Cheiloscopy main/ dental implant courses

CHEILOSCOPY
www.indiandentalacademy.com
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing Dental Education

 Introduction
 Historical review
 Anatomical aspects
 Classification of lip prints
 Analyzing and Recording of lip prints
 Problem with cheiloscopy
 Conclusion

Lip prints are the normal lines and
fissures in the form of wrinkles and
grooves present in the zone of
transition of human lip, the inner
labial mucosa and the outer skin
Study of lip prints is called Cheiloscopy

 Cheiloscopy is derived from Greek words cheilos – lips and
e skopein - see
 Lips are unique to one person, except in monozygotic twins
 Lip grooves are permanent and unchangeable
 It is possible to identify lip patterns as early as the sixth week
of intrauterine life
 Resist many afflictions, such as herpetic lesions
 Pathologies that damage the lip subtract like burns seem to
rule out cheiloscopy

 Fischer R in 1902 was the first anthropologist to describe the furrows
on the red part on the human lips
 Diou de Lille in 1930 developed some studies which lead to lip print
use in criminology
 Edmond Locard in 1932 – one of the France greatest criminologists
who first recommended the use of lip prints in personal identification
and criminalization
 Synder L.M in 1950 had reported in his book Homicide investigation
that the characteristics of the lips formed by lip grooves are as
individually distinctive as the ridge characteristics of finger prints

 Santos in 1960, suggested that the fissures and the criss-cross
lines in the lips could be divided into different group (simple
and compound), and each group can be subdivided into 8
subtypes
 Renaud, in 1972 studied 4000 lip prints and confirmed the
singularity of each one, supporting the idea of lip print
singularity
 Suzuki and Tsuchihashi developed another study which
resulted in a new classification for lip prints
 They confirmed that lip prints after healing was equal to that
before the injury occured

 Lips are two, highly sensitive folds composed of skin, muscle,
glands and mucous membrane
 They surround the oral orifice and form anterior boundary of
oral cavity
 Upper lip – from under the nose and extending laterally
towards the cheek from the nasolabial sulcus
 Lower lip – bound inferiorly by prominent groove, the
labiomental sulcus
 The 2 lips are joined at the corners of the mouth – the
comissures
 The 2 lips are separated by buccal fend

 2 Different kinds of lip covering – skin or mucosa
 When the 2 meet, a white wavy line is formed - labial cord
which is quite prominent in negroes
 Mucosal area – Klein’s zone – covered by wrinkles and
grooves that form a characteristic pattern – lip print
 Lips can be
1. Horizontal
2. Elevated
3. Depressed

 According to lip thickness – 4 group
1. Thin lips – European Caucasian
2. Medium lips – most common (8-10mm)
3. Thick/very thick lips – Negroes
4. Mix lips – Orientals

1. Martin Santos classification
2. Suzuki and Tsuchihashi classification
3. Renaud classification
4. Afchar-Bayat classification
5. Jose Maria Dominguez Classification

 Two groups
1. Simple – when they are formed of only one element, this
element can be
a. Straight line (R-1)
b. A Curve (C-2)
c. An Angular form (A-3)
d. Sinusoidal (S-4)
2. Compound – when they are formed of several elements
a. Bifurcated (B-5)
b. Trifurcated (T-6)
c. Anololous (An-7)

Classification Groove Type
Type 1 Complete vertical
Incomplete vertical
Type II Branched
Type III Intersected
Type IV Reticular Pattern
Type V Irregular

 Probably most complete classification
 Lips are studied in halves – left and right
 Every groove according to its form, has a number
 A formula is then elaborated using capital letters
 To describe the upper left lip (L) and right (R) sides
 Small letters to classify each groove
 Lower lip, it is done the other way around, using Capital
letters to classify the grooves, and small letters to separate left
from right side

Classification Groove Type
A Complete Vertical
B Incomplete Vertical
C Complete Bifurcated
D Incomplete Bifurcated
E Complete Branched
F Incomplete Branched
G Reticular Pattern
H X or Coma form
I Horizontal
J Other Forms (Ellipse, Triangle)

 Based on 6 types of lip grooves
Classification Groove type
A1 Vertical and Straight grooves, covering the
whole lip
A2 Like the former, but not covering the
whole lip
B1 Straight Branched grooves
B2 Angulated Branched grooves
C Converging grooves
D Reticular Pattern grooves
E Other grooves

 Searching for the prints in a crime scene investigation can be
very important in establishing the true nature of the facts
 Lip prints can link a subject to a specific location if found on
clothes, or other objects,, such as glass, cups or even
cigarettes buts
 Sometimes lip prints will be seen as lip stick smears
 Lipsticks are complex substances, which have in their
constitution, several compounds, oils or waxes
 The color of the lipsticks is due to organic inks and inorganic
pigments

 All lip prints are important, even the ones that are not visible
– latent prints
 The vermilion border of the lips has minor salivary and
sebaceous glands which, together with the moisturing done by
the tongue leads to the possibility of the existence of latent lip
prints
 Latent lip prints are studied in a similar way to finger prints,
using similar techniques
 When lip prints are located on difficult surfaces such as
porous or multicolored ones
 Latent prints can be easily seen with fluorescent dyes

 Persistent lipsticks – do not leave a visible smear or mark
when they come in contact with different items
 Persistent lipsticks have minimal oil content
 The identification of latent print evidence is often considered
the key in solving a crime
 Lysochromes should then be used since they have the ability
to dye fatty acids and are very effective when used on long
lasting lipstick prints, even on porous surfaces

 Processing lip prints depends on the anatomical,
morphological and histological tissue features of lips
 Observation – first step when processing lip prints using
white and UV light sources
 Photographs should be made prior to any processing in order
to protect the evidence

 Photographing latent prints is a complex process that obeys a
strict methodology
 According to FBI guidelines, latent prints should be
photographed individually with an identification label and a
scale
 Each step in the processing sequence must be photographed
 If lipstick is present, the lipstick itself should be analyzed in
order to determine its constitution
 About 65% of lipsticks share the same ingredients

 If located on a non - porous surface, lip prints can be
photographed and enlarged
 Using transparent overlays, it is possible to make an overlay
tracing
 Development of lip prints can be made using several
substances, such as aluminum powder, silver metallic powder,
silver nitrate powder, plumb carbonate powder, fat black
aniline dyer or cobalt oxide
 All lip prints contain lipids which make their development
possible by using Lysochromes dyes (Sudan III, Oil Red O,
Sudan Black)
 Sometimes the use of fluorescent reagents is necessary,
especially when the color of the developer and color of the
surface on which the lip print lies are the same, or when lip
print is an old brand

 Plumb carbonate is a white powder which can be used as a
developer with a brush, over smooth, polished, metallic or
plastic surfaces
 Its only limitation is its use over white surfaces
in such circumstances, marphil black powder or fat black
aniline dyer are better choices since they both have a dark
color
 Silver nitrate can lead to positive results on non ideal
surfaces, such as untreated wood or cardboard
 DFO – 1,8-Diazofluoren-9-one and ninhydrin are chemical
developers also used on porous surfaces
 Cyanoacrylate dye – plastic or waxed surfaces, or on vinyl
gloves
 In photographs, latent prints can be developed using
cyanoacrylate dye or an iodine spray reagent

 Although lips can be photographed directly, covering them
with lipstick allows better groove visualisation
 The lip prints should be recorded, making several recordings
until all transfer mediums are exhausted
 Then prints are covered with transparent overlays and, when
using a magnifying lens, a trace can be successfully done

 Lip print is produced by substantially mobile portion of the
lip
 Same person produce different lip prints, according to the
pressure, direction and method used in taking the print
 If lipstick is used, the amount can also effect the print
 This problem can be solved if recordings are made until all of
the substance is used
 Manual register of the overlay is another problem, due to the
possibility of some subjectivity

 Some pathological conditions which can invalidate the
cheiloscopic study are
1. Lymphangioma
2. Congenital lip fistula
3. Lip scleroderma
4. Merkelson-Rosenthal syndrome
5. Syphilis
6. Lip cheilitis
 Consider the possibility of post mortem changes of lip prints
from cadavers with various causes of death
 The main feature for dental identification is the existence of
antimortem data – which cannot be expected in cheiloscopy
 Therefore the only use of cheiloscopy will be to relate lip
prints to the lips that produce them

 Identifying live or dead people is often a time consuming
process
 Identifying living people is sometimes difficult because
people do not normally wish to be identified
 Therefore in order to achieve this goal, people disguise their
presence in various ways
 Identifying the dead raises a whole different set of problems,
which relate to:
1. The natural process of decomposition
2. Scavenger animal actions
3. The circumstances in which death occurred

 Cheiloscopy is interesting mostly in identifying the living,
since it can be the only way to link somebody to someone or
to a specific location
 Although lip prints have previously been used in a court of
law, its use is not limited to confirm their uniqueness
 In fact lip print use is controversial and rare
 FBI has used this kind of evidence only in a single case in
order to obtain a positive identification
 Recent studies also point out other possibilities namely, DNA
detection in latent lip prints
 Where some researchers are trying to relate characteristic lip
patterns with a person gender
 Another interesting aspect – possibility of using identifiable
lip prints obtained from the skin of assault and murder victims
in a similar way to what has already been done with latent
finger prints

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