Brackets in orthodontics

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Evolution of brackets II
www.indiandentalacademy.com

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Evolution of brackets II
1.The Straight Wire Appliance1.The Straight Wire Appliance
2.Roths Prescription2.Roths Prescription
3.Bioefficient Bracket3.Bioefficient Bracket
4.Vari Simplex Discipline4.Vari Simplex Discipline
5.Creekmore Uni Twin Bracket5.Creekmore Uni Twin Bracket

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ORTHODONTIC
BRACKETS
 History-History-
-Pierre Fauchard-Pierre Fauchard
-Etienne Bourdet-Etienne Bourdet
-Schange-Schange
-Fox Case and Baker-Fox Case and Baker
-Dwinnele-Dwinnele
-Angle-Angle
 Pin and tube appliance.Pin and tube appliance.
 Ribbon arch appliance.Ribbon arch appliance.

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 Edgewise appliance-evolution.Edgewise appliance-evolution.
 Begg appliance.Begg appliance.
 Pre adjusted edgewise appliance-straightPre adjusted edgewise appliance-straight
wire appliance.wire appliance.
ORTHODONTIC
BRACKETS

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Pierre Fauchard’s Orthodontic
appliance-1728

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Etienne Bourdet (1722-1789)
Fauchard’s follower.
Described shifting of
misaligned teeth into place by
attaching them with threads to
a splint of ivory.
Advocated extraction of first
bicuspids to alleviate
overcrowding.

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1841-Adjustable Clamp Band With
Introduction of a Lingual Screw.

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 Fox and Case describedFox and Case described
the use of rubberthe use of rubber
elasticselastics
 Baker used it to provideBaker used it to provide
intermaxillary force &intermaxillary force &
intermaxillaryintermaxillary
anchorage in 1893.anchorage in 1893.
Elastics

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Dwinelles Jackscrew-1849

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EDWARD HARTLEY
ANGLE (1855-1930)
 EDWARD HARTLEYEDWARD HARTLEY
ANGLEANGLE
““Father Of OrthodonticsFather Of Orthodontics””
 All contemporary fixedAll contemporary fixed
appliance are based onappliance are based on
the Angles design fromthe Angles design from
the 20the 20thth
century .century .

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Angle’s Jackscrew

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Angles Retraction screw

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According To Angle-
 AA standard appliancestandard appliance must have fivemust have five
important properties-important properties-
1.1. Simple – push pull and rotateSimple – push pull and rotate
2.2. Stable - fixed to teethStable - fixed to teeth
3.3. Efficiency –Newton's third law andEfficiency –Newton's third law and
anchorageanchorage
4.4. Delicate – accepted by tissuesDelicate – accepted by tissues
5.5. Inconspicuous-esthetically acceptable.Inconspicuous-esthetically acceptable.

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 Four designs-Four designs-
1.1. Basic E arch.Basic E arch.
2.2. Ribbed E arch.Ribbed E arch.
3.3. E arch without threaded ends.E arch without threaded ends.
4.4. E arch with hooks.E arch with hooks.
In 1907 - E-arch

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1907-The E Arch appliance
Basic E archBasic E arch Ribbed E ArchRibbed E Arch

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E Arch Without Threaded Ends

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 ANGLES HIGH PULLANGLES HIGH PULL
HEAD GEARHEAD GEAR

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 By studying this device in its entirety it will be seenBy studying this device in its entirety it will be seen
how nearly ideal the plan is for the distribution ofhow nearly ideal the plan is for the distribution of
force for the reduction of the permanent teeth;howforce for the reduction of the permanent teeth;how
as the arch receives pressure from the ball andas the arch receives pressure from the ball and
socket joint it is moved distally,not only carryingsocket joint it is moved distally,not only carrying
the protruding teeth with it, but compelling theirthe protruding teeth with it, but compelling their
regular arrangement, all being retracted until theregular arrangement, all being retracted until the
spaces made vacant by the extraction of the firstspaces made vacant by the extraction of the first
premolars are closed, without any displacement ofpremolars are closed, without any displacement of
the posterior teeth-Edward Hartley Anglethe posterior teeth-Edward Hartley Angle

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E Arch With Hooks
Discontinued extn of teeth
This allowed the teeth of both
the arches to be correctly
oriented into proper occlusion
without extn.
Axial inclination- not
corrected.

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Drawback
 Dentition was enlarged in all dimensions byDentition was enlarged in all dimensions by
tippingtipping
 Tendency toTendency to relapserelapse

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Pin and tube-1910
 Need to move teethNeed to move teeth bodily-bodily-
stable results.stable results.
 Bands were put on all the teethBands were put on all the teeth
with a vertical tube into whichwith a vertical tube into which
soldered pinsoldered pin from the archwirefrom the archwire
was placed .was placed .

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 Tubes were squareTubes were square in shape within shape with squaresquare
arch wires.arch wires.
 Ideal arches were discarded.Ideal arches were discarded. Arches wereArches were
alteredaltered as the teeth moved towards the idealas the teeth moved towards the ideal
arch formarch form
Pin and tube-1910

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Pin and tube-1910
 Advantage-goodAdvantage-good axial controlaxial control
-1-1stst
withwith root movementroot movement
• Disadvantage -limitedDisadvantage -limited m-d controlm-d control
- difficult- difficult rotationalrotational
controlcontrol
- Incredible degree of- Incredible degree of
craftsmanshipcraftsmanship
- Impractical in

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The Ribbon Arch-1915
 BracketsBrackets were introducedwere introduced
 Tube of the pin and tubeTube of the pin and tube
appliance -appliance - verticallyvertically
positioned rectangular slot.positioned rectangular slot.
 A ribbon arch ofA ribbon arch of 10x20 gold10x20 gold
wirewire -- brass pinsbrass pins..

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Edgewise Appliance- 1928
 Slot from vertical toSlot from vertical to
horizontal -insertedhorizontal -inserted
rectangular wire into it.rectangular wire into it.
 022 x .028022 x .028
 Solution to the problemsSolution to the problems
caused by the previouscaused by the previous
applianceappliance
 All 3 planes of space.All 3 planes of space.

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Begg Appliance -1956
 This was developed by Dr R.Begg 1956This was developed by Dr R.Begg 1956
 It utilizes the ribbon arch type brackets and wasIt utilizes the ribbon arch type brackets and was
manufactured to accept 016’ round wire .manufactured to accept 016’ round wire .
 Wire was held in position with the lock pinsWire was held in position with the lock pins

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Begg Appliance
 Bracket design –Bracket design –
-modified ribbon arch-modified ribbon arch
bracketbracket
• .020 x .045 slot.020 x .045 slot
• Pins were used to securePins were used to secure
the wiresthe wires

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Evolution of the edgewise brackets
 Original angle bracket was made upOriginal angle bracket was made up
of a soft gold with .of a soft gold with .022 x .028 slot.022 x .028 slot.
 It was .It was .050 wide050 wide and was soldered toand was soldered to
gold band material .gold band material .
 Rotational control -Rotational control -Angle solderedAngle soldered
gold eyeletsgold eyelets in appropriate positionsin appropriate positions
on the band.on the band.

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 Two edgewise bracketsTwo edgewise brackets were used on the samewere used on the same
tooth.tooth.
 This provide aThis provide a good rotational controlgood rotational control..
 Disadvantage-Disadvantage-perfect alignmentperfect alignment..
Evolution of the edgewise brackets

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Twin Bracket
 Joining together of two edgewiseJoining together of two edgewise
bracketsbrackets
 Space between two brackets - 0.050Space between two brackets - 0.050
 Initially for upper central incisors andInitially for upper central incisors and
molars.molars.
 ““Siamese Twin Bracket”-Swain-Siamese Twin Bracket”-Swain- waswas
changed tochanged to -“Twin Bracket”.-“Twin Bracket”.

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Twin Bracket
 Four sizes-Four sizes-
1.1. Extra wideExtra wide
2.2. StandardStandard
3.3. IntermediateIntermediate
4.4. JuniorJunior

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Twin Brackets

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Curved Base Twin Bracket
 Curving of the baseCurving of the base of the twin bracket toof the twin bracket to
conform to the curvature of the canine andconform to the curvature of the canine and
the premolar teeth.the premolar teeth.
 Besides the advantage of twin bracketBesides the advantage of twin bracket
offering rotational and greater axial controloffering rotational and greater axial control
it also incorporated what is termed asit also incorporated what is termed as
““ POSITIVE CONTROL”POSITIVE CONTROL”

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Curved Base Twin Bracket

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Rotational control of twin bracket
 Mechanism -Mechanism - deflection of the archwire.deflection of the archwire.
 MoreMore resilient the archwireresilient the archwire - more readily it can be- more readily it can be
tied into the twin bracket.tied into the twin bracket.
 100% Rotational control cannot be obtained-play100% Rotational control cannot be obtained-play
bw ligature wire and arch wire- 10%bw ligature wire and arch wire- 10% - accomplished- accomplished
by -brass wire or rubber band.by -brass wire or rubber band.

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Lewis bracket
 Next development for bringing aboutNext development for bringing about efficient toothefficient tooth
rotation.rotation.
 AuxiliaryAuxiliary ROTATION ARMROTATION ARM that abutted against thethat abutted against the
bracket itself and thus offered a lever arm to deflectbracket itself and thus offered a lever arm to deflect
archwire and rotate the teeth.archwire and rotate the teeth.

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Regular Lewis
Bracket
1. Short
2. Long
3. Long -wide

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Lewis bracket

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Lewis bracket Advantage –Advantage –
1.1. 100%100% desired toothdesired tooth rotationrotation ..
2.2. OvercorrectionOvercorrection
3.3. Error inError in bracket placementbracket placement--
eliminated .eliminated .
 Curved Lewis bracketCurved Lewis bracket
advantage-advantage-
1.1. IncreaseIncrease contact with bandcontact with band ..
2.2. ReducesReduces trapping of the foodtrapping of the food..

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Lewis bracket
 Vertical slot lewis bracketVertical slot lewis bracket
-.020 x .020 vertical slot.-.020 x .020 vertical slot.
 Advantage-Advantage-
uprighting springuprighting spring toto
correct axial inclination.correct axial inclination.

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Steiner bracket
 IncorporatedIncorporated flexible rotation armsflexible rotation arms - did not- did not
rely entirely on the resiliency of archwire forrely entirely on the resiliency of archwire for
tooth rotation.tooth rotation.
 Single width edgewise bracket.Single width edgewise bracket.

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The Straight Wire Appliance
 Andrews classifiedAndrews classified brackets into threebrackets into three
typestypes--
1.1. Non programmed applianceNon programmed appliance--
same for all teethsame for all teeth,relying totally on wire,relying totally on wire
bending.bending.
2.2. Partly programmed appliancePartly programmed appliance
some in built featuressome in built features ,but require some,but require some
wire bending.wire bending. www.indiandentalacademy.com

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3.3. Fully programmed applianceFully programmed appliance--
guide teeth directly to theirguide teeth directly to their positionspositions usingusing
unbent wires.unbent wires.

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Terminologies
1.Andrews plane
2.Clinical crown

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3. Angulation
4. Inclination angle
Terminologies

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Non Programmed Edgewise Bracket
Feature

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 Design shortcomings –Design shortcomings –
1.1. Bracket base perpendicular to bracket stem.Bracket base perpendicular to bracket stem.
2.2. Bracket bases are not contoured.Bracket bases are not contoured.
3.3. Slots are not angulatedSlots are not angulated

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4. Bracket stem are of equal faciolingual4. Bracket stem are of equal faciolingual
thickness.thickness.
5. Maxillary molar offset is not built in.5. Maxillary molar offset is not built in.
6. Bracket sitting techniques are6. Bracket sitting techniques are
unsatisfactory.unsatisfactory.

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1.1. Bracket base perpendicular to bracket stem.Bracket base perpendicular to bracket stem.
-this feature causes problems of slot inclination and-this feature causes problems of slot inclination and
occlusogingival positionocclusogingival position

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Non programmed brackets are positioned on ideally
positioned - inclinations

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2.2. Bracket bases areBracket bases are
not contoured.not contoured.
- OcclosogingivallyOcclosogingivally
the base of a non-the base of a non-
programmedprogrammed
brackets is flat .brackets is flat .

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Bracket bases are not contoured
1. Inclination
2. Occluso-gingival position

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 Mesio distal baseMesio distal base
contourcontour

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Slots are not angulated

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3.3. Slots are not angulated-Slots are not angulated-

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 To eliminate the need for second order angulate the bracket.
 But they are not meant to be angulated.

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4.4. Bracket stem are ofBracket stem are of
equal faciolingualequal faciolingual
thickness.thickness.
--

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5. Maxillary molar offset is not built in.

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6.6. Bracket sitting techniques are unsatisfactory.Bracket sitting techniques are unsatisfactory.
 Various authors have their own way ofVarious authors have their own way of
positioning the brackets.positioning the brackets.
 AngulationAngulation
1.1. -Long axis-crown-Long axis-crown
2.2. -Long axis-tooth-Long axis-tooth
3.3. -Incisal edges- curved ,worn-Incisal edges- curved ,worn
4.4. -Marginal ridges-Marginal ridges
5.5. -Contact points-Contact points www.indiandentalacademy.com

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 HoldawayHoldaway advocates that the bracket sittingadvocates that the bracket sitting
should be altered according to the malocclusion.should be altered according to the malocclusion.
 TweedTweed recommends sitting brackets in specifiedrecommends sitting brackets in specified
number of millimeters from the incisal edge.number of millimeters from the incisal edge.
 According toAccording to JarabakJarabak bracket sites for inclinationbracket sites for inclination
should be determined by the shape of the crown.should be determined by the shape of the crown.

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 SaltzmanSaltzman recommends except for the maxillaryrecommends except for the maxillary
lateral incisor ,brackets should be located in thelateral incisor ,brackets should be located in the
middle third of the crown.middle third of the crown.
 LindquistLindquist brackets according to the ht of marginalbrackets according to the ht of marginal
ridges on posteriors.ridges on posteriors.

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Andrews suitable bracket site has three criteria-Andrews suitable bracket site has three criteria-
i.i. NoNo interferenceinterference with either gingiva or withwith either gingiva or with
opposing tooth.opposing tooth.
ii.ii. Angulation and inclinationAngulation and inclination - consistant relationship- consistant relationship
to the plane of each toothsto the plane of each tooths occlusal surfaceocclusal surface and toand to
thethe occlusal planeocclusal plane of the arch. .of the arch. .
iii.iii. Middle ofMiddle of each bracket site must share the sameeach bracket site must share the same
plane of surfaceplane of surface when the teeth in the arch arewhen the teeth in the arch are
optimally positioned.optimally positioned.www.indiandentalacademy.com

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Accuracy-Accuracy-
1.1. 2 degrees2 degrees
2.2. .5 mm of the FA point..5 mm of the FA point.

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 Fully programmed appliance-Fully programmed appliance-
1.1. - Slot siting feature- Slot siting feature
2.2. - Convenience feature- Convenience feature
3.3. - Auxiliary feature- Auxiliary feature

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 Slot siting feature-Slot siting feature-
Feature 1- mid transverse planes of the slotFeature 1- mid transverse planes of the slot
stem and crown must be thestem and crown must be the
same.same.

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Feature 2-base of the bracket for each
tooth type must have same inclination as
the facial plane of the crown.
Feature 3-each bracket inclined base
must be contoured occluso gingivally.

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Feature 4- mid sagittal plane of the slot stem and crownFeature 4- mid sagittal plane of the slot stem and crown
must be same.must be same.
Feature 5 -the plane of the bracket base at itsFeature 5 -the plane of the bracket base at its
base point must be identical to the facialbase point must be identical to the facial
plane of the crown at the FA pointplane of the crown at the FA pointwww.indiandentalacademy.com

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Feature 6 –mesio distal curvature of base
should match the m-d contour of the
tooth.

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 Feature 7 - the vertical component should beFeature 7 - the vertical component should be
parallel to one another - when positioned theyparallel to one another - when positioned they
parallel FACC. The horizontal components shouldparallel FACC. The horizontal components should
be equidistant from the gingiva and the cusp tips.be equidistant from the gingiva and the cusp tips.

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 Feature 8 – all slots point must have sameFeature 8 – all slots point must have same
distance between them and thedistance between them and the
crown embrasure line.crown embrasure line.

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 Convenience feature-Convenience feature-..
1.1. The gingival tie wings of the post BracketsThe gingival tie wings of the post Brackets
extend farther laterally .extend farther laterally .

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2. Base are inclined .2. Base are inclined .

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3. Facial surface of the incisor and canine
brackets are designed to parallel their bases-
lip comfort.

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4. In mandibular brackets the tie wings are4. In mandibular brackets the tie wings are
designed with least amount occlusofacialdesigned with least amount occlusofacial
prominenceprominence
5.Bracket identification.5.Bracket identification.

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 Auxiliary feature –Auxiliary feature –
- Power armsPower arms
- HooksHooks
- Face bow tubesFace bow tubes
- Utility tubesUtility tubes
- Rotational wingsRotational wings

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ToothTooth II molarII molar I MolarI Molar II PMII PM I PMI PM CanineCanine
MaxillarMaxillar
yy
5/-95/-9
(10(10oo
offset)offset)
5/-95/-9
(10(10oo
offset)offset)
2/-72/-7 2/-72/-7 11/-711/-7
MandibMandib
ularular
2/-352/-35 2/-352/-35 2/-222/-22 2/-172/-17 5/-115/-11
Inclination and angulation for 3-7

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Inclination and angulation for 6-7 to finish in class IIInclination and angulation for 6-7 to finish in class II
Tip reduced and offset removedTip reduced and offset removed
ToothTooth II MolarII Molar I MolarI Molar
MaxillaryMaxillary 0/-90/-9 0/-90/-9
MandibularMandibular -- --

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ToothTooth CentralCentral LateralLateral
MaxillaryMaxillary 55 99
MandibularMandibular 22 22
Inclination for central and lateral incisors-
Angulation for central and lateral incisors-

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 Fully programmed translation brackets-Fully programmed translation brackets-
 Are used when bodily movement of the teethAre used when bodily movement of the teeth
is required .is required .
 They have all the qualitiesThey have all the qualities of the standardof the standard
brackets plus few other feature .brackets plus few other feature .

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 Counterbuccolingual tip-Counterbuccolingual tip- a slot sitting featurea slot sitting feature
forfor maxillary molarmaxillary molar that counteractsthat counteracts
buccolingual tip during translation and thenbuccolingual tip during translation and then
overcorrect.overcorrect.
 Countermesiodistal tipCountermesiodistal tip –a slot siting feature–a slot siting feature
that counteracts mesial or distal tipping duringthat counteracts mesial or distal tipping during
translation and then overcorrects.translation and then overcorrects.
 CounterrotationCounterrotation – a slot siting feature that– a slot siting feature that
counteracts rotation during translation andcounteracts rotation during translation and
then overcorrects ,then overcorrects ,www.indiandentalacademy.com

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 Translation problemsTranslation problems ––
TranslatioTranslation- “uniform movement of then- “uniform movement of the
body in a straight line”.body in a straight line”.
 However bracket is placed in wrong placeHowever bracket is placed in wrong place
in two ways-in two ways-
1.1. It is occlusal .It is occlusal .
2.2. It is located laterally .It is located laterally .

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Translation problemsTranslation problems

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Lever Effects Of AnLever Effects Of An
OptimalOptimal

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 Translation solutions-Translation solutions-
leverlever

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 Lever common to allLever common to all
edgewise bracketsedgewise brackets

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 Counterrotation – the slot is rotated in the direction ofCounterrotation – the slot is rotated in the direction of
translation.translation.
 Slot rotation plus mesiodistal slot length plus archwireSlot rotation plus mesiodistal slot length plus archwire
flex equals counterrotation and rotationflex equals counterrotation and rotation
overcorrection.overcorrection.
 For optimal control b = c.slot angulation provides forFor optimal control b = c.slot angulation provides for
the overcorrection .the overcorrection .

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 Countermesiodistal tipCountermesiodistal tip
 Slot angulation plus mesiodistal slot length plusSlot angulation plus mesiodistal slot length plus
power arm length plus activated archwire equalspower arm length plus activated archwire equals
Countermesiodistal tip and angulationCountermesiodistal tip and angulation
overcorrection.overcorrection.
 b = e + ab = e + a

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Over correction - by angulating the slot more

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The Straight Wire Appliance Counterbuccolingual tipCounterbuccolingual tip
 Base inclination + faciolingual slotBase inclination + faciolingual slot
length + arch wire deflection =length + arch wire deflection =
Counterbuccolingual tipCounterbuccolingual tip

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 Partly programmed brackets-Partly programmed brackets-
By definition p p. brackets are the one which lackBy definition p p. brackets are the one which lack
atleast one slot sitting feature because of which itatleast one slot sitting feature because of which it
would fail to fully direct each slot to its tooth slotwould fail to fully direct each slot to its tooth slot
site.site.
1. Slot inclination .1. Slot inclination .
2. Slot angulation.2. Slot angulation.
3. Slot prominence.3. Slot prominence.
4. Horizontal base contour.4. Horizontal base contour.

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 6. The Dual Environment Bracket6. The Dual Environment Bracket
 7. Refined Begg Appliance7. Refined Begg Appliance
 Combination bracketsCombination brackets
 8. Burstones bracket8. Burstones bracket
 9. Broussard Bracket9. Broussard Bracket
 10 The Universal Bracket.10 The Universal Bracket.
 11. 3-D Universal11. 3-D Universal

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 12. Modular Self Locking Appliance12. Modular Self Locking Appliance
 13.13. Four Stage BracketFour Stage Bracket
 14.The Beddtiot Appliance14.The Beddtiot Appliance

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Partly programmed brackets
 Partly programmed brackets-Partly programmed brackets-
Some built in features but not allSome built in features but not all
1.1. Slot inclination .Slot inclination .
2.2. Slot angulation.Slot angulation.
3.3. Slot prominence.Slot prominence.

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Concept Of Fully Preadjusted
Appliance
 In 1958 Reed Holdaway angulated the bracket on theIn 1958 Reed Holdaway angulated the bracket on the
tooth to bring about movement in the mesio-distaltooth to bring about movement in the mesio-distal
direction (angulation).direction (angulation).

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 Ivan lee built in the torque in the bracket byIvan lee built in the torque in the bracket by
cutting the slot at an angle.cutting the slot at an angle.
 Joseph R Jarabak was first to combine twoJoseph R Jarabak was first to combine two
features incorporating tip and torque control.features incorporating tip and torque control.

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Transition from.022 -.018 slot
 The original slot size was 0.022” because theThe original slot size was 0.022” because the
smallest cutting tool available to Angle was in thatsmallest cutting tool available to Angle was in that
size.size.
 The original appliance was designed for use withThe original appliance was designed for use with
gold arch wires which were more flexible.gold arch wires which were more flexible.
 With the use of steel wires in the same slot theWith the use of steel wires in the same slot the
forces became more ,so there was a need to useforces became more ,so there was a need to use
wires of a lesser gauge.wires of a lesser gauge.

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Transition from.022 vs. 018
slot
 If used in the larger slot these wires wouldIf used in the larger slot these wires would
have a lot of play.have a lot of play.
 This problem was overcome by the transitionThis problem was overcome by the transition
from the .022-.018 slot.from the .022-.018 slot.

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Torque In Base Vs Face

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 Fully programmed translation brackets-Fully programmed translation brackets-
 Are used when bodily movement of the teethAre used when bodily movement of the teeth
is required .is required .
 Translation bracket categories –Translation bracket categories –
1.1. Minimum translation bracketsMinimum translation brackets –requiring a–requiring a
translation of 2 mm or lesstranslation of 2 mm or less

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2.2. Medium translation bracketsMedium translation brackets – requiring a– requiring a
translation of more than 2mm but less thantranslation of more than 2mm but less than
4 mm4 mm
3.3. Maximum translation bracketsMaximum translation brackets -requiring a-requiring a
translation of more than 4 mm.translation of more than 4 mm.

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 They have all the qualitiesThey have all the qualities of the standard bracketsof the standard brackets
plus few other feature .plus few other feature .
 Counterbuccolingual tip-Counterbuccolingual tip- feature in the maxillaryfeature in the maxillary
molar to counteract the buccolingual tip due to themolar to counteract the buccolingual tip due to the
presence of the third root.presence of the third root.
 Countermesiodistal tipCountermesiodistal tip –counteracts the mesiodistal–counteracts the mesiodistal
tip and then overcorrects.tip and then overcorrects.
 Counter rotationCounter rotation –counteracts the rotation during–counteracts the rotation during
translation and then overcorrects.translation and then overcorrects.

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 COUNTERROTATION –COUNTERROTATION –
 The slot is rotated in the direction of translation.The slot is rotated in the direction of translation.

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COUNTERMESIODISTAL TIPCOUNTERMESIODISTAL TIP
 Increasing the angulation of the bracket .Increasing the angulation of the bracket .
 Power arms.Power arms.

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 Counterbuccolingual tip-Counterbuccolingual tip-
 Buccal cusps become more gingivallyBuccal cusps become more gingivally
oriented.oriented.
-Increasing negative Base inclination-Increasing negative Base inclination

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Roths Prescription
 - The Straight-Wire Appliance -17 Years Later -- The Straight-Wire Appliance -17 Years Later -
Ronald H. Roth(1987 Sep JCO)Ronald H. Roth(1987 Sep JCO)
1.1. The inventory was too big as there were so manyThe inventory was too big as there were so many
translation brackets and he wanted to build intranslation brackets and he wanted to build in
features which reduce the inventory.features which reduce the inventory.
2.2. After appliance removal ,no matter how well treatedAfter appliance removal ,no matter how well treated
the patient may be ,the teeth will shift slightly tothe patient may be ,the teeth will shift slightly to
settle into their final positions.settle into their final positions.

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 Advocated the application of counter-tip,Advocated the application of counter-tip,
counter-rotation, counter-torque, andcounter-rotation, counter-torque, and
leveling of the curve of Spee to the SWA inleveling of the curve of Spee to the SWA in
every possible direction to allow the teeth toevery possible direction to allow the teeth to
relapse back into their final position.relapse back into their final position.
 Place the teeth in slightly overcorrectedPlace the teeth in slightly overcorrected
positions from which they would relapsepositions from which they would relapse
back into their ideal position.back into their ideal position.
Roths Prescription

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Roths Prescription
The amount of overcorrection will never be
expressed intraorally for the following reasons-
1. There is an angle of deflection between the bracket
slot and the archwire.(play)

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 2. Force values drop so low that they are2. Force values drop so low that they are
below the values needed to move the teeth,below the values needed to move the teeth,
even though full bracket expression has noteven though full bracket expression has not
been obtained.been obtained.
 3. The teeth tend to relapse.3. The teeth tend to relapse.
Roths Prescription

117
Bioefficient Bracket
 It is a modification of preadjusted systemIt is a modification of preadjusted system
introduced by Viazis.introduced by Viazis.
 The bracket has a wide horizontal member but hasThe bracket has a wide horizontal member but has
a single width slot.a single width slot.
 The bracket prescriptions were designed toThe bracket prescriptions were designed to
overcorrect malocclusion and to make it possibleovercorrect malocclusion and to make it possible
to work with the largest possible wires from theto work with the largest possible wires from the
start of the treatment .start of the treatment .

118
 Rationale behind the bracketRationale behind the bracket
design is-design is-
 The archwire between a narrowThe archwire between a narrow
single bracket will have lesssingle bracket will have less
stiffness and greater flexibilitystiffness and greater flexibility
and so a larger wire can be usedand so a larger wire can be used
right from the beginning .right from the beginning .
 Maximum potential of anyMaximum potential of any
archwire is achieved when thearchwire is achieved when the
largest possible wire is used.largest possible wire is used.

119
 The bracket is designed toThe bracket is designed to
fulfill followingfulfill following
requirements-requirements-
1.1. Conformity to the crownConformity to the crown
anatomy and gingivalanatomy and gingival
outline.outline.

120
2.2. Ease of useEase of use- Ease in- Ease in
positioning due to thepositioning due to the
bracket design.bracket design.
Tip can be oriented toTip can be oriented to
the gingival contour.the gingival contour.

121

122
3. Minimum friction - Slot is elevated from the3. Minimum friction - Slot is elevated from the
horizontal member. Area of contact bwhorizontal member. Area of contact bw
thethe
wire and the slot is reduced.wire and the slot is reduced.

123
4. Tip control -horizontal member has a twin4. Tip control -horizontal member has a twin
bracket like effect -side elbowsbracket like effect -side elbows

124
5.5. Rotational control-elongated wings movedRotational control-elongated wings moved
towards the mesiodistal surface of the teethtowards the mesiodistal surface of the teeth
provide maximum .provide maximum .
Triangular tie Inverted "V" tie over the tie wings and
the Steiner wedge actionwww.indiandentalacademy.com

125
6.6. Vertical slot –Up righting springsVertical slot –Up righting springs
7. High torque in the anterior - Because most7. High torque in the anterior - Because most
clinicians finish with undersize wires, extraclinicians finish with undersize wires, extra
torque is needed.torque is needed.

126
Vari Simplex Discipline
 The appliance was born in 1978-Alexander.The appliance was born in 1978-Alexander.
Factors defining any bracket system-Factors defining any bracket system-
1.1. -Type of bracket-Type of bracket
2.2. -Placement positions-Placement positions
3.3. -Angulations-Angulations
4.4. -Torque-Torque
5.5. -In /out compensations-In /out compensations

127
Bracket system should incorporate theBracket system should incorporate the
following-following-
 Select bracket to fit the size and the shapeSelect bracket to fit the size and the shape
of each tooth .of each tooth .
 Accessibility of the tooth .Accessibility of the tooth .
 Patient comfort .Patient comfort .

128
 All the brackets used in this systemAll the brackets used in this system
pretorqued , pre angulated and exhibitpretorqued , pre angulated and exhibit
specific bracket base thickness for in/outspecific bracket base thickness for in/out
compensations .compensations .

129
Type of bracket-Type of bracket-
 Twin bracket-Twin bracket-
-Used on large flat surfaced-Used on large flat surfaced
teeth.teeth.
-Mini –Diamond bracket in-Mini –Diamond bracket in
rhomboid design.rhomboid design.

130
 Additional permanent hooks are present onAdditional permanent hooks are present on
the lateral incisorthe lateral incisor

131

132
- Was invented by Dr Howard
Lang
-Single bracket a flat rotational
control wing
-Each wing has a circular hole .
Lang bracket-cuspids

133
Wedge shape in profile
1. Allows ease in lagation
2. Prevents food lodgments

134
Incomplete seating of the wire.

135
 Reasons for using Lang bracket on cuspids-Reasons for using Lang bracket on cuspids-
1.1. Twin bracket reduces the inter-bracket distance.Twin bracket reduces the inter-bracket distance.
2.2. Better rotational control as the wings can beBetter rotational control as the wings can be
activated.activated.
3.3. Full bracket engagement with a twin bracket isFull bracket engagement with a twin bracket is
difficult on a round surfaced tooth.difficult on a round surfaced tooth.
4.4. Prevents attrition on the maxillary cuspid.Prevents attrition on the maxillary cuspid.

136
3.3. Lewis bracket-Lewis bracket-
- Used for round surfaced teeth thatUsed for round surfaced teeth that
are not at the curve of the archare not at the curve of the arch
bicuspids and lower incisors .bicuspids and lower incisors .

137
 Design –Design –
- Consists of single bracket withConsists of single bracket with
built in labial curvature of thebuilt in labial curvature of the
rotational wings .rotational wings .
- This provides a three pointThis provides a three point
contact .contact .
- Bracket is wedge shape inBracket is wedge shape in
profile viewprofile view

138
 Advantages of using Lewis bracket overAdvantages of using Lewis bracket over
flexible Steiner bracket -flexible Steiner bracket -
1.1. Additional force .Additional force .
2.2. Save adjustment time.Save adjustment time.
3.3. Edges of the Lewis bracket are less sharpEdges of the Lewis bracket are less sharp
4.4. Breakages are less .Breakages are less .

139
New mini brackets for premolars and
incisors incorporating -
1. Curved wings
2. Holes in the wings.

140
 Bracket positioning –XBracket positioning –X
 Salient features-Salient features-
1.1. No torque in the second molar tube- due toNo torque in the second molar tube- due to
torque built in the omega loops.torque built in the omega loops.
2.2. -5˚ lingual crown torque in the mandibular-5˚ lingual crown torque in the mandibular
incisors- the incisor position changedincisors- the incisor position changed
minimally.minimally.

141
Creekmore Uni Twin Bracket
 The bracket has the skeleton framework of aThe bracket has the skeleton framework of a
twin brackettwin bracket
 The slot of the bracket that is located in theThe slot of the bracket that is located in the
center of the framework is of a single width.center of the framework is of a single width.

142
Creekmore Uni Twin Bracket
Rationale –
-Twin bracket offered better rotational control
which the single bracket could not match
until the rotational wings were added .
-Increased inter bracket span.
-Good rotational control.

143
THE DUAL ENVIROMENT
BRACKET
 Introduced by –Schudy 1990Introduced by –Schudy 1990
 Design was based on computer modelingDesign was based on computer modeling

144
THE DUAL ENVIROMENT
BRACKET
Large outer slot –0.040for twin
brackets and 0.030for single
brackets.
Smaller inner slot-0.018/ 0.016

145
 The larger outer slot allows maximum archThe larger outer slot allows maximum arch
wire flexibility in the initial phases of thewire flexibility in the initial phases of the
treatment .treatment .
 The 016X022 archwire engaged in the outerThe 016X022 archwire engaged in the outer
slot for initial corrections will have a lot ofslot for initial corrections will have a lot of
freedom.freedom.
 The smaller inner slot accepts smallThe smaller inner slot accepts small
rectangular wires for maximum control inrectangular wires for maximum control in
the later stages of the treatment .the later stages of the treatment .www.indiandentalacademy.com

146
The design has not become very popularThe design has not become very popular
probably because of weakness of theprobably because of weakness of the
bracket arising from the larger slot cut inbracket arising from the larger slot cut in
the conventional material.the conventional material.
THE DUAL ENVIROMENT
BRACKET

147
Refined Begg Appliance
Combination tube (TPCombination tube (TP
Lab)Lab)
 They consist of aThey consist of a
round gingival tuberound gingival tube
of .036 and 6.2 mmof .036 and 6.2 mm
length.length.
 Rectangular .025 x .Rectangular .025 x .
018 -5.5mm long for018 -5.5mm long for
rectangular wirerectangular wire
finish.finish.

148
 Built in adjustments forBuilt in adjustments for
rotations.rotations.
1.1. Anti rotational bracketsAnti rotational brackets
- .010 Ligature wire is- .010 Ligature wire is
welded- Mollenhauerwelded- Mollenhauer

149
 Other attachments –Other attachments –
1.1. HooksHooks

150
2.2. Lingual buttonsLingual buttons
eyelets.eyelets.

151
3.3. Additional roundAdditional round
tubestubes

152
Pins used in Refined Begg

153
Combination brackets

154
Burstone Cuspid Bracket
 Burstones canine bracketBurstones canine bracket
-consists of a basic .022 x .-consists of a basic .022 x .
028 edgewise slot028 edgewise slot
-additional .017 x .025-additional .017 x .025
vertical tube - retractionvertical tube - retraction
springs.springs.

155
Broussard Bracket
 Was designed by “Broussard”Was designed by “Broussard”
 Modified edgewise bracket in which there isModified edgewise bracket in which there is
addition of 0.0185 x 0.046 vertical slot –toaddition of 0.0185 x 0.046 vertical slot –to
accept doubled 0.018 auxiliary wire.accept doubled 0.018 auxiliary wire.

156
The Universal Bracket
 Developed by Dr.SpencerDeveloped by Dr.Spencer
R AtkinsonR Atkinson
--1928--1928
 Appliance has undergoneAppliance has undergone
periodic refinementsperiodic refinements
without losing its essentialwithout losing its essential
features.features.

157
 Design-Design-
-vertical hallow shaft with two lateral welding tabs-vertical hallow shaft with two lateral welding tabs
-central shaft has two slot openings-central shaft has two slot openings
1.1. HorizontalHorizontal – opening labially at gingival third– opening labially at gingival third
2.2. VerticalVertical –opens incisally near the base and extends–opens incisally near the base and extends
gingival one third of the bracket heightgingival one third of the bracket height
-.-.

158
 The incisal slot can hold single round, double round,The incisal slot can hold single round, double round,
twisted bundle of round, single ribbon flat wire –twisted bundle of round, single ribbon flat wire –
(.008 x.020 up to .016 x .028 wire )(.008 x.020 up to .016 x .028 wire )
Corrections of-Corrections of-
a)a) RotationsRotations
b)b) LevelingLeveling
c)c) Torque.Torque.

159
 Gingival slot can only hold round wire rangingGingival slot can only hold round wire ranging
from .008 - .016from .008 - .016
a)a) Mesio distal Axial InclinationsMesio distal Axial Inclinations
b)b) Guide When Teeth Are Moved Bodily in M-dGuide When Teeth Are Moved Bodily in M-d
Direction.Direction.

160
Comparison of Previous Universal
Bracket with 3-D Universal
Wider mesiodistally and deeper buccolingually
No extending or curling lateral tabs.

161
The 3-D Universal Bracket(1974)
-Jorge Fastlicht

162
Six basic movements

163
Five Archwire Combinations
Available

164
Conventional light Wire bracket and
3 - D Universal Bracket
 Easy ligationEasy ligation
 Use of two wiresUse of two wires
simultaneously .simultaneously .
 As the bracket is wide veryAs the bracket is wide very
light wires are used in initiallight wires are used in initial
stages.stages.
 Improve rotation potential.Improve rotation potential.
 More space inside the verticalMore space inside the vertical
shaft.shaft.

165
The 3-D Universal Bracket
 Advantage-Advantage-
1.1. Efficiency in leveling and aligningEfficiency in leveling and aligning
correcting rotationscorrecting rotations
2.2. Permits bodily movement in m-d directionPermits bodily movement in m-d direction
3.3. Retracts canine without tippingRetracts canine without tipping
4.4. Torque controlTorque control

166
Modular Self Locking Appliance
 Introduced by –Fogel And Magill-Introduced by –Fogel And Magill-
1976.1976.
 It is a light wire system using aIt is a light wire system using a
single or twin self locking lowsingle or twin self locking low
frictional attachments.frictional attachments.
 Two partsTwo parts
1.1. Insert bracketInsert bracket
2.2. ReceptacleReceptacle

167
 A horizontal slot has beenA horizontal slot has been
incorporated in the receptacleincorporated in the receptacle
for someone who desires tofor someone who desires to
have that facility –not usedhave that facility –not used
during regular treatment.during regular treatment.
 Receptacle is placed towardsReceptacle is placed towards
the incisal edge of the bandthe incisal edge of the band

168
Insert bracketInsert bracket ––
 Archwire chamberArchwire chamber
 BeaksBeaks
 Insert slotInsert slot
 Slot apexSlot apex
 SeatSeat
 stemstem

169
 Placement of the insertPlacement of the insert
bracket-bracket-
 ReceptacleReceptacle –available in–available in
three sizesthree sizes
- Small (.150”)Small (.150”)
- Medium (.180”)Medium (.180”)
- Wide (.200”)Wide (.200”)

170
- Three vertical slots are present which accommodateThree vertical slots are present which accommodate
insert brackets and the auxiliaries.insert brackets and the auxiliaries.
- Single slot is used in the early stages.Single slot is used in the early stages.
- Both mesial and distal slots are used in the finishingBoth mesial and distal slots are used in the finishing
stages.stages.

171
 Insertion of wire intoInsertion of wire into
the insert bracketthe insert bracket

172
 Removal of archwireRemoval of archwire
1. Insert spreader
2. Scaler

173
Modernized Begg –Combination
Technique
 William Thompson AJO –JUNE 1981William Thompson AJO –JUNE 1981
 The rationale was to develop a treatmentThe rationale was to develop a treatment
mechanics that uses the advantages of bothmechanics that uses the advantages of both
BEGG and STRAIGHT WIRE at the same timeBEGG and STRAIGHT WIRE at the same time
minimizing the disadvantageous.minimizing the disadvantageous.

174
Modernized Begg
 The appliance aimed at light ,rapid tippingThe appliance aimed at light ,rapid tipping
forces to correct gross changes in the toothforces to correct gross changes in the tooth
position in the initial stage of treatment.position in the initial stage of treatment.
 Produce maximum tooth detailing andProduce maximum tooth detailing and
occlusal intercuspation at the finish ofocclusal intercuspation at the finish of
treatment.treatment.

175
Modernized Begg
 Favourable characteristics of Begg-Favourable characteristics of Begg-
1.1. Rapid bite opening.Rapid bite opening.
2.2. Rapid ant. Alignment.Rapid ant. Alignment.
3.3. En mass anterior retraction.En mass anterior retraction.
4.4. Good anchor control.Good anchor control.
5.5. Ant. Root torque is unlimited.Ant. Root torque is unlimited.
6.6. Predictable molar and incisor positions.Predictable molar and incisor positions.

176
Modernized Begg
 Unfavourable characteristics-Unfavourable characteristics-
1.1. Post. Root torque is difficult.Post. Root torque is difficult.
2.2. Three dimensional arch coordination isThree dimensional arch coordination is
difficult.difficult.
3.3. Maintaining rotations is difficult.Maintaining rotations is difficult.
4.4. Maintaining uprighting and torque is difficult.Maintaining uprighting and torque is difficult.
5.5. Finishing intricacies are difficult.Finishing intricacies are difficult.

177
Modernized Begg
 Favourable characteristics of SWA-Favourable characteristics of SWA-
1.1. Precision in arch coordination is routine.Precision in arch coordination is routine.
2.2. Precision intercuspation is routine.Precision intercuspation is routine.
3.3. Buccolingual root torque is routine.Buccolingual root torque is routine.
4.4. Simplified finishing wires are routine .Simplified finishing wires are routine .
5.5. Minimal wire adjustments in finishing.Minimal wire adjustments in finishing.

178
Modernized Begg
 Unfavourable characteristicsUnfavourable characteristics ––
1.1. Rigid appliance due to interbracket distance.Rigid appliance due to interbracket distance.
2.2. More friction with sliding mechanics.More friction with sliding mechanics.
3.3. Additional supportive anchorageAdditional supportive anchorage
recommended.recommended.
4.4. Forward tipping of incisors in continuousForward tipping of incisors in continuous
wire leveling.wire leveling.
5.5. Prolonged bite opening mechanics.Prolonged bite opening mechanics.

179
Four Stage Bracket
 Appliance design-Appliance design-
-combination bracket design-combination bracket design
-lower third of the bracket is a type 256 Begg-lower third of the bracket is a type 256 Begg
bracketbracket
-upper two thirds is a .018 x .025 straight wire-upper two thirds is a .018 x .025 straight wire
slot .slot .

180
Four Stage Bracket

181
 Brackets are indexed for easyBrackets are indexed for easy
identification.. Identification marks areidentification.. Identification marks are
toward the disto-occlusal.toward the disto-occlusal.
 Begg slot heights are dictated by theBegg slot heights are dictated by the
edgewise slot and therefore are 1 to 1.5mmedgewise slot and therefore are 1 to 1.5mm
more gingival.more gingival.
Four Stage Bracket

182
Four Stage Bracket

183
Four Stage Bracket
►Free tipping is possible becauseFree tipping is possible because
of specially tapered bracket.of specially tapered bracket.
Pin length - To bypass thePin length - To bypass the
the tie wings of the edgewise partthe tie wings of the edgewise part
of the bracket.of the bracket.

184
Four Stage Bracket
 Begg procedures should be carried completelyBegg procedures should be carried completely
through stage I and stage II and partly through stagethrough stage I and stage II and partly through stage
III .III .
 The combination bracket is not a substitute for StageThe combination bracket is not a substitute for Stage
IIIIII
 When the edgewise slots are parallel to each otherWhen the edgewise slots are parallel to each other
Begg portion of the treatment is ceased .Begg portion of the treatment is ceased .

185
Four Stage Bracket

186
Four Stage Bracket
 Second molars should not be incorporated initially.Second molars should not be incorporated initially.
In late Stage III or Stage IV, sectional wires to levelIn late Stage III or Stage IV, sectional wires to level
the second molars can be placedthe second molars can be placed

187
Evolution of brackets III

188
Combination Bracket
1.1. The Beddtiot ApplianceThe Beddtiot Appliance
2.2. Tip EdgeTip Edge
3.3. Combination Anchorage TechniqueCombination Anchorage Technique
4.4. Begg – Ribbon Arch Combination SystemBegg – Ribbon Arch Combination System
5.5. ““J” bracket- Begg Combination BracketJ” bracket- Begg Combination Bracket

189
Brackets Used In Lingual Orthodontics
 Lingual light Wire Technique -Stephen FLingual light Wire Technique -Stephen F
PaigePaige
 Lingual Begg light wire technique –PeterLingual Begg light wire technique –Peter
K-J YenK-J Yen
 Bracket Design For Lingual Orthodontics-Bracket Design For Lingual Orthodontics-
“conceal system”.“conceal system”.

190
Combination Bracket

191
THE BEDDTIOT APPLIANCE
- RICHARD HOCEVAR-1985
BBeggegg
EEdgewisedgewise
DDiagnosisiagnosis
DDeterminedetermined
TTotallyotally
IIndividualizedndividualized
OOrthodonticrthodontic
TTechnique.echnique.
Capacity to employ the principles andCapacity to employ the principles and
features of the Begg and edgewise mechanismfeatures of the Begg and edgewise mechanism inin
situation in which they are most advantageous.situation in which they are most advantageous.

192
BRACKET DESIGN
 Single widthSingle width Edgewise Bracket.Edgewise Bracket.
 2 slots-2 slots-
1.1. HorizontalHorizontal-.022(height)x.028(depth)-.022(height)x.028(depth)
2.2. Vertical slotVertical slot -020 x 020”.-020 x 020”.
Horizontal –Horizontal –
Angulations were not built inAngulations were not built in -brackets can be-brackets can be angulated onangulated on
the tooth for m-d control.the tooth for m-d control. www.indiandentalacademy.com

193
 There are a total ofThere are a total of five bracketsfive brackets which differ onlywhich differ only
in the torque-0˚,5˚,10˚,15˚.in the torque-0˚,5˚,10˚,15˚.
 Except for the torque theExcept for the torque the brackets are identicalbrackets are identical andand
interchangeable .interchangeable .
Vertical slotVertical slot
1.1.-This slot-This slot can be turned horizontallycan be turned horizontally to serve as ato serve as a
miniature buccal tube.miniature buccal tube.www.indiandentalacademy.com

194
Brackets have a torque indicator.

195

196
 In cases ofIn cases of deep bite or severe anchoragedeep bite or severe anchorage
cases –cases –
AdditionalAdditional rectangular tuberectangular tube is is placedis is placed
diagonally at an angle of 15˚,with its mesialdiagonally at an angle of 15˚,with its mesial
end pointing gingivally.end pointing gingivally.

197
Characteristic feature-
 Advantage –Advantage –
1.1. Increase the anchorage.Increase the anchorage.
2.2. Built in anchor bend.Built in anchor bend.

198
Tip Edge
 Introduced byIntroduced by Peter KeslingPeter Kesling--
 Thesis on “Analysis of Individual Tooth MovementsThesis on “Analysis of Individual Tooth Movements
During Begg Light Wire Treatment”During Begg Light Wire Treatment”
 Necessary for eachNecessary for each tooth to tip freely eithertooth to tip freely either
mesially or distallymesially or distally- not in both directions.- not in both directions.

199
Tip Edge
 Basic design consist of-Basic design consist of-
--diagonally opposed cornersdiagonally opposed corners
of a conventionalof a conventional
single widthsingle width edgewise slotedgewise slot
-slot size is .-slot size is .022 x.028022 x.028
-lateral extensions or-lateral extensions or wingswings

200
--vertical slot-vertical slot-.020 x.020.020 x.020
--deep grooves-deep grooves-.016 x .022.016 x .022
Tip Edge

201
Tip Edge
Teeth allowed to tip only to the extent
allowed by the play bw the wire and the bracket

202
022 028

203
Tip Edge
 Tipping surfaces limit degree of initial crown
tipping; uprighting surfaces control final tip and
torque

204
Tip Edge

205
Tip Edge
 Molar tube are –Molar tube are –
.036 round gingival tube.036 round gingival tube
.022 x .028 occlusal tube.022 x .028 occlusal tube

206www.indiandentalacademy.com

207
Tip Edge

208
Tip Edge
Deep grooves- 16 x 22
Lies deep to the main slot and has a cap which
can be removed- auxillary of NiTi .

209
Tip Edge
 Advantage over ribbon arch-Advantage over ribbon arch-
1.1. Inout.Inout.
2.2. Controlled distal crown tipping.Controlled distal crown tipping.
3.3. Horizontally facing slot.Horizontally facing slot.

210
 The original 4 stage combination bracketsThe original 4 stage combination brackets
proved to be-proved to be-
1.1. Bulky .Bulky .
2.2. Aesthetically unattractive.Aesthetically unattractive.
3.3. Problems with pinning.Problems with pinning.
4.4. Occlusal interference.Occlusal interference.
Combination Anchorage
Technique- William Thomson

211
Technique
 The bracket design was changedThe bracket design was changed ––
- It had a- It had a .022 x .035 gingival.022 x .035 gingival slot.slot.
- .018 x .025 .022 x .028 edgewise slot.- .018 x .025 .022 x .028 edgewise slot.
- Enclosed vertical slot .Enclosed vertical slot .
 Colour codingColour coding for easy identification .for easy identification .
maxillary –redmaxillary –red
mandibular -bluemandibular -blue

212
Technique

213
Technique

214
Use of Tandem ArchesUse of Tandem Arches

215
Begg – Ribbon Arch Combination
System (BRACS)
 Introduced by Nikhil Vashi JIOS-JanIntroduced by Nikhil Vashi JIOS-Jan
19911991
 Appliance was designed to combine theAppliance was designed to combine the
advantages of the BEGG and and theadvantages of the BEGG and and the
Preadjusted AppliancePreadjusted Appliance

216
System
Design-Design-
 AA gingival ribbon wise slotgingival ribbon wise slot (018 x 027).(018 x 027).
 AnAn incisal or occlusalincisal or occlusal slotslot (020 x 020)-(020 x 020)-
ligature wire /elastic modules.ligature wire /elastic modules.
 TwoTwo verticalvertical slot-pinsslot-pins..

217
System
BRACSBRACS

218
System
 Molar tube is rectangular ribbon wise for ribbonMolar tube is rectangular ribbon wise for ribbon
arch and has a 6arch and has a 6˚ offset .˚ offset .

219
System
 Different movements can be obtained just byDifferent movements can be obtained just by
tying or pinning the archwire differently.tying or pinning the archwire differently.

220
System

221
“J” bracket- Begg Combination
Bracket
 Introduced by Dr Jayade –JIOS 1991Introduced by Dr Jayade –JIOS 1991
 Requisites of a good combination –Requisites of a good combination –
1.1. It must have all theIt must have all the advantagesadvantages of the Beggof the Begg
appliance and at the same timeappliance and at the same time eliminate all itseliminate all its
disadvantagesdisadvantages ..
2.2. SW concept of finishingSW concept of finishing should be presentshould be present withoutwithout
its disadvantages.its disadvantages. www.indiandentalacademy.com

222
3. Should have3. Should have more than one slotmore than one slot ..
4. Should be4. Should be economicaleconomical ..
Bracket

223
Bracket
 Advantages ofAdvantages of multiple slot brackets over singlemultiple slot brackets over single
bracket-bracket-
1.1. DiametricallyDiametrically opposite treatment requirementsopposite treatment requirements..
2.2. Possibility of applyingPossibility of applying forces to the teeth atforces to the teeth at
different areasdifferent areas of the tooth.of the tooth.
3.3. Switching slotsSwitching slots help in altering or reinforcinghelp in altering or reinforcing
anchorage.anchorage.
4.4. Use ofUse of segmental /tandemsegmental /tandem wires is possible.wires is possible.

224
Bracket
 Rationale ofRationale of
orientation of slots inorientation of slots in
the new design-the new design-

225
Bracket
 Movements which remainMovements which remain
unaffected by thisunaffected by this
orientation of the slot –orientation of the slot –
1.1. Intrusion or extrusionIntrusion or extrusion
2.2. Labio lingual crown tippingLabio lingual crown tipping
using round wireusing round wire
3.3. Labio lingual root movementLabio lingual root movement
(twisting action of(twisting action of
rectangular wire is the same)rectangular wire is the same)

226
Bracket
 Movements which are affected by changing theMovements which are affected by changing the
slot orientation –slot orientation –
1.1. Mesiodistal crown tipping (slot height).Mesiodistal crown tipping (slot height).
2.2. Rotational control (slot depth)Rotational control (slot depth)
Additionally they are also dependent on the widthAdditionally they are also dependent on the width
of the slot.of the slot. www.indiandentalacademy.com

227
Bracket
Disadvantage of the twin slot arrangement-Disadvantage of the twin slot arrangement-
 Drastically reduce mesio-distal tipping.Drastically reduce mesio-distal tipping.
 Decrease in the inter bracket wire span.Decrease in the inter bracket wire span.

228
M-D Control-height N Breadth

229
Begg and J bracket-MD Control

230
Rotational Control

231
Bracket
 Net effect of changed orientation of the slot-Net effect of changed orientation of the slot-
1.1. Permits optimumPermits optimum mesio distal crown tippingmesio distal crown tipping ..
2.2. Affords goodAffords good rotational controlrotational control..
3.3. Allows to fully utilize torquing abilities ofAllows to fully utilize torquing abilities of
rectangular wire (wire in ribbon mode).rectangular wire (wire in ribbon mode).
4.4. Partly overcomes disadvantages of twin bracketPartly overcomes disadvantages of twin bracket
configuration.configuration.

232
Bracket
 ““J” bracket configuration –J” bracket configuration –
1.1. The single slotThe single slot(.024” ht x 1 mm wide) placed(.024” ht x 1 mm wide) placed
incisally- This permits easy tipping to adequateincisally- This permits easy tipping to adequate
extent in initial stages faces horizontally.extent in initial stages faces horizontally.
2.2. The twin slotsThe twin slots(.032ht x .018 depth- placed 3mm(.032ht x .018 depth- placed 3mm
apart)apart)

233
Bracket

234
Bracket
 Advantages-Advantages-
1.1. - Better rotational control less restriction of- Better rotational control less restriction of
tipping.tipping.
2.2. - Possibility of using uprighting springs and- Possibility of using uprighting springs and
auxiliaries along with round .018 round baseauxiliaries along with round .018 round base
wire .wire .
3.3. - Possibility of using full torquing potential of- Possibility of using full torquing potential of
rectangular wire upto 018 x 025.rectangular wire upto 018 x 025.

235
Bracket
3.3. UsingUsing both slots togetherboth slots together when necessarywhen necessary
advantage of the combination bracket canadvantage of the combination bracket can
be derived .be derived .

236
Bracket
 Molar attachment –Molar attachment –
 11stst
molar - gingival rectangular tube in ribbonwisemolar - gingival rectangular tube in ribbonwise
orientation - round tube occlusally .orientation - round tube occlusally .
 When both 1When both 1stst
and 2and 2ndnd
molar -molar - 22ndnd
molar will have suchmolar will have such
a combination tubea combination tube andand 11stst
molar twin rectangularmolar twin rectangular
attachment gingivallyattachment gingivally ,and an occlusal round tube.,and an occlusal round tube.

237
Brackets Used In Lingual Orthodontics

238
Bracket Design For Lingual
Orthodontics
 Lingual light Wire Technique-Lingual light Wire Technique-Stephen FStephen F
Paige –Aug 1982 JCOPaige –Aug 1982 JCO..
 Fujita who confirmed that orthodonticFujita who confirmed that orthodontic
treatment with brackets placed on thetreatment with brackets placed on the
lingual was possible .lingual was possible .

239
 An obvious disadvantage to the lingualAn obvious disadvantage to the lingual
appliance is theappliance is the difficulty in placementdifficulty in placement..
Orthodontics

240
Orthodontics
 Bracket design criteria –Bracket design criteria –
1.1. DecreasedDecreased interbracket distanceinterbracket distance ––
the bracket must be as narrow asthe bracket must be as narrow as
possible mesiodistally.possible mesiodistally.
2.2. Due to decreased bracket widthDue to decreased bracket width
,,mesiodistal root controlmesiodistal root control becomesbecomes
more difficult -vertical slot formore difficult -vertical slot for
auxiliaries.auxiliaries.

241
Orthodontics
3.3. Topography -Topography - lingual surfacelingual surface varyvary
to a great deal -difficult to designto a great deal -difficult to design
pre-programmed appliance.pre-programmed appliance.

242
Orthodontics
4.4. Ease of insertion, ligation and removal ofEase of insertion, ligation and removal of
archwire –archwire – incisal or occlusal placementincisal or occlusal placement
of arch wire .of arch wire .
Begg bracketBegg bracket fulfils all these criteriafulfils all these criteria

243
Orthodontics
Unipoint combination bracketUnipoint combination bracket (Unitek).(Unitek).
Gingival "wing" to place elastic modules.

244
Orthodontics
 Lingual Begg light wire technique –PeterLingual Begg light wire technique –Peter
K-J Yen Nov 1986 JCO.K-J Yen Nov 1986 JCO.
 They developed a technique that usedThey developed a technique that used
regularregular labial Begg brackets.labial Begg brackets.

245
Orthodontics
 RegularRegular 256 Begg brackets256 Begg brackets were usedwere used
 Lower labial incisorsLower labial incisors were used for bothwere used for both
upper and lower incisorsupper and lower incisors
 Upper lateral incisorUpper lateral incisor labial brackets werelabial brackets were
adapted to cuspidsadapted to cuspids
 Curved upperCurved upper cuspid labial bracketscuspid labial brackets werewere
used for bicuspids.used for bicuspids.

246
Orthodontics
 To provide proper interbracketTo provide proper interbracket
distance indistance in stage I vertical slotsstage I vertical slots
of the bracket wereof the bracket were incisally.incisally.
 ForFor stage II and IIIstage II and III new set ofnew set of
brackets were bonded withbrackets were bonded with
vertical slots directed gingivallyvertical slots directed gingivally

247
 Advantages of Lingual appliances over labialAdvantages of Lingual appliances over labial
appliancesappliances
 (1)(1) Facial surfacesFacial surfaces of the teeth areof the teeth are notnot damageddamaged
from bonding, debonding, adhesive removal, orfrom bonding, debonding, adhesive removal, or
decalcification from plaque retained around labialdecalcification from plaque retained around labial
appliancesappliances
 (2) Facial(2) Facial gingival tissuesgingival tissues are not adversely affectedare not adversely affected
Orthodontics -Aug 1989 AJO-Thomas Creekmore

248
 (3) The(3) The position of the teethposition of the teeth can be morecan be more preciselyprecisely
seenseen when their surfaces are not obstructed bywhen their surfaces are not obstructed by
brackets and arch wiresbrackets and arch wires
 (4) Facial(4) Facial contours are truly visualizedcontours are truly visualized since thesince the
contour of the lips are not distorted by protrudingcontour of the lips are not distorted by protruding
labial applianceslabial appliances
 (5) Most patients would prefer(5) Most patients would prefer "invisible"invisible" lingual" lingual
appliances.appliances.
Orthodontics

249
Orthodontics
 Key elements of an acceptable lingual orthodontic applianceKey elements of an acceptable lingual orthodontic appliance
system -system -
1.1. It should align teeth from the lingual side asIt should align teeth from the lingual side as
efficientefficient as from the labial side.as from the labial side.
2.2. A mean of positioning the bracket precisely toA mean of positioning the bracket precisely to
create acreate a “near” SWA on“near” SWA on the lingual sidethe lingual side
3.3. A consistent and accurateA consistent and accurate indirect bondingindirect bonding
4.4. A selection ofA selection of preformed archwirespreformed archwires with caninewith canine
and premolars offsets.and premolars offsets.
5.5. Specially designedSpecially designed pliersplierswww.indiandentalacademy.com

250
Characteristic feature-
 The appliance that satisfy all the above requisites isThe appliance that satisfy all the above requisites is
thethe “conceal system”“conceal system” developed by thedeveloped by the Unitek corpUnitek corp
 WireWire slot opens to the occlusal aspectslot opens to the occlusal aspect rather then torather then to
the lingual aspect.the lingual aspect.

251
Orthodontics
 First 1 mm of the molar tube opens to theFirst 1 mm of the molar tube opens to the
occlusal aspect.occlusal aspect.

252
Orthodontics
 The occlusal approach had potential problemThe occlusal approach had potential problem
- ligation- ligation
- design for adequate tip- design for adequate tip

253
Orthodontics
 Conceal brackets are designed aroundConceal brackets are designed around
Unitwin BracketUnitwin Bracket

254
Orthodontics
 Bracket has three different slot widths for threeBracket has three different slot widths for three
different functions of tip (a-b) , torque (e-f),different functions of tip (a-b) , torque (e-f),
rotation (c-f or e-d).rotation (c-f or e-d).

255
Orthodontics
 Tip Control:Tip Control:
 Analogous to rotationAnalogous to rotation
control in a labial systemcontrol in a labial system
 Depends on the length ofDepends on the length of
the lever arm and thethe lever arm and the
quality of the ligature tiequality of the ligature tie
 Floor of the slot is .100”Floor of the slot is .100”

256
Orthodontics
 Rotation Control:Rotation Control:
 Results from engagementResults from engagement
of the arch wire in the slotof the arch wire in the slot
 Analogous to tip control inAnalogous to tip control in
a labial systema labial system
 Function of the size of theFunction of the size of the
arch wire and the width ofarch wire and the width of
the slotthe slot

257
Orthodontics
 Torque Control:Torque Control:
 Function of theFunction of the
size of the archsize of the arch
wire relative towire relative to
the slotthe slot

258
Orthodontics
 Decrease in interbracket distanceDecrease in interbracket distance
on the lingual side necessitateson the lingual side necessitates
the use of smaller arch wires.the use of smaller arch wires.
Hence slot size is .016”x.022”Hence slot size is .016”x.022”
 Anterior brackets have a YAnterior brackets have a Y
configuration with a single tieconfiguration with a single tie
wing projecting gingivally andwing projecting gingivally and
twin tie wings projectingtwin tie wings projecting
occlusallyocclusally www.indiandentalacademy.com

259
Self Ligating Brackets

260
ActiveActive PassivePassive
-Positive seating of-Positive seating of
the arch wire by thethe arch wire by the
forth wall.forth wall.
-Eg speed,-Eg speed,
inovation,smart clipinovation,smart clip
-The forth wall is-The forth wall is
passive in nature andpassive in nature and
does not cause thedoes not cause the
active seating of theactive seating of the
wirewire
- Compromised tooth- Compromised tooth
movement withmovement with
initial wires.initial wires.
-Eg all the rest-Eg all the rest
Self Ligating Brackets

261
Self ligating Brackets
 The first self ligating bracket was developedThe first self ligating bracket was developed
byby DR .Jacob StolzenbergDR .Jacob Stolzenberg in early 1930’s.in early 1930’s.
 DesignDesign –– Screw cap

262
 In 1971In 1971 Dr Jim WildmanDr Jim Wildman developed thedeveloped the
Edgelok bracket .Edgelok bracket .
 Design –Design – SLIDING CAP

263
 About 2 years laterAbout 2 years later Dr. Franz SanderDr. Franz Sander
introduced the Mobil-lock bracketintroduced the Mobil-lock bracket
 Design-Design-

264
 ““Speed” bracket introduced bySpeed” bracket introduced by Dr HerbertDr Herbert
HansonHanson in 1976 .in 1976 .
SSpring loadedpring loaded
PPrecisionrecision
EEdgewisedgewise
EEnergynergy
DDeliveryelivery www.indiandentalacademy.com

265
Body
Base
Spring clip

267
 Bracket Design-Bracket Design-
 Consists of a narrowConsists of a narrow single widthsingle width bracketbracket
bodybody
 Multislotted with 3 horizontal slots:Multislotted with 3 horizontal slots:
1.1. Arch wire slotArch wire slot
2.2. Auxiliary slotAuxiliary slot
3.3. Spring retainer slotSpring retainer slot

268
 .018 x .025.018 x .025 horizontal slothorizontal slot
 .017 x.017.017 x.017 horizontal slothorizontal slot
located occlusally on thelocated occlusally on the
lingual aspect .lingual aspect .
 Vertical spring slot/ grooveVertical spring slot/ groove..
 Instrument access slot.Instrument access slot.
- Shallow transverse groove- Shallow transverse groove

269
 Spring clip-Spring clip-
 Curved, flexibleCurved, flexible “Super-Elastic Spring Clip”“Super-Elastic Spring Clip” thatthat
wraps occlusogingivally -resilient and flexiblewraps occlusogingivally -resilient and flexible
stainless steel.stainless steel.
 Opens and closes closes in aOpens and closes closes in a vertical mannervertical manner
 Labial arm of the spring clip forms the flexibleLabial arm of the spring clip forms the flexible
fourth wall.fourth wall.

270
 Highly resilient spring clip made up of .Highly resilient spring clip made up of .
005 x .060 or .005 x.072 ss strip .005 x .060 or .005 x.072 ss strip . ˚˚
 Curved occlusal portion has an angle ofCurved occlusal portion has an angle of
wrap of 217wrap of 217˚ 30 minutes when free˚ 30 minutes when free
from external stresses .from external stresses .
 Prior to insertion spring arms convergePrior to insertion spring arms converge
at an angle of 37˚ 30 minutes.at an angle of 37˚ 30 minutes.

271
 The bonding base-The bonding base-
When viewed from the labial mesial andWhen viewed from the labial mesial and
distal edges of each of the welding paddistal edges of each of the welding pad
are parallel to each otherare parallel to each other
 Gingival edge is curved gingivally inGingival edge is curved gingivally in
form of a semi-ellipse.form of a semi-ellipse.

272
 Bracket –spring assemblyBracket –spring assembly
- when the spring is in the slot close- when the spring is in the slot close
position ,its arms are held apart so as toposition ,its arms are held apart so as to
reduce their angle of convergence by atleastreduce their angle of convergence by atleast
22˚˚
-This causes elastic deformation-This causes elastic deformation

273
 Rotational controlRotational control about three axes –about three axes –
1.1. The occlusogingival axis (rotations)The occlusogingival axis (rotations)
2.2. The labiolingual axis (tipping)The labiolingual axis (tipping)
3.3. The mesiodistal axis (torquing)The mesiodistal axis (torquing)

274
Self-ligating Brackets
 The Speed Appliance Function-The Speed Appliance Function-
 Rotational Control:Rotational Control:
--OnOn arch wire engagement, the spring clip is activated byarch wire engagement, the spring clip is activated by
displacement from the resting positiondisplacement from the resting position
-Rotational correction is achieved through the deflection.-Rotational correction is achieved through the deflection.

275
--

276
 Tip control:Tip control:
Tip correction is achieved through the labialTip correction is achieved through the labial
deflection and subsequent return of the springdeflection and subsequent return of the spring
clip to its resting positionclip to its resting position

277
 Torque Control:Torque Control:
1.1. Resides in combination of the mechanicalResides in combination of the mechanical
action of the arch wire in the slot withaction of the arch wire in the slot with
constant force application from the springconstant force application from the spring
clip.clip.

278
2. Further enhanced with the use of beveled2. Further enhanced with the use of beveled
SPEED arch wires.SPEED arch wires.

279
 Helps the operator in saving as much as 5Helps the operator in saving as much as 5
minutes per arch change .minutes per arch change .
 It permits a high degree of precision in threeIt permits a high degree of precision in three
dimensional control of tooth .dimensional control of tooth .
 Offers full control even with the mostOffers full control even with the most
undersized arch wiresundersized arch wires

280
 Later in 1986Later in 1986 Dr Erwin PletcherDr Erwin Pletcher introducedintroduced
Activa bracketActiva bracket
 Had anHad an inflexible curved arminflexible curved arm that rotatedthat rotated
occlusogingivally around the cylindricalocclusogingivally around the cylindrical
bracket bodybracket body

281

282
 Arm could be moved into a “slot-open” or “slot-Arm could be moved into a “slot-open” or “slot-
closed” position with finger pressure aloneclosed” position with finger pressure alone
 Drawbacks:Drawbacks:
1.1. Ease with which patients could open the bracketEase with which patients could open the bracket
2.2. LargeLarge mesiodistal widthmesiodistal width

283
 19951995 Dr Wolfgang HeiserDr Wolfgang Heiser introduced theintroduced the
-Time- bracket.-Time- bracket.
 Design-Design-
- Rigid ,curved that wraps occlusogingivallyRigid ,curved that wraps occlusogingivally
around the labial aspect of the bracket bodyaround the labial aspect of the bracket body

284
 Special instrument is used to pivot the armSpecial instrument is used to pivot the arm
gingivally into the slot open position orgingivally into the slot open position or
occlusally into the slot closed position.occlusally into the slot closed position.
 Stiffness of the bracket arm preventsStiffness of the bracket arm prevents
interaction with the arch wireinteraction with the arch wire

285

286
 The Twin Lock bracketThe Twin Lock bracket which waswhich was
introduced byintroduced by Dr. Jim WildmanDr. Jim Wildman in1998in1998
 Flat ,Flat ,rectangular sliderectangular slide ,housed between the,housed between the
tie wing of an edgewise twin bracket.tie wing of an edgewise twin bracket.
 Slot is moved with a universal scalerSlot is moved with a universal scaler

287

288
 Between 1996 and 1999Between 1996 and 1999 Dr Dwight DamonDr Dwight Damon
introduced theintroduced the Damon SL I and Damon SL IIDamon SL I and Damon SL II
brackets.brackets.
 The basic difference is that the first had a labialThe basic difference is that the first had a labial
cover that over the tie wing ,while the secondcover that over the tie wing ,while the second
incorporates a flat , rectangular slide between theincorporates a flat , rectangular slide between the
tie wings .tie wings .

289
 Slide moves incisally on the maxillary andSlide moves incisally on the maxillary and
gingivally on the mandibular bracketsgingivally on the mandibular brackets
 Special opening and closing pliers areSpecial opening and closing pliers are
requiredrequired

290
 In-Ovation BracketIn-Ovation Bracket ––
 Bracket system consisting of aBracket system consisting of a twin brackettwin bracket
for rotational control and has anfor rotational control and has an active clipactive clip forfor
seating arch wire .seating arch wire .

291
In-Ovation Bracket

292
In-Ovation Bracket
 Low profileLow profile
 Four full tie wingsFour full tie wings
 Slot blockerSlot blocker
 Horizontal V SlotHorizontal V Slot
 Compound contoured baseCompound contoured base
 Torque in baseTorque in base

293
In-Ovation Bracket
 Reduced resistanceReduced resistance
 Reduced chairtimeReduced chairtime
 Enhanced hygieneEnhanced hygiene

294
-10 samples.-10 samples.
-Ovation and Inovation brackets-GAC-Ovation and Inovation brackets-GAC
-Conclusion--Conclusion-
- 12 Min chair-side time reduction.- 12 Min chair-side time reduction.
- Leveling and aligning reduced by 15-20 days.- Leveling and aligning reduced by 15-20 days.
-Space closure is faster by 1½ - 2 months-Space closure is faster by 1½ - 2 months
Comparison Bw the Clinical Efficacy of Self
Ligating PA Brackets and Conventional PAE
Brackets During Various Stages of
Treatment- DR.Ravitej

295
Evolution of brackets IV
ANUPAM SINHA

296
 Friction Free BracketFriction Free Bracket
 The Next Generation :Straight Wire ApplianceThe Next Generation :Straight Wire Appliance
-Creekmore and Randy in 1993 AJO-Creekmore and Randy in 1993 AJO
 The Elan and Orthos SystemThe Elan and Orthos System
 Evolution of Brackets Based OnEvolution of Brackets Based On
MaterialsMaterials
-Angles Era-Angles Era
- Metal Brackets- Metal Brackets
- Plastic brackets- Plastic brackets
- Ceramic brackets- Ceramic brackets

297
-Composite Bracket-Composite Bracket
-Titanium brackets-Titanium brackets
-Gold Brackets-Gold Brackets
COMPARISONS
018VS 022018VS 022
Twin vs singleTwin vs single
Begg vs pre adjustedBegg vs pre adjusted
Latest AdditionsLatest Additions
 Butterfly systemButterfly system
 Smart clipSmart clip

298
Friction Free Bracket
 Was introduced by Kazuto et.al in earlyWas introduced by Kazuto et.al in early
1990”s J Jap Orhthod.1990”s J Jap Orhthod.
 Idea of the design was to reduce frictionIdea of the design was to reduce friction
between the bracket slot and the archwire.between the bracket slot and the archwire.

299
Friction Free Bracket
 Frictional force =acting tangentially at theFrictional force =acting tangentially at the
contact surface is the product of a verticalcontact surface is the product of a vertical
load and coefficient of friction (load and coefficient of friction ( uuN)N)

300
The Next Generation :Straight Wire
Appliance
 Introduced by Creekmore and Randy inIntroduced by Creekmore and Randy in
AJO- 1993AJO- 1993
 They said-Anticipated results - notThey said-Anticipated results - not
achieved by using a preadjusted applianceachieved by using a preadjusted appliance
and straight wire .and straight wire .

301
Appliance
 There are atleast five reasons –There are atleast five reasons –
1.1. InaccurateInaccurate bracket placementsbracket placements ––
-Mean error of .34 mm in-Mean error of .34 mm in vertical planevertical plane
-5.54-5.54˚ for˚ for angular placementangular placement is observedis observed
2.2. Variations inVariations in tooth structuretooth structure- Especially when doing- Especially when doing
lingual orthodontics.lingual orthodontics.
3.3. Variations inVariations in ant –post and vertical jaw relationsant –post and vertical jaw relations
require variations in the position of the max andrequire variations in the position of the max and
mand incisors.mand incisors.
One appliance fits allOne appliance fits all defies the normal biologicdefies the normal biologic
variation among orthodontic patients.variation among orthodontic patients.www.indiandentalacademy.com

302
Appliance
4.4. Need forNeed for over-correctionover-correction - for tissue rebound or- for tissue rebound or
relapse tendenciesrelapse tendencies
5.5. Mechanical deficienciesMechanical deficiencies of the edgewiseof the edgewise
appliance –appliance –
Point of applicationPoint of application away from C Res.away from C Res.
PlayPlay between arch wire and slot.between arch wire and slot.
ForceForce diminutiondiminution..

304
Vertical play - Size of the arch wire relative to the slot-

305
Play in angulation-
size of the arch wire,
size of the arch wire slot,
overall width of the slot

306
 Rotational playRotational play
-- length of lever armlength of lever arm
- quality of the- quality of the ligation technique.ligation technique.

307
Appliance
THE SLOT MACHINETHE SLOT MACHINE

308
Appliance
The arch wire slot is held stationary - manipulating each tooth to
any tip, torque, rotation, and height through the use of orientation
templates and a rotation guide.www.indiandentalacademy.com

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