge wise position of the Bracket. The new edge wise bracket consisted of rectangular box with 3 walls within the bracket, 0.022 x 0.028 inch dimension slot opening horizontally. This new design provided more accuracy and then a more efficient torquing mechanism. Angle introduced the edge wise bracket 2 years before he died. He had little time to teach its manipulation, they describe it further and the improve its use which he knew it. Any fixed appliance distributes force to the teeth by a variety of means. Brackets receive most of the forces. The selection and placement of these attachments will definitely influence the direction, distribution and amount of force applied. At the beginning the historical development of the edge wise appliance has been outlined. The original edge wise bracket as designed by angle was made of soft gold with a 0.022 x 0.028 inch slot that was readily deformed by the forces of occlusion and by tying ligature wires to the bracket. The original edge wise bracket has been redesigned in the cross section which is used today.