Computers in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy

Applications of Computers in Orthodontics

INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY


Leader in continuing dental education



www.indiandentalacademy.com

Applications of Computers in Orthodontics
Contents

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Introduction
History of Computer
Technology and Systems
Computer – Hardware
Computer – Software
History of Technology in
Orthodontics

6.
7.

Classification of Applications
Survey

8.

Results

9.

Summary

10. Bibliography

Application of computers in orthodontics – Contents

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Computer

A computer is any device used to process
information according to a well-defined procedure
The word ‘Computer’ was originally used to
describe people employed to do arithmetic
calculations, with or without mechanical aids, but
was transferred to the machines

Application of computers in orthodontics – Introduction

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Reason for computer technology system

Principally technology is used to solve
Input
Processing
Output
Communication problems

Application of computers in orthodontics – Introduction

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History of Information Technology and Systems

Four Basic Periods of Information Technology

1.
2.
3.
4.

Pre mechanical
Mechanical
Electromechanical
Electronic

Application of computers in orthodontics – History

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The Premechanical Age: 3000 B.C. - 1450 A.D. The
First Calculators: The Abacus
The First Information Processor


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Charles Babbage - Eccentric English Mathematician

1792-1871

The Difference Engine

The Analytical Engine


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The Electromechanical Age: 1840 - 1940.

•The discovery of ways to harness electricity by
Benjamin Franklin was the key advance made during
this period.
•Information could now be converted into electrical
impulses.


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Alan Mathison Turing
Father of Modern Computer Science
Concept of algorithm and
computation: the Turing
machine

British mathematician
and cryptographer

Designed one of the
FIRST electronic
programmable digital
computers
THE COLOSSUS

"Can machines think?"

1954 1912


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The Electronic Age: 1940 - Present
The Four Generations of Digital Computing

•
•
•
•

The First Generation (1951-1958) Punch Cards
The Second Generation (1959-1963) Transistors
The Third Generation (1964-1979) Integrated Circuits
The Fourth Generation (1979-Present) VLSIC

Application of computers in orthodontics – Recent past

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The Fourth Generation (1979-present)

1.
2.

3.
4.

CPU = Central Processing Unit
Personal computers or PCs
IBM
- 1981
Apple Mac - 1984
MS-DOS
Graphical User Interfaces

Application of computers in orthodontics – Present

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Know Your Computer
Hardware
Input Devices
Central Processing Unit
Memory
Output Devices
Peripherals

Application of computers in orthodontics – Hardware

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Know Your Computer
Hardware
Let us see how does our computer ‘Boot Up’

Switch >
Power >
Power Good Signal >
Mother board Ready >


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Know Your Computer
Hardware

B I O S (Basic input output device)
Involuntary function

E E PROM – Electronically Erasable Programmable
Read Only Memory


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Know Your Computer
Hardware

CMOS
Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor

Stores the configuration of the hardware


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Know Your Computer
Hardware

Hard Disk first handshake protocol
Request for HD to Read Track 0 (System files of operating system)
Triggers startup of Operating System
OS is ready and Displayed on the screen
OS is ready to run any software


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Know Your Computer
Software
• All the Operating Systems are stored in the Hard Disk
• All Data is stored in a Hexadecimal Code
• Program Files are stored in Alphanumeric formats:
- Executable file .exe
- Movies .dat
- AutoCAD .dwg
- Corel Draw .cdr
- System Files .sys

Application of computers in orthodontics – Software

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Know Your Computer
Software

• Earlier with OS like DOS most
applications were Text based
• Graphics were available but difficult to
work and No Real Time images
• WYSIWYG


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Know Your Computer
Software

•Today Graphics have developed to such a extent that real time
images are created on the screen
•Advent of Digital peripherals and Data Acquisition Systems
has opened the use age of computers in the field of
Orthodontics


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1.

Academic

2.

Clinical

3.

Graphic

4.

Research

5.

Manufacturer

6.

Miscellaneous

Application of computers in orthodontics – Classification

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Academic Applications
Administration
•THE "PAPERLESS PRACTICE"
Charles A. Lewis
1991- To optimize efficiency
1994 - Hardware technology progressed to required
levels for the first orthodontic Paperless Practice to
begin operation in Florida

Application of computers in orthodontics – Academic

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Academic Applications
Administration

Appeared unanimous that paperless operation is
cost effective, improves efficiency, and reduces
stress for patients, doctor, and staff.
Still then, only we can ultimately decide whether
operating in paperless mode is right for our
practice

Application of computers in orthodontics – Academic

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Computer Applications

• What is Graphic application?

Application of computers in orthodontics – Clinical / Graphic / Image Archiving

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Clinical /Graphic Application
Graphics
Software applications that convey information Pictorially are called
Graphic applications
Visualized on the screen or VDU - CRT / LCD / Plasma Screen etc..

Important Terminology – Pixel, Bitmap, Gray Scale, Resolution,
Contrast, Density, Display, Enhancement, Quality…

Application of computers in orthodontics – Clinical / Graphic / Image Archiving

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Clinical / Graphic / Research Application
What is a DIGITAL IMAGE?
DIGITAL IMAGES are
electronic snapshots taken of a
scene or scanned from
documents, such as
photographs, manuscripts,
printed texts, and artwork

Application of computers in orthodontics – Clinical / Graphic / Image Archiving – Digital Image

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• Digital Image
• Matrix of square pieces


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Pixel Values
bitonality of image - each pixel is assigned a tonal value, in
this example
0 for black and
1 for white.
Each ‘0 and 1’ is called as – BIT


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In a 2-bit image, there are four possible
combinations:
00, 01, 10, and 11
"00“ represents black
"11" represents white
"01" equals dark gray
"10" equals light gray


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Two Compression Technique’s
i. Lossy compression
JPEG
JBIG/JBIG2
Wavelet
ImagePac

ii. Lossless compression
ITU-T.6**
JBIG/JBIG2
Wavelet
LZW
Deflate
TIFF 6.0


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Image Quality
a) Spatial resolution
b) Optical density
c) Image display


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Image Quality / Spatial summation
• Spatial Summation – It’s the ability to record and
differentiate separate images of small objects closely
placed


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Optical Density
• Blackness or Whiteness
• Algorithm of the ratio of light incident to the light
transmitted by the film


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Image Display
•
•
•
•

Controlled by Display monitor
No of Raster Images v/s Vector Images
625 lines used usually
2048 lines improves image quality tremendously


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Dynamic Range


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• Prerequisite for a digital camera
• CCD Silicon sensor preferred over a CMOS
sensor
• 4MP and above for a professional user
• Compression Ratio, Noise, Jaggies, Optical
zoom… issues to be seen


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• Flash, Red eye reduction, Macro mode,
Video clip recording with audio, Voice
recording, MP3 playback and Web cam are
important features
• Optical view finder v/s LCD display
• Expandable memory supports cards like CF,
SD/MMC, xD or Memory stick


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Applications of Computers in Clinics
•
•
•
•
•

Conventional v/s Computerised Clinics
CT Scan
MRI
Digital Radiography - DENOPTIX
Cephalometric Analysis –
RMO’s Jiffy Orthodontic Evaluation
PorDios
DIGICEPH
DIGIGRAPH
• Computer aided Space Analysis
• Computer aided Tooth Width Analysis
• VTO/VTP

Application of computers in orthodontics – Clinical / Graphic

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Clinical / Graphic Application
Conventional
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Computerised

Case Paper
Impression & Diagnostic Casts
Radiographs
Manual Tracing
Cephalometric Analysis
Diagnostic Set-up
Treatment-Preformed System
Mid Term Evaluation

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Data Sheet
3D Photography
RVG, Digital Radiography
Digitised Tracing
Advanced software's
VTO / VTP
Treatment-Customised
Continuous Monitoring


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Clinical / Graphic Application

•Orthodontic correction and orthognathic surgery - a
routine procedure for the correction of facial and dental
deformity
•Pre-operative surgical planning is still a major
undertaking, requiring the collaboration


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•Inadequate planning, at this early stage can lead to an
increase incidence failure and lessens the likelihood of the
patients expectations being meet
•The most commonly used method of planning is to cut up
profile photographs - magnified to the same size as the
standardized lateral skull radiographs
•These are then superimposed over the cephalographs.


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• Radiographic and photographic registration and superimposition
are approximate because of the inherent distortion
• The image geometry of the camera that took the photograph and
the X-ray machine that took the radiograph are different
• The radiographic photographic superimposition is carried out
manually using the soft tissue profile and is subject to human error


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•Computer packages - have partially replaced the manual
method of simulating orthognathic and maxillofacial
operations
•A digital camera is used to capture the facial profile
•Skeletal and dental landmarks are digitized from the lateral
cephalograph and superimposed on the facial image


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•Bone-face registration - the surgeon can analyze the face and
plan the operation

•Main drawback - analysis and prediction of pre and post
operative appearance were limited to two dimensions


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•To address these problems a
truly 3D modality of planning
is required

• Obtaining a 3D image of the
underlying skeletal hard tissue is
routinely carried out using
• Computerized tomography (CT)
• Magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI)


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Many techniques for 3D soft tissue capture are available including

Biostereometrics

Moiré scanning

Morph analysis

Sterolithography

Laser scanning

Ultrasonography and

Direct digitization

Stereo photogrammetry


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Disadvantages
•Laser scanning takes along time to complete and eyes need to
be closed,
•Morphanalysis - extremely elaborate, expensive, complicated
and time consuming technique
•Ultrasonography is in its experimental stage and there are
major problems with data acquisition, reduction and storage


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•The most promising method of soft
tissue capture is stereo
photogrammetry


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• Computerised Tomography
• 1972 - Godfrey Hounsfield of EMI Lab England
• 1979 – First image of human body
• Sliced images are referred to as tomograms and a computer is
necessary to generate the pictures - Computed Tomography


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Computerised Tomography
• Principle
An image of a layer within
the body is produced while
the images of the structures
above and below that layer
are made invisible by
blurring


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• CT for the evaluation of the TMJ
was introduced by Wegener and
colleagues for demonstrating bone
abnormalities within the TMJ.
• Determining changes in bone
density
• Internal derangement - arthrosis is
suspected –
• Planning treatment or operations on
jaws and TMJ diseases and
deformities


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Micro Computed Tomography
• Principally the same as CT - The reconstructed cross
sections are confined to a much smaller area
• Significantly reduces radiation dosage
• Clinically used to evaluate alveolar remodeling
(osteoblastic/osteoclastic activity) as well as bone
dehiscence and root resorption


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Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Emission imaging
• Essentially imaging of water in
the tissue
• When images are displayed;
intense signals show as white
and weak ones as black.
Cortical bone and teeth with low
presence of hydrogen are poorly
imaged and appear black


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Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Assessing diseases of the
TMJ
• Cleft lip and palate
• Tonsillitis and adenoiditis
• Cysts and infections
• Tumors

• MRI can clearly

differentiate the soft tissue
components
• Preferred imaging
technique when
information regarding the
articular disc or the
presence of adhesions,or
joint effusion is desired


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Denoptix
• Digital radiographic technique
• Better than CCD sensor attached to computer
• Phosphor imaging plates to capture and store images

• Advantages
- Alternative to conventional film
- Same machine and settings
- No dark room required
- Environment friendly- no heavy metal wastage
- Can be reused thousands of times
- Transmission of images
- Saving staff time

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• Phosphor plate

PROTECTIVE LAYER

PHOSPHOR LAYER
SUPPORT
BACKING LAYER
BAR CODE LABEL


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• Imaging cycle

1.Load intraoral or panoramic
imaging plate

5. Erase imaging plates
for reuse

2. Take X ray

Image on computer


3. Mount imaging plates in carousel

4. Place in scanner & Scan images

• Digital images can be manipulated using
software filters


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• Digital Cephalometry
• Digitization is a process by which analog information is
converted into digital form
- Indirect computer digitization of the ceph
- Direct computer digitization of the ceph


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Digital Cephalometry

Indirect digitization

Digitizing tablet

Electronic pen

Mouse

Cross hair cursor


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• Digitizing tablet with cross hair cursor
– Fine electronic grid- 0.009mm
– Two wires arranged in a cross hair pattern embedded in a
glass window (Bulls Eye)


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Modes of Digitisation
Point Mode
• Connecting discretely digitised landmarks with lines and curves
• Time consuming but accurate
• Preferred for predictive treatment planning
• Precise positioning – adv in research applications


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Modes of Digitisation
•
•
•
•
•

Stream Mode
Stream of coordinate points are recorded as we trace radiographic
contour
Operator uses a cursor
Technique sensitive
Needs skill to operate
Landmark identification is less accurate


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Cephalometric Analysis
• Static Cephalometric functions
• Dynamic Cephalometric functions


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• RMO’s Jiffy Orthodontic
Evaluation

• PorDios – Purpose On
Request Digitiser Input
Output System

• 1960 – First to provide
computer aided
Cephalometric analysis

•
•
•
•

IBM Compatible machines
Multilingual
Cephalometrc analysis
Produce a data base file


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DIGICEPH

• Developed by IIT and
AIIMS – New Delhi
• Computerised ceph
digitisation
• Automatic analysis
• Plot superimposition
• 13 Ceph analysis

• Ceph placed on digitizer
• Point mode used to move
cursor
• Stream mode to finish and
come out of system
• X – Y co-ordinates are
recorded and analysed


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Digigraph
• Introduced by Dolphin
imaging systems
• Non radiographic system
• Video imaging is also
possible
• VTO


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Digigraph

Cum
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Per
Yes
53 100.0
100.0
Yes

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Digigraph


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Computer Aided Space Analysis
• Chen Hsing Yen
• Bolton ratio
• Tooth size relation of U & L
arches
• Overjet and Overbite
• Posterior intercuspation
• Arch length

• Advantage
• Time saving

• Disadvantages
• Direct measurement of 3D
object – potential error!


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Computerised Tooth Width Analysis
• Christopher T.C.Ho &
Terrence.J.Freer
• Ho Freer Graphical analysis
• Digital calipers or manual input
through VB 3.0 for Windows

• Five Screens
Patient details
Mesiodistal tooth width
Tooth width ratio
Tooth width excess
Graphic display

Advantages
Convenient, Consistent and Easy to operate


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Most widely used
• G A C’s – VISTADENT
• Dolphin imaging systems and 3M’s – DOLPHIN
• ORAMETRIX’s


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CAD / CAM

• CAD
Computer Aided Designing
• CAM
Computer Aided Manufacturing

•
•
•
•
•

Occlusal Splints
Planning Surgeries
Bone Implants
Restorations
Designing structures for
FEAnalysis
• Appliances and
equipment

Application of computers in orthodontics – Research

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CAD / CAM

• Engineers and draftsmen used the drawing board
drawings on paper with ink or pencil
• Instruments (trisquare, protractor, etc.) are used on
it to draw parallel, perpendicular or oblique lines


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CAD / CAM

• Also known as a drafting table, or draughting table
• Sketchpad was a revolutionary program written by Ivan
Sutherland in 1963
• Novel method of Human-computer interaction


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CAD / CAM
A computer display, monitor or screen is a computer
peripheral device capable of showing still or moving images
generated by a computer and processed by a graphics card
Monitors generally conform to one or more display standards
•Cathode ray tube (CRT)
•Liquid crystal display (LCD)
•Plasma display
•Video projector
• A light pen


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CAD / CAM

•A graphical user interface (or GUI, pronounced "gooey")
•The graphical user interface was invented by researchers at the Stanford
Research institute
•First commercial applications of CAD were in large companies in
automotive and aerospace industry, as well as in electronics


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CAD / CAM
Advantages
•Reuse of design components
•Ease of design modification and versioning
•Automatic generation
•Validation/verification against specifications and rules
•Simulation without building a physical prototype
•Output of design directly to manufacturing facilities


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CAD / CAM

•A wire frame model is an electronic
representation of a 3-dimensional or physical
object.
•Solid modeling studies unambiguous
representations, models, of solid objects suitable
for computer processing. It is also known as
volume modeling


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CAD / CAM

•Primary uses of solid modeling are for CAD,
computer graphics and animation,
•Rapid prototyping
•Medical testing and
•Visualization of scientific research.


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CAD / CAM

Application of CAD / CAM
•CNC stands for Computer Numerically Controlled
•Lathes
•Milling machines
•Grinding wheels
•Drills


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CAD / CAM

Application of CAD / CAM
•Finite element analysis (FEA) is the application of the
finite element method to the analysis of static or dynamic
physical objects and systems


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CAD / CAM

The GRAAL Techinique


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CAD / CAM


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CAD / CAM
Computer Aided Designing

• In Dentistry


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CAD / CAM
Procedure for designing a splint or a restoration

• Surface geometry of casts scanned by 3D laser surface
scanner
• Facial morphology – 3D triangular facets – connecting
spatial coordinates –landmarks from frontal & lateral
Cephalograms
• 3D virtual image for surgical simulation

Application of computers in orthodontics – Research/Clinical / Manufacturing

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CAD / CAM
Procedure for designing a splint or a restoration

• 3D virtual image used to plan the amount and direction of
bone displacement – post surgically
• Surgical splint designed on this image
• 3D graphic image of surgical splint is transferred to a laser
lithography unit for polymerization

Application of computers in orthodontics – Research / Clinical / Manufacturing

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CAD / CAM

• INCOGNITO Bracket System
Rapid Prototyping technology is used
for the actual manufacturing of the
lingual brackets

• Elan And Orthos by Craig
Andreiko
• Invisalign by Zia Chisthi

Application of computers in orthodontics – Manufacturing

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CAD / CAM
Incognito
a.

The bracket body is designed independently of the
bracket base

b.

Filler spaces such as those occurring in the
individualized positioning of prefabricated brackets
is avoided

c.

Arch wire runs parallel to the tooth surface hence
gives it, its characteristic platform shape in the
anterior segment


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CAD / CAM

c.

d.

The actual bracket body can consequently be much
more delicately shaped The resulting arch wire
morphology differs substantially from the previously
customary design
Such arch wires can be precision-manufactured using
the bending robot describe under production


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CAD / CAM
Invisalign Braces
• Invisalign braces invented by
Zia Chishti, are transparent,
removable, and moldable.
Unlike regular braces,
Invisalign braces can be
removed for teeth cleaning. A
series of braces are worn in
succession each created by a
computer

.

Zia Chishti along with business
partner Kelsey Wirth, founded
Align Technology in 1997 to
develop and manufacture the
braces, first made available to
the public in May, 2000.


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CAD / CAM
The Wave Spring
Vogt W
J Clin Orthod. 2004 May ; 38(5): 28891
The Butterfly System
Bowman SJ, Carano A
J Clin Orthod. 2004 May ; 38(5): 27487

Application of computers in orthodontics –Manufacturing / Articles

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• The Butterfly System improves upon the straightwire concept
with seven unique features
•
•
•
•
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•
•

PROGRESSIVE POSTERIOR TORQUE
REVERSIBLE SECOND PREMOLAR ROOT ANGULATION
PREVENTATIVE MANDIBULAR ANTERIOR TORQUE
MANDIBULAR ANTERIOR PROGRESSIVE ANGULATION
CONVERTIBLE TUBES WITH -6° ANGULATION
VERTICAL SLOT FOR CONVENIENCE AND VERSATILITY
A VERSATILE SYSTEM


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The Wave Spring
Super-Elastic Nitanium Coil Spring


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Bending Art System (B A S)


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• Fischer-Brandies. H. and Orthuber Wolfgang invented BAS
in 1983
• 1st prototype of BAS manufactured in 1993
• Components of BAS
1. Stereoscopic camera
2. Personal computer and its software
3. Arch wire bending device


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Bending Art System
Stereoscopic camera

• A camera with its flat film has been described as a perfect
perspective machine, which has proved artists were wrong
for centuries
• The keystone effect, which is such a nuisance in
stereoscopy, is part of the perspective laws
• Converging verticals, which are such a nuisance in
architectural photography, are only a problem because of
the ‘laws of perspective’


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Bending Art System
Stereoscopic camera

• Our two eyes look at the world around us and our brain is
able to combine the two slightly different views from each
eye to produce three dimensional (3-D) perception
• Machine vision algorithms work on 2-D cases
• Three dimensional information is obtained using special
purpose sensors like acoustics, radar, or laser range finders


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Bending Art System
Stereoscopic camera

• Technique called stereo vision, similar in concept to human
binocular vision, is to use two cameras to obtain two images
from which distance information can be obtained
• Compared to the alternatives mentioned above, stereo vision
has the advantage that it achieves the 3-D acquisition
without energy emission or moving parts


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Bending Art System
Stereoscopic camera

• Stereoendoscopy,
Stereo radiographs
• scanning electron
microscope
• surveillance


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Bending Art System
Stereoscopic camera

• Digital photogrammetry,
remote sensing

• Stereo lithography,
stereo sculpting


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Bending Art System
Stereoscopic camera

• Stereoscopic camera consists of CCD which
can be directly used in the patients mouth
• Procedure
- SS measuring plates placed on the bracket
slots & molar tubes
- Mirror of camera moves two times forward
and backward
- Scans using White light


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Bending Art System
Stereoscopic camera

• Accuracy of camera – mean
measuring error btw 2 close marks - .
0178 + .0188 and .0228 + .0245
• Arch form selected with
superimposition of occlusal view
• MD, BL, extrusive, intrusive, torque,
rotational dimensions are specified


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Bending Art System
Arch Wire Bending Component

• Three components
> Holding cone
> Inner cone
> Partial cone

Application of computers in orthodontics – Research / Manufacturing

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Bending Art System

- Round wire and Rectangular wire used
- SS, TMA or Ni-Ti wires
-Bending begins only after all bends are manipulated
- Approximately takes 5 – 7 min


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Bending Art System

Accuracy of bends
- 0.016 x 0.016 and 0.016 x 0.022 inch Ribbon wise and Edge wise
- 6 - 54 degree angulations repeated 15 times
- Ribbon wise – 0.016” x 0.022” showed error of 0.43 + 0.11 degrees
- Edge wise – 0.16” x0.022” showed error of 0.87 + 0.42 degrees


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Bending Art System
Advantages

Disadvantages

• Precision arch wires
• Rapid fabrication
• Fabricate full size passive arch
wires for surgical cases
• T loop L loop construction
• Utility arches made
• Patient data base

• Time required for the insertion
of measuring plates and their
identification
• Clinical judgment still vital
• Steel wire easily deformed


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• The system SureSmile (from Orametrix)
• Developed on the basis of the Bending Art System (BAS) introduced
in 1994
• Combination of three-dimensional image processing, computerassisted diagnosis, planning and realization of the treatment,
• Permits high quality orthodontia


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Structured Light Vision
• Shape from structured light is
based on active triangulation
• A very simple technique to
achieve depth information with
the help of structured light is to
scan a scene with a laser plane
and to detect the location of the
reflected stripe


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• The depth information can be
computed out of the distortion
along the detected profile
• In order to get dense range
information the laser plane has
to be moved in the scene
• Structured light vision
techniques greatly simplify the
process of triangulating the
position of a point in space


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• Using structured light
techniques, one can do realtime
navigation
• This is because one is able to
project a beam with known
coordinates
• This provides information about
at least one aspect of the
geometry in front of the camera,
so the triangulation equations
are much easier


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• Structured light vision is to
project a light beam of known
geometry onto a scene and then
use a video camera to observe
how it is distorted by objects
• Using simple geometric
formulas, we can reconstruct
the shape of those objects


sem1/sb/09-04

• CCD cameras will detect
infrared laser beams quite well
(some cameras are more
sensitive to infrared light).
• A diode laser projects light
down onto a spinning mirror
which is 45 degrees from the
vertical axis
• This projects a plane of light
360 degrees around the scanner
as the motor turns


sem1/sb/09-04


• Self-scanning laser diode
projecting a beam onto the
region in front of it; above
is the camera.


sem1/sb/09-04



sem1/sb/09-04

• The first image is what the
camera sees with the laser on
• The second image is what the
camera sees with the laser off
• The third image is the
mathematical difference of the
two


sem1/sb/09-04

• By subtracting the first two
images, only the difference
between them is left: the
laser projection
• This will aid in map
building


sem1/sb/09-04


sem1/sb/09-04

Coded Light Approach

sem1/sb/09-04

Structured Light
- Projection of a structure of lines or grids onto the face
- As the projected pattern is distorted by the contours of
face, this distorted pattern is recorded by a digital camera

sem1/sb/09-04

3D Photography / Scanning

• Visual3D™ is a hardware independent 3D Motion
Analysis software package for visualizing and
analyzing motion capture data
• It has advanced biomechanics capabilities for
sophisticated needs of clinical researchers and clinics


sem1/sb/09-04


• How does the OraScanner work?
The OraScanner captures 3-D images by taking pictures of
teeth
The OraScanner uses a flashing white light (non-laser)
much like a video camera so the scanner can see the teeth


sem1/sb/09-04


• Why take pictures of the teeth?
The OraScan provides a record of our teeth
To see what teeth look like at the beginning of treatment
or at any stage of treatment
This enables determine optimum orthodontic treatment,
monitor results, and provide very accurate custom
appliances to move teeth quickly


sem1/sb/09-04


How long does it take to make an OraScan?
The OraScan takes between 20 and 40 minutes. Several
factors such as size of the mouth, tooth crowding, and
amount of space around the teeth affect the length of time
that a scan takes


sem1/sb/09-04

• A revolutionary new technology for orthodontics:

• SureSmile is shown to reduce orthodontic treatment times
through diagnostic imaging and appliance customization
• SureSmile is a unique new solution for orthodontics that
enables 3-D scanning of teeth rather than use of
conventional 2-D images.


sem1/sb/09-04


• SureSmile is a unique, state-ofthe-art imaging, treatment
planning, and appliance design
system which gives precise
customized orthodontic care


sem1/sb/09-04

• There are three components to SureSmile:
1. OraScanner a white light (non-laser) scanner that creates an accurate
3-D image of our teeth
2. Diagnostic and treatment planning software
3. Precision Appliance ServiceSM creates custom arch wires


sem1/sb/09-04


Rather than using a standard bracket prescription that requires multiple
wire adjustments,
The orthodontist uses a customized wire that requires very few
adjustments, which will decrease treatment time
As a custom wire is used, teeth move to the desired positions more
directly, resulting in reduced treatment time.


sem1/sb/09-04


• How does SureSmile decrease the amount of time to wear
braces?
•
•
•
•

Successful tooth movement depends on three major factors:
Physiology
Orthodontic mechanics
Patient compliance.


sem1/sb/09-04

Cone beam Technique


sem1/sb/09-04

Pulsed- Laser Holography

•

LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

•

Dennis Graber – 1965 with the advent of LASER realized
his idea of Holography


sem1/sb/09-04


• HOLOGRAPHY

Means of creating a unique photographic image
without the use of a lens
The photographic recording of the image is called a
hologram, which appears to be an unrecognizable
pattern of stripes


sem1/sb/09-04


• A moving object can be made to appear to be at rest when a hologram
is produced with the extremely rapid and high-intensity flash of a
pulsed ruby laser
•

The duration of such a pulse can be less than 1/10,000,000 of a
second; and, as long as the object does not move more than 1/10 of a
wavelength of light

• This short time interval, a usable hologram can be obtained


sem1/sb/09-04


• Laser Holography is used to forecast the longitudinal tooth
displacement by evaluating the initial displacement on the
dry skull.

• Initial tooth displacement has been measured by means of
laser measuring techniques -


sem1/sb/09-04

• Holography
• Speckle interferometry
• Laser reflection technique
• These techniques are non-invasive (nondestructive testing) and permit the measurement
of small tooth and bone displacements varying
between 0.5 and 15 microns

sem1/sb/09-04


• Holography Stand Table
Prevents any Vibration
• Laser pointer


sem1/sb/09-04


• Split Beam
Reflection
Technique

• Laser Gas or
Semiconductor
Laser former


sem1/sb/09-04



sem1/sb/09-04

• Beam splitter is a piece of
GLASS fitted to a plastic holder
• The beam which passes through
the splitter is called the
OBJECT beam
• REFERENCE beam is the one
which is reflected from the
splitter


sem1/sb/09-04

Pulsed laser holography in studies of
bone motions and deformations
Unification of finite element methods
High precision hologrammetry
Holographic determination of rigidbody motions and application of
the method to orthodontics
Determination of arbitrary tooth
displacements
R. J. Pryputniewicz, C. J. Burstone, and W. W. Bowley

sem1/sb/09-04

Finite Element Method
• Finite Element term coined by Argyris
• First introduced to the Dental arena in the 1970’s
and was documented by Moss
• Advantages
Accuracy
Reproducibility
No usage of materials
Generation of intra material results


sem1/sb/09-04


Basic Steps involved
1. Preprocessing
2. Processing
3. Post processing


sem1/sb/09-04

Pre-processing
• Modelling of the structure being studied
• Most crucial step in the FEA
• The structure being studied is discretised into
smaller units termed ELEMENTS
• Each Element is free to be displaced in all
three planes of space


sem1/sb/09-04

• The element co-ordinates (x,y,z) can be either:
a. Global Co-ordinate system
b. Local Co-ordinate system

• Categories of Elements:
Shell Element
Beam Element
Truss Element


sem1/sb/09-04


• Elements are connected at certain points termed NODES
• This joining of Elements into Nodes and eliminating
duplicate Nodes is termed as MESHING
• The Mesh size is a crucial determinant of the accuracy
of the result
• Mesh size is inversely related to the time involved in the
analysis


sem1/sb/09-04


Possibilities of modelling of complex structures

a. 3-D CT scanning
b. 3-D Laser scanner
c. Voxel modelling


sem1/sb/09-04

Processing
a. Solving of differential equations
b. Assemblage into matrices
c. Summation of matrix equations
The equation of simplest linear static analysis is represented
as [F] = {K} {u}
The non-linear analysis is solved usually by what is termed
as the Newton-Raphson Method


sem1/sb/09-04


• Post-processing:
a. Graphical Output
b. Numerical Output
c. Animated Output


sem1/sb/09-04


• Software's for Finite Element Analysis Studies
• ANSYS
• NASTRAN / PARTRAN
• ALGOR


sem1/sb/09-04

•Originally developed for aerospace structural analysis
•FEA has grown to provide a convenient and speedy tool
for approximation of the solution to a wide variety of
complicated engineering problems
•In the hands of a competent user, the method of FEA
can produce accurate, reliable approximate solutions, at a
small fraction of the cost of more rigorous, closed-form
analyses


sem1/sb/09-04

Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is a numerical method
which provides solutions to problems that would otherwise
be difficult to obtain
•In terms of fracture, FEA most often involves the
determination of stress intensity factors
•FEA, however, has applications in a much broader range
of areas; for example, fluid flow and heat transfer
•While this range is growing, one thing will remain the
same: the theory of how the method works

sem1/sb/09-04


•OtherAlternative Methods
oBoundary Element Method
oComputational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
oDiscrete Element Method
oFinite Difference Method
oFinite Strip Method
oFinite Volume Method


sem1/sb/09-04


Finite element analysis for
Static structural analysis
Steady-state thermal analysis
Free vibrational analysis


sem1/sb/09-04

Applications of Computers in Orthodontics
Dr Sangamesh B 1

st

Yr PG

Dept of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, SDMCDS, Dharwad

sem1b / sb / 24/09/04

Nano Technology

• Definition of "nanotechnology"
• “Molecular nanotechnology"
• “Molecular manufacturing."


sem1/sb/09-04

Nano Technology
• Manufactured products are made from atoms
• The properties of those products depend on how those
atoms are arranged
• If we rearrange the atoms in coal we can make diamond
• If we rearrange the atoms in sand (and add a few other trace
elements) we can make computer chips
• If we rearrange the atoms in dirt, water and air we can make
potatoes.


sem1/sb/09-04

Nano Technology

• Today's manufacturing methods are very crude at
the molecular level
• Casting, grinding, milling and even lithography
move atoms in great thundering statistical herds


sem1/sb/09-04

Nano Technology

• This technology gets essentially every atom
in the right place

• And also make almost any structure
consistent with the laws of physics that we
can specify in molecular detail


sem1/sb/09-04

Nano Technology
"The principles of physics, as far as we can see, do not
speak against the possibility of maneuvering things
atom by atom."
• We need to apply at the molecular scale the concept
that has demonstrated its effectiveness at the
macroscopic scale: making parts go where we want
by putting them where we want!


sem1/sb/09-04

Nano Technology
• There are two more concepts commonly
associated with nanotechnology:
• Positional assembly
• Massive parallelism


sem1/sb/09-04

Nano Technology
• Positional assembly implies an interest in molecular
robotics, e.g., robotic devices that are molecular both in
their size and precision.
• These molecular scale positional devices are likely to
resemble very small versions of their everyday macroscopic
counterparts.
• Positional assembly is frequently used in normal
macroscopic manufacturing today, and provides tremendous
advantages.


sem1/sb/09-04

Nano Technology
• One robotic arm assembling molecular parts is going to take
a long time to assemble anything large — so we need lots of
robotic arms: this is what we mean by Massive parallelism
• While earlier proposals achieved Massive parallelism
through self replication, today's "best guess" is that future
molecular manufacturing systems will use some form of
convergent assembly


sem1/sb/09-04

Nano Technology

• Imagine trying to build a Tooth, Periodontal
Ligament and Bone with both hands tied behind
your back!
• The idea of manipulating and positioning individual
atoms and molecules is still new and definitely
difficult to comprehend


sem1/sb/09-04

Nano Technology
• In this process vast numbers of small parts are assembled by
vast numbers of small robotic arms into larger parts, those
larger parts are assembled by larger robotic arms into still
larger parts, and so forth
• If the size of the parts doubles at each iteration, we can go
from one nanometer parts (a few atoms in size) to one meter
parts (almost as big as a person) in only 30 steps


sem1/sb/09-04

Nano Technology

• Within minutes to hours.Orthodontic
Nanorobots could directly manipulate
periodontal tissues allowing rapid and
painless tooth movements


sem1/sb/09-04

Nano Technology

• Nano Materials
• Nano Electronics
•

Nano Biotechnology


sem1/sb/09-04

Nano Technology
• Nano Biotechnology:
following areas:

research is being carried out in the

• Novel Surfactants or nano particles for respiratory diseases
• Nano particles as catalysts- the Bhasma concept- their
enhanced activity due to nano particles
• Nano composites for dental and orthodontics use


sem1/sb/09-04

Nano Technology
• Nano-technology was first used in dentistry with Prime&Bond®NT
by DENTSPLY in 1997
• In 2003, Ceram.X combined nano-technology with methacrylatemodified polysiloxane, a component of technical ceramics
• The result was nano-ceramic technology and led to higher fracture
toughness and reduced monomer leakage in comparison to other
filling materials
• The Future : Nano-Ceramic Restorative Materials


sem1/sb/09-04

Miscellaneous
Storage of Data
Web Designing
Communication
Education - COAST /CAL / CASMAS

Application of computers in orthodontics –Classification

sem1/sb/09-04


Storage of Data
ORTHOCAST
ORTHOCAD
GEODIGM CORP

Application of computers in orthodontics –Classification

sem1/sb/09-04

Miscellaneous
Storage of data

Application of computers in orthodontics – Miscellaneous

sem1/sb/09-04

Miscellaneous
Storage of data

•
•
•
•
•

Storage
Retrieval
Diagnostics
Communication
Convenience

•
•
•
•
•

Multiple sites
Automatic
Backup
Integration
Pricing


sem1/sb/09-04

Miscellaneous
Storage of data

• GEODIGM CORP - emodels™

• Ease of Use
• Increased Efficiency
• Interdisciplinary Treatment
Planning
• Precision
• Savings
• Secure Online Storage
• Enhanced Revenues
• Improved Access
• Cost Effective Solution
• Speed


sem1/sb/09-04

Hosting a web page
The History of HTML

Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1990

•Web hosting language
HTTP (hyper text transfer protocol)
HTML(hyper text markup language)
URL (universal resource locators)


sem1/sb/09-04

Communication
Patient Perspective
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Searching Websites for specialists
Net Appointments
Net Consultation
Net Counselling
Inter Speciality Referencing
VTP demo to patient
Evidence Based Dentistry


sem1/sb/09-04

Communication
Orthodontist’s Perspective
•
•
•
•
•

Searching Websites for Information
Medline, Pub med, NML…
Net Discussion
Net Conferencing
Multispeciality Tele Surgery


sem1/sb/09-04

Computer Program
Zerobase
Dr Sarver’s Edu Prog
CAL
CASMAS
COAST


sem1/sb/09-04

Computer Program
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

The ZeroBase computer program :
Diagnosis
Digital imaging
Visual treatment planning
Morphing (including long-range growth forecasting)
Visual treatment charts
Communication
Patient education


sem1/sb/09-04

Computer Education
•

Dr. Sarver : Step-by-step procedures
necessary to create a PowerPoint
program designed to assist in patient
presentations

•

Technical aspects of creating a
powerful presentation and well as the
marketing philosophy behind the
techniques

•

Virtual private networks (VPN) which
will provide real-time access to patient
diagnostic and treatment data

Dr. Sarver


sem1/sb/09-04

Computer-aided Learning (CAL)

• Package for teaching the Index of Orthodontic Treatment
Need (IOTN) dental students.
• CAL is effective in our setting it could be a valuable aid in
orthodontic teaching


sem1/sb/09-04

CASMAS
Evaluation of skeletal maturation is important information for
treatment planning
A new system developed named “CASMAS” (Computer
Aided Skeletal Maturity Assessment System)
Automatically evaluate skeletal maturation
The mandibular growth prediction using bone age obtained by
CASMAS


sem1/sb/09-04

COAST
• Dr Sunil Kapila
• Conduct Keynote Lectures
• Paper presentations
• Only on Orthodontic
Advances in Science and
Technology


sem1/sb/09-04

Usage of Computers by PG’s and Staff at
SDMCDS
A Pilot Survey

Application of computers in orthodontics – Survey

sem1/sb/09-04

STRUCTURE OF PRESENTATION
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Objective
Method
Sample Data
Questionnaire
Findings
Classifying Hardware & Software
Limitations
Results and Implications


sem1/sb/09-04

OBJECTIVE

• To assess the usage of computers among
Dentists (Staff & Students) at SDMCDS


sem1/sb/09-04

Sub Objectives
• The usage of computers is currently more for
information seeking and communication (emails)
• Knowledge of hardware
• Knowledge of software
• Extent of usage
• Importance of usage
• Perception of how user friendly the computer


sem1/sb/09-04

Method
• Target Audience
– Each respondent is an individual who is either a Faculty or PG Student at
SDMCDS

• Sample Size
– 53 Respondents from Orthodontics, Periodontics, Implantology and Pedodontic
departments were analyzed

• Methodology
– Structured Questionnaires were administered amongst the respondents


sem1/sb/09-04

SAMPLE DATA
• Age
24 - 30
31- 39
Missing
Total

:
:
:
:

34
9
10
53

• Occupation
PG Students - BDS : 39
Faculty - MDS
: 14
Total
: 53


sem1/sb/09-04

SAMPLE DATA

• All 53 respondents were using computers
and were literate on usage of computers.


sem1/sb/09-04

Department-wise Respondents
Department Frequency
• Implantology
•
• Orthodontics
Ortho

• Pedodontics

8

Periodontics

14

•

Perio

1

•

Implant

Total

53

30

Pedo


FINDINGS
computer literate
Missing

Yes


sem1/sb/09-04

FINDINGS
research

Missing

No

Yes

research

Valid

Missing
Total

No
Yes
Total
System

Frequency
29
23
52
1
53

Percent
54.7
43.4
98.1
1.9
100.0

Valid Percent
55.8
44.2
100.0

Cumulative
Percent
55.8
100.0


sem1/sb/09-04

FINDINGS
seminar - prez
Missing
No

Yes

seminar - prez

Valid

Missing
Total

No
Yes
Total
System

Frequency
3
49
52
1
53

Percent
5.7
92.5
98.1
1.9
100.0

Valid Percent
5.8
94.2
100.0

Cumulative
Percent
5.8
100.0


sem1/sb/09-04

FINDINGS
email
Missing
No

Yes

email

Valid

Missing
Total

No
Yes
Total
System

Frequency
2
50
52
1
53

Percent
3.8
94.3
98.1
1.9
100.0

Valid Percent
3.8
96.2
100.0

Cumulative
Percent
3.8
100.0


sem1/sb/09-04

FINDINGS

information

Valid

Missing
Total

No
Yes
Total
System

Frequency
7
45
52
1
53

Percent
13.2
84.9
98.1
1.9
100.0

Valid Percent
13.5
86.5
100.0

Cumulative
Percent
13.5
100.0


sem1/sb/09-04

FINDINGS
own computer
Missing
No

Yes

own computer

Valid

Missing
Total

No
Yes
Total
System

Frequency
9
43
52
1
53

Percent
17.0
81.1
98.1
1.9
100.0

Valid Percent
17.3
82.7
100.0

Cumulative
Percent
17.3
100.0


sem1/sb/09-04

FINDINGS
configuration
50

40

30

Frequency

20

10

Std. Dev = .42
Mean = .78
N = 50.00

0
0.00

.50

1.00

configuration

configuration

Valid

Missing
Total

No
Yes
Total
System

Frequency
11
39
50
3
53

Percent
20.8
73.6
94.3
5.7
100.0

Valid Percent
22.0
78.0
100.0

Cumulative
Percent
22.0
100.0


sem1/sb/09-04

Use of Computers for…
Descriptive Statistics
N
email
seminar - prez
information
data storage
chat
research
graphic
net conferencing
hosting web page
CAD
CAM
Valid N (listwise)

52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52

Minimum
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Maximum
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0

Mean
.96
.94
.87
.79
.60
.44
.27
.19
.15
7.69E-02
.00

Std. Deviation
.19
.24
.34
.41
.50
.50
.45
.40
.36
.27
.00


sem1/sb/09-04

Use of Computers for…
Report
NEWDEPT
Ortho

Pedo

Perio

Implant

Total

Mean
N
Std. Deviation
Sum
Minimum
Maximum
% of Total Sum
Mean
N
Std. Deviation
Sum
Minimum
Maximum
% of Total Sum
Mean
N
Std. Deviation
Sum
Minimum
Maximum
% of Total Sum
Mean
N
Std. Deviation
Sum
Minimum
Maximum
% of Total Sum
Mean
N
Std. Deviation
Sum
Minimum
Maximum
% of Total Sum

research
.43
30
.50
13
No
Yes
56.5%
.88
8
.35
7
No
Yes
30.4%
.15
13
.38
2
No
Yes
8.7%
1.00
1
.
1
Yes
Yes
4.3%
.44
52
.50
23
No
Yes
100.0%

graphic
.33
30
.48
10
No
Yes
71.4%
.25
8
.46
2
No
Yes
14.3%
7.69E-02
13
.28
1
No
Yes
7.1%
1.00
1
.
1
Yes
Yes
7.1%
.27
52
.45
14
No
Yes
100.0%


seminar prez
1.00
30
.00
30
Yes
Yes
61.2%
.75
8
.46
6
No
Yes
12.2%
.92
13
.28
12
No
Yes
24.5%
1.00
1
.
1
Yes
Yes
2.0%
.94
52
.24
49
No
Yes
100.0%

email
.97
30
.18
29
No
Yes
58.0%
1.00
8
.00
8
Yes
Yes
16.0%
.92
13
.28
12
No
Yes
24.0%
1.00
1
.
1
Yes
Yes
2.0%
.96
52
.19
50
No
Yes
100.0%

chat
.77
30
.43
23
No
Yes
74.2%
.38
8
.52
3
No
Yes
9.7%
.38
13
.51
5
No
Yes
16.1%
.00
1
.
0
No
No
.0%
.60
52
.50
31
No
Yes
100.0%

net
conferencing
.13
30
.35
4
No
Yes
40.0%
.38
8
.52
3
No
Yes
30.0%
.23
13
.44
3
No
Yes
30.0%
.00
1
.
0
No
No
.0%
.19
52
.40
10
No
Yes
100.0%

information
.90
30
.31
27
No
Yes
60.0%
.88
8
.35
7
No
Yes
15.6%
.85
13
.38
11
No
Yes
24.4%
.00
1
.
0
No
No
.0%
.87
52
.34
45
No
Yes
100.0%


hosting
web page
.10
30
.31
3
No
Yes
37.5%
.13
8
.35
1
No
Yes
12.5%
.31
13
.48
4
No
Yes
50.0%
.00
1
.
0
No
No
.0%
.15
52
.36
8
No
Yes
100.0%

data storage
.83
30
.38
25
No
Yes
61.0%
.88
8
.35
7
No
Yes
17.1%
.62
13
.51
8
No
Yes
19.5%
1.00
1
.
1
Yes
Yes
2.4%
.79
52
.41
41
No
Yes
100.0%

CAD
.13
30
.35
4
No
Yes
100.0%
.00
8
.00
0
No
No
.0%
.00
13
.00
0
No
No
.0%
.00
1
.
0
No
No
.0%
7.69E-02
52
.27
4
No
Yes
100.0%

CAM
.00
30
.00
0
No
No
.
.00
8
.00
0
No
No
.
.00
13
.00
0
No
No
.
.00
1
.
0
No
No
.
.00
52
.00
0
No
No
.

sem1/sb/09-04

HARDWARE
Descriptive Statistics
N
windows
key board
monitor
hard disk
processor
RAM
mouse
CD drive
floppy drive
memory stick
DOS
combo drive
others
linux
Valid N (listwise)

50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
49
50
49
50
48

Minimum
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Maximum
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0

Mean
.82
.82
.82
.80
.80
.78
.78
.78
.74
.26
.18
.18
.12
.00

Std. Deviation
.39
.39
.39
.40
.40
.42
.42
.42
.44
.44
.39
.39
.33
.00


sem1/sb/09-04

Hardware
Report

NEWDEPT
Ortho

Pedo

Perio

Implant

Total

Mean
N
Std. Deviation
Sum
Minimum
Maximum
% of Total Sum
Mean
N
Std. Deviation
Sum
Minimum
Maximum
% of Total Sum
Mean
N
Std. Deviation
Sum
Minimum
Maximum
% of Total Sum
Mean
N
Std. Deviation
Sum
Minimum
Maximum
% of Total Sum
Mean
N
Std. Deviation
Sum
Minimum
Maximum
% of Total Sum

RAM
.86
29
.35
25
No
Yes
64.1%
.57
7
.53
4
No
Yes
10.3%
.69
13
.48
9
No
Yes
23.1%
1.00
1
.
1
Yes
Yes
2.6%
.78
50
.42
39
No
Yes
100.0%

processor
.86
29
.35
25
No
Yes
62.5%
.43
7
.53
3
No
Yes
7.5%
.85
13
.38
11
No
Yes
27.5%
1.00
1
.
1
Yes
Yes
2.5%
.80
50
.40
40
No
Yes
100.0%

hard disk
.83
29
.38
24
No
Yes
60.0%
.57
7
.53
4
No
Yes
10.0%
.85
13
.38
11
No
Yes
27.5%
1.00
1
.
1
Yes
Yes
2.5%
.80
50
.40
40
No
Yes
100.0%

floppy drive
.66
29
.48
19
No
Yes
51.4%
.71
7
.49
5
No
Yes
13.5%
.92
13
.28
12
No
Yes
32.4%
1.00
1
.
1
Yes
Yes
2.7%
.74
50
.44
37
No
Yes
100.0%

CD drive
.76
29
.44
22
No
Yes
56.4%
.71
7
.49
5
No
Yes
12.8%
.85
13
.38
11
No
Yes
28.2%
1.00
1
.
1
Yes
Yes
2.6%
.78
50
.42
39
No
Yes
100.0%

memory stick
.31
29
.47
9
No
Yes
69.2%
.29
7
.49
2
No
Yes
15.4%
.15
13
.38
2
No
Yes
15.4%
.00
1
.
0
No
No
.0%
.26
50
.44
13
No
Yes
100.0%

monitor
.79
29
.41
23
No
Yes
56.1%
.57
7
.53
4
No
Yes
9.8%
1.00
13
.00
13
Yes
Yes
31.7%
1.00
1
.
1
Yes
Yes
2.4%
.82
50
.39
41
No
Yes
100.0%

mouse
.76
29
.44
22
No
Yes
56.4%
.71
7
.49
5
No
Yes
12.8%
.85
13
.38
11
No
Yes
28.2%
1.00
1
.
1
Yes
Yes
2.6%
.78
50
.42
39
No
Yes
100.0%

key board
.79
29
.41
23
No
Yes
56.1%
.71
7
.49
5
No
Yes
12.2%
.92
13
.28
12
No
Yes
29.3%
1.00
1
.
1
Yes
Yes
2.4%
.82
50
.39
41
No
Yes
100.0%

combo drive
.28
29
.45
8
No
Yes
88.9%
.14
7
.38
1
No
Yes
11.1%
.00
13
.00
0
No
No
.0%
.00
1
.
0
No
No
.0%
.18
50
.39
9
No
Yes
100.0%

windows
.76
29
.44
22
No
Yes
53.7%
.71
7
.49
5
No
Yes
12.2%
1.00
13
.00
13
Yes
Yes
31.7%
1.00
1
.
1
Yes
Yes
2.4%
.82
50
.39
41
No
Yes
100.0%

linux
.00
29
.00
0
No
No
.
.00
7
.00
0
No
No
.
.00
13
.00
0
No
No
.
.00
1
.
0
No
No
.
.00
50
.00
0
No
No
.

DOS
.14
28
.36
4
No
Yes
44.4%
.14
7
.38
1
No
Yes
11.1%
.31
13
.48
4
No
Yes
44.4%
.00
1
.
0
No
No
.0%
.18
49
.39
9
No
Yes
100.0%

others
.14
29
.35
4
No
Yes
66.7%
.17
6
.41
1
No
Yes
16.7%
7.69E-02
13
.28
1
No
Yes
16.7%
.00
1
.
0
No
No
.0%
.12
49
.33
6
No
Yes
100.0%


sem1/sb/09-04

Software - Purpose


sem1/sb/09-04

Software - Purpose
Report
NEWDEPT
Ortho
Mean
N
Std. Deviation
Sum
Minimum
Maximum
% of Total Sum
Pedo
Mean
N
Std. Deviation
Sum
Minimum
Maximum
% of Total Sum
Perio
Mean
N
Std. Deviation
Sum
Minimum
Maximum
% of Total Sum
Implant
Mean
N
Std. Deviation
Sum
Minimum
Maximum
% of Total Sum
Total
Mean
N
Std. Deviation
Sum
Minimum
Maximum
% of Total Sum

word
.93
30
.25
28
No
Yes
62.2%
1.00
8
.00
8
Yes
Yes
17.8%
.80
10
.42
8
No
Yes
17.8%
1.00
1
.
1
Yes
Yes
2.2%
.92
49
.28
45
No
Yes
100.0%

ppt
1.00
30
.00
30
Yes
Yes
62.5%
1.00
8
.00
8
Yes
Yes
16.7%
.82
11
.40
9
No
Yes
18.8%
1.00
1
.
1
Yes
Yes
2.1%
.96
50
.20
48
No
Yes
100.0%

access
.10
30
.31
3
No
Yes
100.0%
.00
8
.00
0
No
No
.0%
.00
11
.00
0
No
No
.0%
.00
1
.
0
No
No
.0%
6.00E-02
50
.24
3
No
Yes
100.0%

excel
.53
30
.51
16
No
Yes
66.7%
.63
8
.52
5
No
Yes
20.8%
.18
11
.40
2
No
Yes
8.3%
1.00
1
.
1
Yes
Yes
4.2%
.48
50
.50
24
No
Yes
100.0%

dos
.13
30
.35
4
No
Yes
80.0%
.00
8
.00
0
No
No
.0%
9.09E-02
11
.30
1
No
Yes
20.0%
.00
1
.
0
No
No
.0%
.10
50
.30
5
No
Yes
100.0%

outlook
.30
30
.47
9
No
Yes
52.9%
.38
8
.52
3
No
Yes
17.6%
.36
11
.50
4
No
Yes
23.5%
1.00
1
.
1
Yes
Yes
5.9%
.34
50
.48
17
No
Yes
100.0%


frontpage
.27
30
.45
8
No
Yes
80.0%
.00
8
.00
0
No
No
.0%
.18
11
.40
2
No
Yes
20.0%
.00
1
.
0
No
No
.0%
.20
50
.40
10
No
Yes
100.0%

netmeetng
.13
30
.35
4
No
Yes
66.7%
.25
8
.46
2
No
Yes
33.3%
.00
11
.00
0
No
No
.0%
.00
1
.
0
No
No
.0%
.12
50
.33
6
No
Yes
100.0%

spss
6.67E-02
30
.25
2
No
Yes
100.0%
.00
8
.00
0
No
No
.0%
.00
11
.00
0
No
No
.0%
.00
1
.
0
No
No
.0%
4.00E-02
50
.20
2
No
Yes
100.0%

statistica
.10
30
.31
3
No
Yes
100.0%
.00
8
.00
0
No
No
.0%
.00
11
.00
0
No
No
.0%
.00
1
.
0
No
No
.0%
6.00E-02
50
.24
3
No
Yes
100.0%

lisrel
6.67E-02
30
.25
2
No
Yes
100.0%
.00
8
.00
0
No
No
.0%
.00
11
.00
0
No
No
.0%
.00
1
.
0
No
No
.0%
4.00E-02
50
.20
2
No
Yes
100.0%

anthropac
3.33E-02
30
.18
1
No
Yes
100.0%
.00
8
.00
0
No
No
.0%
.00
11
.00
0
No
No
.0%
.00
1
.
0
No
No
.0%
2.00E-02
50
.14
1
No
Yes
100.0%

acrobat
.50
30
.51
15
No
Yes
71.4%
.13
8
.35
1
No
Yes
4.8%
.36
11
.50
4
No
Yes
19.0%
1.00
1
.
1
Yes
Yes
4.8%
.42
50
.50
21
No
Yes
100.0%

photoshop
.90
30
.40
27
No
2
79.4%
.25
8
.46
2
No
Yes
5.9%
.36
11
.50
4
No
Yes
11.8%
1.00
1
.
1
Yes
Yes
2.9%
.68
50
.51
34
No
2
100.0%

flash
.60
30
.50
18
No
Yes
78.3%
.25
8
.46
2
No
Yes
8.7%
.18
11
.40
2
No
Yes
8.7%
1.00
1
.
1
Yes
Yes
4.3%
.46
50
.50
23
No
Yes
100.0%


win amp
.70
30
.47
21
No
Yes
61.8%
.75
8
.46
6
No
Yes
17.6%
.55
11
.52
6
No
Yes
17.6%
1.00
1
.
1
Yes
Yes
2.9%
.68
50
.47
34
No
Yes
100.0%

publisher
.17
30
.38
5
No
Yes
83.3%
.00
8
.00
0
No
No
.0%
9.09E-02
11
.30
1
No
Yes
16.7%
.00
1
.
0
No
No
.0%
.12
50
.33
6
No
Yes
100.0%

real player
.50
30
.51
15
No
Yes
68.2%
.38
8
.52
3
No
Yes
13.6%
.27
11
.47
3
No
Yes
13.6%
1.00
1
.
1
Yes
Yes
4.5%
.44
50
.50
22
No
Yes
100.0%

3d smax
.13
30
.35
4
No
Yes
66.7%
.00
8
.00
0
No
No
.0%
.18
11
.40
2
No
Yes
33.3%
.00
1
.
0
No
No
.0%
.12
50
.33
6
No
Yes
100.0%

maya
6.67E-02
30
.25
2
No
Yes
100.0%
.00
8
.00
0
No
No
.0%
.00
11
.00
0
No
No
.0%
.00
1
.
0
No
No
.0%
4.00E-02
50
.20
2
No
Yes
100.0%

autocad
.27
30
.45
8
No
Yes
100.0%
.00
8
.00
0
No
No
.0%
.00
11
.00
0
No
No
.0%
.00
1
.
0
No
No
.0%
.16
50
.37
8
No
Yes
100.0%

corel draw
.73
30
.45
22
No
Yes
84.6%
.13
8
.35
1
No
Yes
3.8%
.18
11
.40
2
No
Yes
7.7%
1.00
1
.
1
Yes
Yes
3.8%
.52
50
.50
26
No
Yes
100.0%

photo editor
.34
29
.48
10
No
Yes
71.4%
.13
8
.35
1
No
Yes
7.1%
.18
11
.40
2
No
Yes
14.3%
1.00
1
.
1
Yes
Yes
7.1%
.29
49
.46
14
No
Yes
100.0%

digicam
.50
30
.51
15
No
Yes
78.9%
.13
8
.35
1
No
Yes
5.3%
.27
11
.47
3
No
Yes
15.8%
.00
1
.
0
No
No
.0%
.38
50
.49
19
No
Yes
100.0%

games
.5
3
.5
1
No
Yes
70.8%
.5

.5

No
Yes
16.7%
.1
1
.4
No
Yes

8.3%
1.0

Yes
Yes

4.2%
.4
5
.5
2

No
Yes
100.0%

sem1/sb/09-04

Software – Extent of Usage
De scriptive Sta tistics
N
ppt
word
win amp
others
photoshop
games
real player
corel draw
acrobat
digicam
photo editor
excel
flash
outlook
netmeetng
publisher
3d smax
dos
autocad
access
frontpage
anthropac
spss
maya
lisrel
statistica
Valid N (listwise)

52
52
51
11
48
49
49
47
48
46
47
49
47
50
49
46
46
47
46
47
46
46
46
46
46
46
9

Minimum
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2
-2
-2
0
0
-2
0
-1
-1
0
0
-1
-2
-2
-1
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

Maximum
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
3
2
1
1
1
0
0
0

Mean
2.63
2.44
1.61
1.45
1.44
1.41
.98
.96
.94
.85
.70
.67
.53
.42
.33
.17
.11
8.51E-02
6.52E-02
6.38E-02
4.35E-02
-2.17E-02
-2.17E-02
-4.35E-02
-4.35E-02
-4.35E-02

Std. Dev
iation
.77
.87
1.28
1.13
1.05
1.15
1.27
1.32
1.10
1.23
1.14
.88
.83
.81
.83
.49
.43
.41
.57
.48
.29
.33
.33
.29
.29
.29

sem1/sb/09-04

Software – Extent of Usage
Report
NEWDEPT
Ortho
Mean
N
Std. Deviation
Sum
Minimum

Pedo

Perio

word
2.63
30
.56
79
limited
use
Maximum
extensive
use
% of Total Sum
62.2%
Mean
2.63
N
8
Std. Deviation
.52
Sum
21
Minimum
moderate
use
Maximum
extensive
use
% of Total Sum
16.5%
Mean
1.85
N
13
Std. Deviation
1.34
Sum
24
Minimum
dont uuse
Maximum

Implant

Total

extensive
use
% of Total Sum
18.9%
Mean
3.00
N
1
Std. Deviation
.
Sum
3
Minimum
extensive
use
Maximum
extensive
use
% of Total Sum
2.4%
Mean
2.44
N
52
Std. Deviation
.87
Sum
127
Minimum
dont uuse

ppt
2.73
30
.64
82

access
6.67E-02
30
.25
2

excel
.83
30
.83
25

dos
.13
30
.43
4

outlook frontpage netmeetng
spss
.37 6.67E-02
.23 3.33E-02
30
30
30
30
.72
.25
.68
.18
11
2
7
1

dont uuse dont uuse dont uuse dont uuse dont uuse dont uuse dont uuse
extensive
use
59.9%
2.63
8
.52
21
moderate
use
extensive
use
15.3%
2.38
13
1.12
31
dont uuse

lisrel
anthropac
.00 3.33E-02
30
30
.00
.18
0
1

acrobat photoshop
1.07
1.57
30
30
1.01
.94
32
47

dont uuse dont uuse dont uuse dont uuse dont uuse dont uuse

flash
.60
30
.86
18

win amp publisher real player 3d smax
1.47
.20
.97 3.33E-02
30
30
30
30
1.38
.48
1.22
.18
44
6
29
1

-2

-2

-1

-2

-2

-1

-1

-1

-2

-2

-2

-2

extensive limited
moderate
dont uuse dont uuse dont uuse dont uuse
use
use
use
19.0%
.0%
18.8%
.
.
.
.
2.00
1
.
2
moderate
use
moderate
use
9.5%
.42 4.35E-02
.33 -2.17E-02 -4.35E-02 -4.35E-02 -2.17E-02
50
46
49
46
46
46
46
.81
.29
.83
.33
.29
.29
.33
21
2
16
-1
-2
-2
-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-2

-2

-2

-2

-2 dont uuse
extensive
use
15.6%
2.00
1
.
2
moderate
use
moderate
use
4.4%
.94
48
1.10
45

maya
.00
30
.00
0

autocad corel draw photo editor
.17
1.37
.77
30
30
30
.59
1.30
1.19
5
41
23

dont uuse dont uuse dont uuse dont uuse dont uuse dont uuse dont uuse dont uuse dont uuse

limited
extensive moderate moderate limited
extensive limited
limited
extensive extensive extensive extensive
dont uuse dont uuse
use
use
use
use
use
use
use
use
use
use
use
use
66.7%
75.8% 100.0%
52.4% 100.0%
43.8%
.
.
.
.
71.1%
68.1%
72.0%
53.7%
.25
1.00
.00
.67
.00
1.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
1.00
.75
.25
2.43
4
5
4
6
3
6
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
7
.50
.71
.00
.82
.00
1.26
.00
.00
.00
.00
1.15
1.50
.50
.53
1
5
0
4
0
6
0
0
0
0
4
3
1
17
moderate
dont uuse dont uuse dont uuse dont uuse dont uuse dont uuse dont uuse dont uuse dont uuse dont uuse dont uuse dont uuse dont uuse
use
limited
moderate
moderate
extensive
moderate extensive limited
extensive
dont uuse
dont uuse
dont uuse dont uuse dont uuse dont uuse
use
use
use
use
use
use
use
use
33.3%
15.2%
.0%
19.0%
.0%
37.5%
.
.
.
.
8.9%
4.3%
4.0%
20.7%
.00
.15 -1.28E-17
.31 -1.17E-17
.23
-.15
-.15
-.15
-.15
.54
1.31
.46
1.38
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
.82
.90
.41
.95
.41
.83
.55
.55
.55
.55
1.27
1.18
.88
1.19
0
2
0
4
0
3
-2
-2
-2
-2
7
17
6
18

extensive moderate moderate limited
use
use
use
use
22.6%
.0%
6.1%
.0%
3.00
1.00
1
1
.
.
3
1
extensive
limited
use
use
extensive
limited
use
use
2.2%
3.0%
2.63 6.38E-02
.67 8.51E-02
52
47
49
47
.77
.48
.88
.41
137
3
33
4
dont uuse

statistica
.00
30
.00
0

games
1.4
2
1.1
4

dont uuse dont uus

moderate extensive limited
extensive extensive extensive
extensive extensive
dont uuse
use
use
use
use
use
use
use
use
75.0%
60.4%
20.0%
. 166.7%
91.1%
69.7%
71.8%
62.3%
.00
1.80
.00
.00
.00
.67
1.00
1.00
1.8
3
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
.00
1.30
.00
.00
.00
1.15
1.73
1.73
1.4
0
9
0
0
0
2
3
3
1
dont uuse dont uuse dont uuse dont uuse dont uuse dont uuse dont uuse
dont uuse
.0%
.15
13
.55
2

dont uuse dont uuse dont uuse


dont uuse dont uus

extensive
moderate extensive
extensive extensive
use
use
use
use
use
18.8%
.0%
.
.0%
4.4%
9.1%
7.7%
15.9%
.54
.31
-.15
-.15 7.69E-02
.46
.62
.9
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
1
1.20
.75
.55
.55
1.04
.97
1.04
.9
7
4
-2
-2
1
6
8
1
-2 dont uuse

-2

-2

extensive moderate extensive moderate extensive moderate
dont uuse dont uuse
use
use
use
use
use
use
24.6%
24.0%
22.0%
25.0%
14.6%
80.0%
.
-66.7%
2.00
3.00
3.00
1
1
1
.
.
.
2
3
3
moderate
extensive
extensive
use
use
use
moderate
extensive
extensive
use
use
use
2.9%
3.7%
6.3%
1.44
.53
1.61
.17
.98
.11 -4.35E-02 6.52E-02
48
47
51
46
49
46
46
46
1.05
.83
1.28
.49
1.27
.43
.29
.57
69
25
82
8
48
5
-2
3

-2 dont uuse

digicam
.93
30
1.28
28

-2 dont uuse

-2

-2

-2 dont uuse
extensive
use
2.2%
1.00
1
.
1
limited
use
limited
use
2.2%
.96
47
1.32
45

dont uuse dont uus

extensive
extensive extensive
use
use
use
18.2%
20.5%
17.4%
1.00
3.0
1
.
1
extensive
limited use
use
extensive
limited use
use
3.0%
4.3%
.70
.85
1.4
47
46
4
1.14
1.23
1.1
33
39
6

-2 dont uuse

dont uuse dont uus

Maximum

extensive extensive moderate extensive moderate extensive limited
extensive limited
limited
extensive extensive extensive extensive moderate extensive moderate
extensive extensive extensive
extensive extensive
dont uuse dont uuse
dont uuse
use
use
use
use
use
use
use
use
use
use
use
use
use
use
use
use
use
use
use
use
use
use
% of Total Sum 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
100.0%
.
.
.
. 100.0%
100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
100.0% 100.0%
. 100.0%
100.0%
100.0% 100.0% 100.0%



sem1/sb/09-04

Software – Importance
De scriptive Statistics
N
ppt
word
win amp
photoshop
corel draw
games
digicam
acrobat
flash
others
excel
real player
photo editor
outlook
frontpage
publisher
netmeetng
dos
access
autocad
spss
anthropac
statistica
3d smax
maya
lisrel
Valid N (listwise)

48
48
47
47
47
47
46
47
47
11
46
47
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
11

Minimum
0
0
0
-2
-1
-1
-2
-2
-2
0
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

Maximum
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1

Mean
1.92
1.87
1.23
1.00
.94
.74
.70
.66
.64
.64
.59
.55
.47
.16
.11
.11
.11
8.89E-02
2.22E-02
-2.22E-02
-6.67E-02
-.11
-.11
-.11
-.13
-.13

Std. Deviation
.40
.44
.89
.96
.92
.94
1.05
1.03
.85
.81
.91
.97
.89
.82
.61
.80
.86
.63
.66
.78
.62
.57
.57
.49
.50
.55


sem1/sb/09-04

Software – Importance
Report
NEWDEPT
Ortho

ppt
2.00
30
.00
60

access
.11
28
.63
3

excel
.76
29
.79
22

dos
.14
28
.59
4

very
important

not
important

not
important

not
important

very
important

very
important

very
important

very
important

very
important

% of Total Sum
64.4%
Mean
2.00
N
8
Std. Deviation
.00
Sum
16
Minimum
very
important
Maximum
very
important

65.2%
2.00
8
.00
16
very
important

300.0%
-.25
8
.89
-2
not at all
important
somewha
t
important
-200.0%
2.43E-17
8
.53
0
not
important
somewha
t
important
.0%
.00
1
.
0

81.5%
.13
8
1.36
1
not at all
important

100.0%
-.38
8
.74
-3
not at all
important

very
important

0

3.7%
.38
8
.74
3

-75.0%
.38
8
.52
3

0

0

Mean
N
Std. Deviation
Sum
Minimum

Maximum

Pedo

Perio

% of Total Sum
Mean
N
Std. Deviation
Sum
Minimum
Maximum

Implant

% of Total Sum
Mean
N
Std. Deviation
Sum
Minimum

Maximum

Total

% of Total Sum
Mean
N
Std. Deviation
Sum
Minimum
Maximum

% of Total Sum

word
1.93
30
.25
58
somewha
t
important

very
important

17.8%
1.56
9
.88
14

17.4%
1.56
9
.88
14

0

0

very
important

very
important

15.6%
2.00
1
.
2

15.2%
2.00
1
.
2

very
important

very
important

0

very
important

very
important

0

2.2%
1.87
48
.44
90

2.2%
1.92
48
.40
92

0

0

very
important
100.0%

very
important

outlook frontpage netmeetng
spss
.11
.18
.18 -3.57E-02
28
28
28
28
.63
.48
.77
.51
3
5
5
-1
not at all
important

not
important

somewha
t
important
42.9%
.13
8
1.25
1
not at all
important

somewha
t
important
100.0%
-.38
8
.74
-3
not at all
important

very
important

0

not at all
important
very
important
100.0%
.25
8
1.39
2
not at all
important
very
important

acrobat photoshop
.80
1.20
30
30
1.03
.81
24
36

not at all
important

not at all
important

not at all
important

not at all
important

not at all
important

somewha
t
important
.
-.38
8
.74
-3
not at all
important

somewha
t
important
.
-.38
8
.74
-3
not at all
important

somewha
t
important
.
-.38
8
.74
-3
not at all
important

somewha
t
important
.
-.38
8
.74
-3
not at all
important

0

0

0

0

.
.13
8
.83
1

.
-.25
8
.46
-2

.
-.25
8
.46
-2

.
-.13
8
.35
-1

not
important

not
important

not
important

0

flash
.77
30
.86
23

win amp
1.30
30
.92
39

not at all
important

67.2%
1.13
8
.83
9

140.0%
-.38
8
.74
-3
not at all
important

57.7%
.63
8
.74
5
0

0

.0%
1.25
8
1.04
10

76.7%
.13
8
.64
1
not
important
somewha
t
important
3.3%
.63
8
.92
5

not
important

0

0

0

0

very
important

somewhat
important

very
important

14.3%
2.00
1
.
2

60.0%
.00
1
.
0

-40.0%
.00
1
.
0

.
.00
1
.
0

.
.00
1
.
0

.
.00
1
.
0

.
.00
1
.
0

19.4%
2.00
1
.
2

21.3%
1.00
1
.
1

0

very
important

0

0

0

0

0

0

very
important

somewhat
important

0

very
important

0

0

0

0

0

0

very
important

somewhat
important

.0%
8.89E-02
45
.63
4
not at all
important

28.6%
.16
45
.82
7
not at all
important

.0%
.11
45
.61
5
not at all
important

.0%
.
.11 -6.67E-02
45
45
.86
.62
5
-3
not at all
not at all
important important

.
-.13
45
.55
-6
not at all
important
somewha
t
important
.

.
-.11
45
.57
-5
not at all
important
somewha
t
important
.

6.5%
.66
47
1.03
31
not at all
important

2.1%
1.00
47
.96
47
not at all
important

very
important

.
-.11
45
.57
-5
not at all
important
somewha
t
important
.

16.7%
1.00
1
.
1
somewha
t
important
somewha
t
important
3.3%
.64
47
.85
30
not at all
important

very
important

very
important

very
important
100.0%

very
important

very
important

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%


100.0%

very
important
.

somewha
t
important
.
-.38
8
.74
-3
not at all
important

76.6%
4.86E-17
8
.93
0
not at all
important

0

very
important

not at all
important

77.4%
-.13
8
.83
-1
not at all
important
somewha
t
important
-3.2%
.75
8
.89
6

0

very
important

not at all
important
somewha
t
important
.
.13
8
.35
1

0

very
important

not at all
important
very
important

very
important

very
important

not at all
important
very
important

0

.0%
2.22E-02
45
.66
1
not at all
important

0
very
important

very
important

11.1%
1.00
1
.
1
somewha
t
important
somewha
t
important
3.7%
.59
46
.91
27
not at all
important

maya
-.11
28
.50
-3

very
important

very
important

somewha
t
important
75.0%
.00
1
.
0

3d smax
-.18
28
.55
-5

very
important

-60.0%
.38
8
.74
3

not
important

publisher real player
.25
.50
28
30
.80
1.01
7
15

very
important

14.3%
.13
8
.83
1
not
important

0

40.0%
-.25
8
.46
-2

statistica
lisrel
anthropac
1.04E-17 -3.57E-02 -3.57E-02
28
28
28
.54
.51
.58
0
-1
-1

100.0%

very
important

100.0%


0
very
important
15.5%
1.00
8
.93
8

0

very
important

digicam
.86
28
.97
24

games
.7
3
.9
2

not at all
important

0

not at all
important

0

not
importan

very
important

very
important

very
important

very
important

very
importan

.
-.38
8
.74
-3
not at all
important

81.8%
.50
8
.76
4

65.7%
.8

71.4%
.13
8
.83
1

0

not
important

75.0%
.38
8
1.30
3
not at all
important

very
important

very
important

very
importan

.8

0

0

very
important

.
.00
8
.00
0

.
-.13
8
.35
-1

9.1%
.38
8
.92
3

4.8%
.50
8
.76
4

9.4%
.56
9
1.13
5

20.0%
.3

0

not
important

not
important

0

not
important

not
importan

very
important

very
importan

15.6%
.00
1
.
0

8.6%
2.0

-60.0%
.13
8
.83
1
not
important

not
important

very
important

very
important

very
important

0

0

0

very
important

13.8%
2.00
1
.
2

20.0%
.00
1
.
0

15.4%
2.00
1
.
2

.
.00
1
.
0

.
.00
1
.
0

.
.00
1
.
0

6.8%
1.00
1
.
1

very
important

0

very
important

0

0

0

somewhat
important

somewhat
important

0

very
importan

very
important

0

very
important

0

0

0

somewhat
important

somewhat
important

0

very
importan

.0%
.11
45
.80
5
not at all
important

7.7%
.55
47
.97
26
not at all
important

very
important

very
important

very
important

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

3.4%
1.23
47
.89
58
0

19.2%
.50
8
1.07
4

somewha
t
important
.
-.13
8
.35
-1
not
important

autocad corel draw photo editor
.11
1.20
.54
28
30
28
.88
.89
.96
3
36
15

.
-.11
45
.49
-5
not at all
important
somewha
t
important
.

.
.
-.13 -2.22E-02
45
45
.50
.78
-6
-1
not at all not at all
important important
somewha
very
t
important
important
.
.

2.3%
.94
47
.92
44

very
important
19.0%
1.00
1
.
1

1.0

not
important

4.8%
.47
45
.89
21
not at all
important

.0%
.70
46
1.05
32
not at all
important

not
importan

very
important

very
important

very
important

very
importan

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

5.7%
.7
4
.9
3

sem1/sb/09-04

Software – User friendly
De scriptive Statistics
N
word
ppt
games
win amp
photoshop
acrobat
digicam
others
corel draw
real player
excel
photo editor
outlook
flash
netmeetng
frontpage
autocad
access
dos
publisher
spss
3d smax
lisrel
maya
statistica
anthropac
Valid N (listwise)

44
44
37
39
37
36
35
7
34
34
35
32
30
34
29
28
28
27
28
29
26
28
26
27
27
26
4

Minimum
2
1
-1
-1
0
0
-1
0
0
-1
-1
0
-1
-1
-1
-1
0
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

Maximum
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
1
1
1
1
1

Mean
2.86
2.75
2.05
1.92
1.78
1.75
1.46
1.43
1.24
1.21
1.20
1.19
.97
.74
.72
.57
.43
.41
.32
.28
.12
7.14E-02
3.85E-02
3.70E-02
3.70E-02
.00

Std. Deviation
.35
.49
1.37
1.46
1.06
1.30
1.52
1.40
1.28
1.43
1.16
1.33
1.33
1.02
1.13
1.10
.84
.89
.77
.88
.52
.38
.34
.34
.34
.28


sem1/sb/09-04

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