Dental casting waxes/ oral surgery courses

DENTAL CASTINGDENTAL CASTING
WAXESWAXES
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMYINDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing Dental EducationLeader in continuing Dental Education
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

CONTENTSCONTENTS
• INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
• Classification of waxesClassification of waxes
1) According to origin1) According to origin
2) According to use and application2) According to use and application
• Inlay casting waxesInlay casting waxes
1) Composition1) Composition
2) Properties2) Properties
• Casting waxesCasting waxes
• Review of literatureReview of literature
• ConclusionConclusion

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
• Over 4000, years ago in Mesopotamia………natural bees wax was used forOver 4000, years ago in Mesopotamia………natural bees wax was used for
patterns.patterns.
• The investment casting has been used in the arts byThe investment casting has been used in the arts by
many civilization.many civilization.
• The technique was largely ignored ,until the dawn ofThe technique was largely ignored ,until the dawn of
twentieth century, when it was rediscovered by dentaltwentieth century, when it was rediscovered by dental
profession for producingprofession for producing crowns and inlayscrowns and inlays ..

• Waxes were first used in dentistry in earlyWaxes were first used in dentistry in early
eighteenth century………..edentulouseighteenth century………..edentulous
impressions.impressions.
• Waxes are still employed in large quantities inWaxes are still employed in large quantities in
various clinical and lab procedure………patternsvarious clinical and lab procedure………patterns
for cast restoration, bite registration.for cast restoration, bite registration.
• Dr William.H.Taggart of Chicago formulated aDr William.H.Taggart of Chicago formulated a
wax pattern compound of excellent properties.wax pattern compound of excellent properties.
• He also described an investment techniqueHe also described an investment technique
,developed an investment material and even,developed an investment material and even
invented an air pressure casting machine.invented an air pressure casting machine.

WaxesWaxes are organic polymers consisting of hydrocarbons and theirare organic polymers consisting of hydrocarbons and their
derivative (eg ester and alcohol).derivative (eg ester and alcohol).
ACCORDING TO GPTACCORDING TO GPT Casting waxes can be defined as aCasting waxes can be defined as a
composition containing various waxes with desired properties forcomposition containing various waxes with desired properties for
making wax patterns to be formulated into metal casting.making wax patterns to be formulated into metal casting.

CLASSIFICATION OF WAXESCLASSIFICATION OF WAXES
1)According to origin1)According to origin
2)According to use and application2)According to use and application

ACCORDING TO ORIGINACCORDING TO ORIGIN
Natural
Synthetic
Mineral
Paraffin, microcrystalline, ceresin Polyethylene waxes
Montan, Polyoxyethylene glycol
waxes
Plant
Carnauba, candelilla
Insect
Beeswax

ACCORDING TO USE AND & APPLICATIONACCORDING TO USE AND & APPLICATION
PATTERN WAXES PROCESSING WAXES IMPRESSIONPATTERN WAXES PROCESSING WAXES IMPRESSION
WAXESWAXES
Inlay wax Boxing wax Bite registration orInlay wax Boxing wax Bite registration or
Casting wax utility wax corrective waxCasting wax utility wax corrective wax
Base plate wax sticky waxBase plate wax sticky wax
carding waxcarding wax
Blockout waxBlockout wax
white waxwhite waxwww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

INLAY CASTING WAXINLAY CASTING WAX
• Inlay wax is a specialized dental wax that can be applied to dies toInlay wax is a specialized dental wax that can be applied to dies to
form direct or indirect patterns for the lost wax technique used forform direct or indirect patterns for the lost wax technique used for
casting metal or hot pressing of ceramics.casting metal or hot pressing of ceramics.
• Generally produced in deep blue, green or purple color.Generally produced in deep blue, green or purple color.
• Composition of inlay waxComposition of inlay wax
ParaffinParaffin-60%-60%
CarnaubaCarnauba -25%-25%
BeeswaxBeeswax -5%-5%
CeresinCeresin-10%-10%
Natural resins(gum dammer)-Natural resins(gum dammer)- less than 1%less than 1%
Organic fillers-Organic fillers- added to avoid excessive shrinkage,expansion dueadded to avoid excessive shrinkage,expansion due
to temp changeto temp change
Microcrystalline wax-Microcrystalline wax- In minute amount.In minute amount.
CandelillaCandelilla
Coloring agentsColoring agents

Paraffin wax(mineral wax)Paraffin wax(mineral wax)
• Generally the main ingredient of inlay waxes.Generally the main ingredient of inlay waxes.
• Obtained from high boiling fractions of petrolem(methane series)Obtained from high boiling fractions of petrolem(methane series)
• Mixture of hydrocarbonsMixture of hydrocarbons
• Melting range 40-71Melting range 40-71oo
C. increases with increasing molecular wt.C. increases with increasing molecular wt.
• Paraffin waxes have less than 0.5% oil.Paraffin waxes have less than 0.5% oil.
• Presence of oil lowers melting temp.Presence of oil lowers melting temp.
• During solidification and cooling a volumetric contraction in theDuring solidification and cooling a volumetric contraction in the
range 11%-15%.range 11%-15%.
• This is not uniform ,since it is a mixture of hydrocarbons.This is not uniform ,since it is a mixture of hydrocarbons.
• Likely to flake when trimmed.Likely to flake when trimmed.
• Does not present smooth, glossy surfaceDoes not present smooth, glossy surface
• Consequently other waxes and natural resins are added.Consequently other waxes and natural resins are added.

Carnauba wax (plant wax)Carnauba wax (plant wax)
• Derived from tropical palmsDerived from tropical palms
• It is quite hard, melting range 84-91It is quite hard, melting range 84-9100
CC
• Combined with paraffin to-Combined with paraffin to-
Decrease flow at mouth tempDecrease flow at mouth temp
increase the hardnessincrease the hardness
• It contributes to glossiness of the wax surface, even more thanIt contributes to glossiness of the wax surface, even more than
dammar resin.dammar resin.
(Addition of 10 % carnauba wax to paraffin wax with a melting range of(Addition of 10 % carnauba wax to paraffin wax with a melting range of
202000
C will increase the melting range to 46C will increase the melting range to 4600
C.)C.)

Ceresin wax (mineral wax)Ceresin wax (mineral wax)
• May replace part of paraffin to modify toughness and carvingMay replace part of paraffin to modify toughness and carving
characteristic.characteristic.
• Like microcrystalline waxes they are branched chain and straightLike microcrystalline waxes they are branched chain and straight
chain paraffin.chain paraffin.
• They have higher mol wt and greater hardness than hydrocarbonThey have higher mol wt and greater hardness than hydrocarbon
waxeswaxes
• These waxes also may be used to increase the melting range ofThese waxes also may be used to increase the melting range of
paraffin waxes.paraffin waxes.

Beeswax (insect wax)Beeswax (insect wax)
• Complex mixture of esters, consisting mainly of myricyl palmitate,Complex mixture of esters, consisting mainly of myricyl palmitate,
plus saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons and high molecular wtplus saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons and high molecular wt
organic acids.organic acids.
• Melting range 63-70Melting range 63-7000
CC
• Brittle at room temp, becomes plastic at body tempBrittle at room temp, becomes plastic at body temp
• Used to modify the properties of paraffin waxUsed to modify the properties of paraffin wax
(also the main component of sticky wax)(also the main component of sticky wax)

Natural resin (gum dammer)Natural resin (gum dammer)
• Less than 1%Less than 1%
• Added to paraffin to improve its smoothness in moldingAdded to paraffin to improve its smoothness in molding
• It renders it more resistant to cracking and flakingIt renders it more resistant to cracking and flaking
• Increases the toughness of the wax and enhances the smoothnessIncreases the toughness of the wax and enhances the smoothness
and lusture of the wax.and lusture of the wax.
Microcrystalline waxes(mineral)Microcrystalline waxes(mineral)
• Similar to paraffin waxes, but obtained from heavier oil fractions.Similar to paraffin waxes, but obtained from heavier oil fractions.
• It has a higher melting range 60-91It has a higher melting range 60-9100
CC
• It is tougher and more flexible than paraffinIt is tougher and more flexible than paraffin
• It has less volumetric shrinkage during solidification than paraffin.It has less volumetric shrinkage during solidification than paraffin.

Candelilla wax (plant wax)Candelilla wax (plant wax)
• Same qualities as carnauba waxSame qualities as carnauba wax
• Added to paraffin to partially or entirely replace carnauba wax.Added to paraffin to partially or entirely replace carnauba wax.
• Its melting point is lower, and it is not as hard as carnauba wax.Its melting point is lower, and it is not as hard as carnauba wax.

Organic FillersOrganic Fillers
• Normally soft wax shrinks more than hard waxNormally soft wax shrinks more than hard wax
• High shrinking wax may cause significant pattern distortion when itHigh shrinking wax may cause significant pattern distortion when it
solidifies.solidifies.
• For this reason organic filler is added , they should be completelyFor this reason organic filler is added , they should be completely
miscible with components of inlay wax.miscible with components of inlay wax.
• They should not leave an undesirable residue after burnout.They should not leave an undesirable residue after burnout.

• In modern inlay waxes, carnauba wax is often replaced in part withIn modern inlay waxes, carnauba wax is often replaced in part with
certain synthetic waxes that are compatible with paraffin waxcertain synthetic waxes that are compatible with paraffin wax
• One is a complex nitrogen derivative of higher fatty acids.One is a complex nitrogen derivative of higher fatty acids.
• The other is composed of esters of acids derived from montan wax,The other is composed of esters of acids derived from montan wax,
a petroleum derivativea petroleum derivative
• Control of properties of inlay wax is governed by combination ofControl of properties of inlay wax is governed by combination of
factors-factors-
-Amount of carnauba wax used.-Amount of carnauba wax used.
-The melting range of hydrocarbon wax.-The melting range of hydrocarbon wax.
-Presence of resin.-Presence of resin.

DENTARUM (Germany)DENTARUM (Germany)
Crown and Bridge Inlay WaxCrown and Bridge Inlay Wax
In ropesIn ropes In bulkIn bulk
Melting point 72Melting point 7200
CC
Also present in ivory color melting point 73Also present in ivory color melting point 7300
CC

Also present in different coloursAlso present in different colours
Vario wax setVario wax set
Dark blue-hardDark blue-hard , for crowns bridges and inlays. Add on and Dip use melting point 69, for crowns bridges and inlays. Add on and Dip use melting point 6900
CC
Light blue-softLight blue-soft , for crowns bridges and inlays,add on and dip use melting point 72, for crowns bridges and inlays,add on and dip use melting point 7200
CC
Lilac-stress freeLilac-stress free , for copings and cervical margins , melting point 79, for copings and cervical margins , melting point 7900
CC
Red- adhesiveRed- adhesive, connecting and adhesive wax, melting point 70, connecting and adhesive wax, melting point 7000
CC

Cervical wax-Cervical wax- for the cervical area, no shrinkage , afor the cervical area, no shrinkage , a
Very accurate fit will be obtained, melting point 74Very accurate fit will be obtained, melting point 7400
CC
Special wax for electrical wax heating unit(vario therm),dark blue-hard and light blueSpecial wax for electrical wax heating unit(vario therm),dark blue-hard and light blue
soft are for modelling,trimming and dipping application, lilac-medium hard , red stresssoft are for modelling,trimming and dipping application, lilac-medium hard , red stress
Free for cervical margins, green-hard for trimming. Dip application yellow wax caps ofFree for cervical margins, green-hard for trimming. Dip application yellow wax caps of
Uniform strength.Uniform strength. www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

Wax Preforms are available (ceratom wax preforms, Dentaurum)Wax Preforms are available (ceratom wax preforms, Dentaurum)
It simplifies wax up and shorten finishing procedure.It simplifies wax up and shorten finishing procedure.

DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF INLAY CASTINGDESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF INLAY CASTING
WAXWAX
1)1) When softened the wax should be uniform.When softened the wax should be uniform.
It should be compounded with ingredients that blend with eachIt should be compounded with ingredients that blend with each
other so that there are noother so that there are no grainy areasgrainy areas oror hard spotshard spots..
2) The color should be such that it contrasts with the die2) The color should be such that it contrasts with the die
material or prepared tooth.material or prepared tooth.
It is necessary to carve the wax margins close to the die ThereforeIt is necessary to carve the wax margins close to the die Therefore
a definite contrast in color facilitates proper finishing of thea definite contrast in color facilitates proper finishing of the
margins.margins.
3) There should be no flakiness or similar surface3) There should be no flakiness or similar surface
roughening when the wax is bent and molded afterroughening when the wax is bent and molded after
softeningsoftening
Such flakiness is likely to be present in paraffin wax , this is one ofSuch flakiness is likely to be present in paraffin wax , this is one of
the reasons modifiers are added.the reasons modifiers are added.

4) During carving wax should not pull away with carving4) During carving wax should not pull away with carving
instrument or should not chip as it is carved.instrument or should not chip as it is carved.
Wax is carved at the margins so that the patterns conforms exactly toWax is carved at the margins so that the patterns conforms exactly to
the surface of the die, this procedure sometimes require that thethe surface of the die, this procedure sometimes require that the
wax be carved to very thin layer.wax be carved to very thin layer.
5) Wax should burn out , forming carbon which is later5) Wax should burn out , forming carbon which is later
eliminated by oxidation to volatile gases.eliminated by oxidation to volatile gases.
ANSI/ADA specification No 4 requires that the melted wax whenANSI/ADA specification No 4 requires that the melted wax when
vaporized at 500vaporized at 50000
C (932C (93200
F) , leave no solid residue in excess ofF) , leave no solid residue in excess of
0.10% of the original wt of specimen.0.10% of the original wt of specimen.
6) The wax pattern should be completely rigid and6) The wax pattern should be completely rigid and
dimensionally stable at all times until it is eliminated .dimensionally stable at all times until it is eliminated .
wax pattern is subject to flow unless it is handled carefully , it is alsowax pattern is subject to flow unless it is handled carefully , it is also
subject to relaxation , a factor that must be taken into considerationsubject to relaxation , a factor that must be taken into consideration
in its manipulation.in its manipulation.

PROPERTIES OF INLAY CASTING WAXESPROPERTIES OF INLAY CASTING WAXES
FLOWFLOW
• ANSI/ADA Specification No 4 covers two types of waxesANSI/ADA Specification No 4 covers two types of waxes
• Type IType I is medium wax, its hard, used for direct pattern in the mouth,is medium wax, its hard, used for direct pattern in the mouth,
where lower flow values at 37where lower flow values at 3700
C tend to minimize any distortion ofC tend to minimize any distortion of
the pattern on its removal.the pattern on its removal.
• Type IIType II is a soft wax used in indirect techniqueis a soft wax used in indirect technique
• Flow at different temp when type I and II waxes are subjected toFlow at different temp when type I and II waxes are subjected to
19.6 N load for 10 min requirement for ANSI/ADA sp no 419.6 N load for 10 min requirement for ANSI/ADA sp no 4(JADA 1984)(JADA 1984)
Type of wax T=30Type of wax T=3000
C T=37C T=3700
C T=40C T=4000
C T=40C T=4000
C T=45C T=4500
T=45T=4500
CC
(max) (max) (min) (max) (min) (max)(max) (max) (min) (max) (min) (max)
I --- 1.0 --- 20 70 90I --- 1.0 --- 20 70 90
II 1.0 --- 50 --- 70 90II 1.0 --- 50 --- 70 90
At body temp flow of type I is 1% and that of type II is 9%, to record cavity detail itAt body temp flow of type I is 1% and that of type II is 9%, to record cavity detail it
Must attain temp around 45Must attain temp around 4500
C.C.www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

• Max flow permitted for type I waxes at 37Max flow permitted for type I waxes at 3700
C is 1%, the low flow atC is 1%, the low flow at
this temp permits carving and removal of pattern from preparedthis temp permits carving and removal of pattern from prepared
cavity at oral temp without distortion.cavity at oral temp without distortion.
• Type II wax is a softer wax shows greater flow, it allows greaterType II wax is a softer wax shows greater flow, it allows greater
ease of carving and molding, since it is used in indirect patternease of carving and molding, since it is used in indirect pattern
formation on die ,change of temp from oral cavity to room temp isformation on die ,change of temp from oral cavity to room temp is
not a problem.not a problem.
• Each wax exhibits sharp transition point, above which it loses itsEach wax exhibits sharp transition point, above which it loses its
plasticity, for soft waxes it is at lower temp, and hard waxes at aplasticity, for soft waxes it is at lower temp, and hard waxes at a
higher temp.higher temp.
• Waxes lack rigidity and may flow under stress even at room temp.Waxes lack rigidity and may flow under stress even at room temp.
careful handling is necessary during manipulation.careful handling is necessary during manipulation.

THERMAL PROPERTIESTHERMAL PROPERTIES
• Thermal conductivity of waxes is low and time is required to bothThermal conductivity of waxes is low and time is required to both
heat them uniformly and to cool them to body or room temperature.heat them uniformly and to cool them to body or room temperature.
• Inlay wax thermally expand and contract more per degree of tempInlay wax thermally expand and contract more per degree of temp
change than any other dental material.change than any other dental material.
• This is one of the inherent disadvantages of waxes when they areThis is one of the inherent disadvantages of waxes when they are
used in the direct technique.used in the direct technique.
• This property is not significant when wax is used in indirectThis property is not significant when wax is used in indirect
techniquetechnique because the pattern is not subjected to a change frombecause the pattern is not subjected to a change from
mouth to room temp, provided no marked variations in temp occursmouth to room temp, provided no marked variations in temp occurs
after the removal of pattern from die.after the removal of pattern from die.

• Waxes have high coefficient of thermal expansion .Waxes have high coefficient of thermal expansion .
The max linear thermal expansion allowed between 25 and 30The max linear thermal expansion allowed between 25 and 3000
C isC is
0.20%, between 25 and 370.20%, between 25 and 3700
C 0.60% is allowed.C 0.60% is allowed.
Thermal expansion of inlay waxThermal expansion of inlay wax
(paraffin).(paraffin).
A- cooled under PrA- cooled under Pr
B- cooled without PrB- cooled without Pr

• Knowledge of amount of wax expansion or contraction provides aKnowledge of amount of wax expansion or contraction provides a
basis on which to judge the compensation necessary to produce anbasis on which to judge the compensation necessary to produce an
accurate casting.accurate casting.
• Data sufficient to show the thermal contraction of the wax from itsData sufficient to show the thermal contraction of the wax from its
working temp to room temp are included in each package of inlayworking temp to room temp are included in each package of inlay
wax that complies with ADA Sp No 4wax that complies with ADA Sp No 4
• Specification also requires ,instructions regarding method ofSpecification also requires ,instructions regarding method of
softening and working temp for direct patterns.softening and working temp for direct patterns.

WAX DISTORTION /WARPAGE OF WAX PATTERNWAX DISTORTION /WARPAGE OF WAX PATTERN
• Wax distortion is probably the most serious problem during formingWax distortion is probably the most serious problem during forming
and removal of the pattern from the mouth or the die.and removal of the pattern from the mouth or the die.
• Distortion results fromDistortion results from
-thermal changes-thermal changes
-relaxation of stresses (on cooling)-relaxation of stresses (on cooling)
-occluded air-occluded air
-molding-molding
-carving-carving
-removal and the time and temp of storage-removal and the time and temp of storage
• Waxes tend to return to their original shape after manipulation,Waxes tend to return to their original shape after manipulation,
property is known asproperty is known as elastic memoryelastic memory..
• The casting fits best when the pattern is investedThe casting fits best when the pattern is invested
immediately after its removal from the die.immediately after its removal from the die.www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

Inlay wax softened over bunsen burner and left in room temp water for several hoursInlay wax softened over bunsen burner and left in room temp water for several hours
It tends to return to its orignal shape, the inner mol were under compression whileIt tends to return to its orignal shape, the inner mol were under compression while
Outer ones under tension.Outer ones under tension.

Castings made from patterns with melted wax cooled under pressureCastings made from patterns with melted wax cooled under pressure
A- Pattern invested immediatelyA- Pattern invested immediately
B- Pattern stored for 2 hrB- Pattern stored for 2 hr
C- Pattern stored for 12 hrC- Pattern stored for 12 hr

• One can minimize the incorporation of residual stress by softening aOne can minimize the incorporation of residual stress by softening a
wax uniformly by heating at 50wax uniformly by heating at 5000
C for at least 15 min before use ,C for at least 15 min before use ,
also by using warmed carving instruments and a warmed die, byalso by using warmed carving instruments and a warmed die, by
adding wax to the die in small amounts.adding wax to the die in small amounts.
• Greater warpage results at higher storage temp.Greater warpage results at higher storage temp.
• Inlay wax pattern if allowed to stand longer than 30 min, should beInlay wax pattern if allowed to stand longer than 30 min, should be
kept in a refrigerator , the distortion will be less as compared tokept in a refrigerator , the distortion will be less as compared to
room temp.room temp.
• During spruing distortion can be reduced by use of solid wax sprueDuring spruing distortion can be reduced by use of solid wax sprue
or hollow metal sprue filled with sticky wax. If the pattern was storedor hollow metal sprue filled with sticky wax. If the pattern was stored
margins should be re-adapted.margins should be re-adapted.

• Sprue position- Ideal area for the sprue former is the point ofSprue position- Ideal area for the sprue former is the point of
greatest bulk in the pattern to avoid distorting thin areas and permitgreatest bulk in the pattern to avoid distorting thin areas and permit
complete flow of the alloy into the mold cavity.complete flow of the alloy into the mold cavity.
• It should be attached with the pattern on the master die, providedIt should be attached with the pattern on the master die, provided
the pattern can be removed directly in line with its path of withdrawlthe pattern can be removed directly in line with its path of withdrawl
from the die.from the die.
• Sprue diameter- same size as the thickest area of the wax pattern ,ifSprue diameter- same size as the thickest area of the wax pattern ,if
the pattern is small, the sprue former must also be small.the pattern is small, the sprue former must also be small.
• Length should be adjusted ,Length should be adjusted ,
Gypsum bonded investment – 6 mm of the open end of ringGypsum bonded investment – 6 mm of the open end of ring
Phosphate bonded investment – 3 -4mm “ “ “ “Phosphate bonded investment – 3 -4mm “ “ “ “

MANIPULATION OF INLAY WAXMANIPULATION OF INLAY WAX
• Dry heat is preferred to the use of water bath (54-60Dry heat is preferred to the use of water bath (54-6000
C)C)
• For type I (direct technique), it is softened over a flame until itFor type I (direct technique), it is softened over a flame until it
becomes shiny.becomes shiny.
• It is kneaded, shaped and pressed in the prepared cavity.It is kneaded, shaped and pressed in the prepared cavity.
• Pressure is applied by finger or pt biting on it.Pressure is applied by finger or pt biting on it.
• It is cooled gradually, before taking out.It is cooled gradually, before taking out.
• For fabricating indirect pattern (type II) die should be lubricated,For fabricating indirect pattern (type II) die should be lubricated,
preferably with a lubricant, containing a wetting agent.preferably with a lubricant, containing a wetting agent.
• Excess must be avoided .Excess must be avoided .
• Melted wax is added in layers with a spatula or waxing instrumentMelted wax is added in layers with a spatula or waxing instrument
or may be painted on with a brush.or may be painted on with a brush.
• Wax is then carved to proper contour.Wax is then carved to proper contour.
• A silk or fine cloth may be used, for final polishing.A silk or fine cloth may be used, for final polishing.

• Dipping waxes are kept molten for constant usage .Dipping waxes are kept molten for constant usage .
• Wax pots kept at different temp can be used.Wax pots kept at different temp can be used.
• Proportion of these waxes have not been characterized , nor doProportion of these waxes have not been characterized , nor do
they fall in any present specification.they fall in any present specification.
Wax heating unitWax heating unit
Temp range 30-110Temp range 30-11000
CC

Modeling instrument set, wax knifeModeling instrument set, wax knife
Thomas modeling instrument No 1Thomas modeling instrument No 1
Tweezer, wax pencil, rubber adapterTweezer, wax pencil, rubber adapter
Tooth brushTooth brush
An electric wax knife with tempAn electric wax knife with temp
Regulator and transformer, can beRegulator and transformer, can be
Adjusted to a max of 250Adjusted to a max of 25000
CC
Lubrofilm wax surface tension reducing agent, makesLubrofilm wax surface tension reducing agent, makes
Investing easierInvesting easier

CASTING WAXESCASTING WAXES
• The pattern for metallic framework of RPD and other similarThe pattern for metallic framework of RPD and other similar
structures is fabricated from casting waxes.structures is fabricated from casting waxes.
• They are available in the form of sheets (.3 to .6mm), ready madeThey are available in the form of sheets (.3 to .6mm), ready made
shapes and in bulk.shapes and in bulk.
• Ready made shapes are supplied in round, half round and pearReady made shapes are supplied in round, half round and pear
shaped rods & wires of various gages in approx 10 cm length.shaped rods & wires of various gages in approx 10 cm length.
• Exact composition is not specified but they include ingredientsExact composition is not specified but they include ingredients
similar to inlay waxes with various combination and proportions ofsimilar to inlay waxes with various combination and proportions of
-Paraffin-Paraffin
-Ceresin-Ceresin
-Beeswax-Beeswax
-Resins and other waxes being used-Resins and other waxes being used

• Casting wax sheets are used to establish min thickness in certainCasting wax sheets are used to establish min thickness in certain
areas of partial denture framework such as palatal and lingual barareas of partial denture framework such as palatal and lingual bar
and to produce desired contour of lingual bar.and to produce desired contour of lingual bar.
DENTAURUM (Germany)DENTAURUM (Germany)
Model Casting, Wax PreformsModel Casting, Wax Preforms
Available in green (clasps) and red (retentions) colorsAvailable in green (clasps) and red (retentions) colors
Premolar clasps, molar clasps, bonyhardPremolar clasps, molar clasps, bonyhard
Clasp, ring claspClasp, ring clasp
Ring clasp, lingual bars, ridge retensionsRing clasp, lingual bars, ridge retensions
Grids ,coarse grids, fine grids.Grids ,coarse grids, fine grids.

Perforated retentions ,sprue former patterns ,loopPerforated retentions ,sprue former patterns ,loop
Retensions.Retensions.
Wax profiles-Wax profiles- available as 0.6-5.0 mm dia, semi-circular profiles max and manavailable as 0.6-5.0 mm dia, semi-circular profiles max and man
Profiles, arches, finishing strip, sprue former strip.Profiles, arches, finishing strip, sprue former strip.

Casting wax, Veined, GrainedCasting wax, Veined, Grained For casting procedure available in differentFor casting procedure available in different
Thickness , 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45. 0.5, 0.6 mm.Thickness , 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45. 0.5, 0.6 mm.
Fine veined, medium veined, coarse veinedFine veined, medium veined, coarse veined
Coarse grainedCoarse grained

Connecting wax, dark green-Connecting wax, dark green- Special wax for rapid build up of connectionsSpecial wax for rapid build up of connections
Between the base and the clasps and retainers, melting point 74Between the base and the clasps and retainers, melting point 7400
CC
Thermo wax, pinkThermo wax, pink- high melting point blocking- high melting point blocking
Out wax for undercuts, melting point 96Out wax for undercuts, melting point 9600
CC

PHYSICAL CHARACTERSTICSPHYSICAL CHARACTERSTICS
• These waxes possess certain degree of tackinessThese waxes possess certain degree of tackiness
• This helps to maintain their position on the cast and on each other duringThis helps to maintain their position on the cast and on each other during
assembly of pattern.assembly of pattern.
• There is no ADA specification for these casting waxes.There is no ADA specification for these casting waxes.
• A federal specification has been formulated No U-W 140(march 1948)A federal specification has been formulated No U-W 140(march 1948)
Type of wax flow Breaking point workingType of wax flow Breaking point working
propertiesproperties
Casting wax 35Casting wax 3500
C-max,10% no fracture at Pliable and readilyC-max,10% no fracture at Pliable and readily
Class-A-28 gage 38Class-A-28 gage 3800
C-min,60 % 23C-min,60 % 23 00
C +/- 1C +/- 100
adaptable at 40 to 45adaptable at 40 to 4500
CC
pink copy accurately surfacepink copy accurately surface
Class-B-30 gage against which it is pressedClass-B-30 gage against which it is pressed
green shall not be brittle on coolinggreen shall not be brittle on cooling
Class-C-ready made shape ,blue vaporize at 500Class-C-ready made shape ,blue vaporize at 50000
C,leaving no filmC,leaving no film
other than carbonother than carbon

• The flow characteristic show a max of 10% flow at 35The flow characteristic show a max of 10% flow at 35oo
C and min ofC and min of
60% flow at 3860% flow at 3800
C.C.
• This is significantly different from inlay waxes.This is significantly different from inlay waxes.
• There is little need for casting waxes to exhibit low flow at bodyThere is little need for casting waxes to exhibit low flow at body
temp.temp.
• Requirement for ductility is high, federal specification requires that itRequirement for ductility is high, federal specification requires that it
be bent double upon itself without # at a temp of 23be bent double upon itself without # at a temp of 2300
C, and that theyC, and that they
be pliable and readily adaptable at 40be pliable and readily adaptable at 4000
CC
• Like inlay wax they must vaporize at 500Like inlay wax they must vaporize at 50000
C with no residue otherC with no residue other
than carbon.than carbon.

DIFFERENT COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLEDIFFERENT COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE
BRANDS FOR CASTING WAXESBRANDS FOR CASTING WAXES
• DENTAURUM (GERMANY)DENTAURUM (GERMANY)
Supplied by kalabai in our college, 100 gms cost around Rs 540/-Supplied by kalabai in our college, 100 gms cost around Rs 540/-
• SHOFU (Kyoto, JAPAN)SHOFU (Kyoto, JAPAN)
• GC Dental industrial Corp (Tokyo, JAPAN)GC Dental industrial Corp (Tokyo, JAPAN)
• JELENKO (USA)JELENKO (USA)
• SCHULER Dental (GERMANY), S-U Dental waxSCHULER Dental (GERMANY), S-U Dental wax
• DEGUSSA AG (GERMANY), PlastodentDEGUSSA AG (GERMANY), Plastodent
• Kerr Dental Casting WaxesKerr Dental Casting Waxes
• Shiva ProductsShiva Products MAARC INLAY/Pattern wax, MAARC Casting waxMAARC INLAY/Pattern wax, MAARC Casting wax
sheets sheets
http://www.indiamart.com/shivaproductshttp://www.indiamart.com/shivaproducts

REVIEW OF LITERATUREREVIEW OF LITERATURE
JADA, Vol 90 feb 1975JADA, Vol 90 feb 1975
In year may 1975 the revision of ADA sp no 4 for dental inlay castingIn year may 1975 the revision of ADA sp no 4 for dental inlay casting
wax was approved by the council on dental materials and deviceswax was approved by the council on dental materials and devices
of the American dental association.of the American dental association.
Major differences from the previous specifications wereMajor differences from the previous specifications were
1)1) Inclusion of synthetic waxesInclusion of synthetic waxes
2)2) Change to three types and classes, of inlay waxesChange to three types and classes, of inlay waxes
3)3) Change in flow requirement.Change in flow requirement.
Revision became effective Jan 1 1976Revision became effective Jan 1 1976
Scope and classificationScope and classification
1.1 Scope- for inlay casting wax, consists essentially of natural and1.1 Scope- for inlay casting wax, consists essentially of natural and
synthetic waxes , resins and hydrocarbons of paraffin series.synthetic waxes , resins and hydrocarbons of paraffin series.

1.2 –Types and Classes1.2 –Types and Classes
Type-A HardType-A Hard
Class1-SticksClass1-Sticks
Class2-conesClass2-cones
Class3-other shapesClass3-other shapes
Type-B MediumType-B Medium
Class1-sticksClass1-sticks
Type-C softType-C soft
Class1-sticksClass1-sticks

Section 3.7 Outlines for flow requirementSection 3.7 Outlines for flow requirement
FLOW % WAX TEMPFLOW % WAX TEMP 00
CC
Min max Type A Type B Type CMin max Type A Type B Type C
--- 1 43 37 34--- 1 43 37 34
1 15 46 40 371 15 46 40 37
50 85 49 43 4050 85 49 43 40
70 90 52 46 4370 90 52 46 43
Revision was done again in 1983 which was reaffirmed in 2003, it was decideRevision was done again in 1983 which was reaffirmed in 2003, it was decide
To follow the specifications in second revision, including flow requirementsTo follow the specifications in second revision, including flow requirements
Which are presently being followed.Which are presently being followed.

DISTORTION OF WAX PATTERN CAUSED BY THE FORCES OFDISTORTION OF WAX PATTERN CAUSED BY THE FORCES OF
SETTING EXPANSION OF GYPSUM BONDED INVESTMENTSETTING EXPANSION OF GYPSUM BONDED INVESTMENT
• Mahler and AndyMahler and Andy concluded that hygroscopic expansion ofconcluded that hygroscopic expansion of
gypsum products was an extension of normal crystal growth causedgypsum products was an extension of normal crystal growth caused
by the addition of water, rather than true hygroscopic expansionby the addition of water, rather than true hygroscopic expansion
resulting from water molecules forcing particles apart.resulting from water molecules forcing particles apart.
• Shell and HollenbackShell and Hollenback found that vertical and horizontalfound that vertical and horizontal
expansion varied in proportion to the length of asbestos liner, theyexpansion varied in proportion to the length of asbestos liner, they
found that castings made with full length liner were longer than thefound that castings made with full length liner were longer than the
wax pattern by 0.4% and castings made with liner 3mm short ofwax pattern by 0.4% and castings made with liner 3mm short of
both ends of the liners were shorter than the wax pattern by approxboth ends of the liners were shorter than the wax pattern by approx
0.6%.0.6%.

• Exploring the effects of different investments on marginal fit of inlaysExploring the effects of different investments on marginal fit of inlays
and crowns ,and crowns ,Jenkins & PhillipsJenkins & Phillips found significant differences infound significant differences in
the marginal gaps of inlays depending on which investment wasthe marginal gaps of inlays depending on which investment was
used ,but noted no overall significant differences.used ,but noted no overall significant differences.
Complete crowns exhibited no significantComplete crowns exhibited no significant
differences in marginal discrepancies regardless of the investmentdifferences in marginal discrepancies regardless of the investment
or technique.or technique.
• D.R.DavisD.R.Davis in 1997 conducted a study to determine whether thein 1997 conducted a study to determine whether the
magnitude and characteristics of distortion could be modified bymagnitude and characteristics of distortion could be modified by
limiting the vertical setting expansion.limiting the vertical setting expansion.
Wax patterns were formed on standard dies of MOD inlays andWax patterns were formed on standard dies of MOD inlays and
complete crowns, Invested in conventional open ring and modifiedcomplete crowns, Invested in conventional open ring and modified
closed ring using same investment and technique.closed ring using same investment and technique.
after casting thickness of the cement film wasafter casting thickness of the cement film was
measured at specific sites.measured at specific sites.
The complete crown group exhibited less distortion than MOD inlayThe complete crown group exhibited less distortion than MOD inlay
group.group.

• Eleini Kotsiomiti and Athanasios.KEleini Kotsiomiti and Athanasios.K
In the year 1994 conducted a study to see the behavior of crownIn the year 1994 conducted a study to see the behavior of crown
pattern waxes on heating and cooling, Flow and Linear thermalpattern waxes on heating and cooling, Flow and Linear thermal
expansion were determined and compared with those reported byexpansion were determined and compared with those reported by
previous investigators.previous investigators.
They concluded,They concluded,
1)1) Increase in flow of the pattern waxes caused by in increase inIncrease in flow of the pattern waxes caused by in increase in
temp occurs in the range of 37-47temp occurs in the range of 37-4700
C for the majority of theC for the majority of the
material tested.material tested.
2)2) Most of the material flow by 61% to 82% at 47Most of the material flow by 61% to 82% at 4700
C to 52C to 5200
C .This %C .This %
seems to be adequate for easy handling. The temp increaseseems to be adequate for easy handling. The temp increase
provokes a linear expansion of more than 1% for most patternprovokes a linear expansion of more than 1% for most pattern
waxes.waxes.
3)3) Rate of expansion varies during an increase in temp, the changesRate of expansion varies during an increase in temp, the changes
that occur at transition points are related to structural changes inthat occur at transition points are related to structural changes in
the material.the material.
4)4) Similarity of arrest points in the material tested is indicative ofSimilarity of arrest points in the material tested is indicative of
similar compositions and proportions of the major constituents.similar compositions and proportions of the major constituents.

• Michio Ito et alMichio Ito et al in 1996 conducted a study to evaluate thein 1996 conducted a study to evaluate the
relationship between flow characteristic, bonding strength andrelationship between flow characteristic, bonding strength and
softening temp of paraffin and dental inlay waxes to castingsoftening temp of paraffin and dental inlay waxes to casting
shrinkage when patterns were invested with a phosphate bondedshrinkage when patterns were invested with a phosphate bonded
investment.investment.
They concludedThey concluded
1)1) Casting shrinkage decreased when flow of wax patternCasting shrinkage decreased when flow of wax pattern
increased .increased .
2)2) The flow of wax pattern increased as the exothermic reactionThe flow of wax pattern increased as the exothermic reaction
increasedincreased
3)3) A larger casting ring is suggested for casting when a relativelyA larger casting ring is suggested for casting when a relatively
thick wax pattern or an inlay wax that has a high strength,thick wax pattern or an inlay wax that has a high strength,
softening temp and low flow % is used.softening temp and low flow % is used.
4)4) Some industrial waxes demonstrated potential for dental castingSome industrial waxes demonstrated potential for dental casting
but research is needed.but research is needed.

• Randa Diwan et alRanda Diwan et al in 1997 conducted a study to seein 1997 conducted a study to see
inaccuracies of pattern waxes in fixed and removable partialinaccuracies of pattern waxes in fixed and removable partial
denture castingsdenture castings
they conclude that wax is not the only potential cause ofthey conclude that wax is not the only potential cause of
inaccuracies other factors are:-inaccuracies other factors are:-
1)1) Clinical and technical errors caused by dentist and dentalClinical and technical errors caused by dentist and dental
techniciantechnician
2)2) Lab errors – improper manipulation of other dental materials egLab errors – improper manipulation of other dental materials eg
duplicating procedure of master cast, refractory investmentduplicating procedure of master cast, refractory investment
3)3) Liquid-powder ratio for both stone and investment mixesLiquid-powder ratio for both stone and investment mixes
4)4) Spruing ,improper burnout, overheating or underheating theSpruing ,improper burnout, overheating or underheating the
metal, erratic finishing and polishing.metal, erratic finishing and polishing.

ALTERNATIVE TO PATTERN WAXESALTERNATIVE TO PATTERN WAXES
• Pattern waxes are being replaced to some extend by preformedPattern waxes are being replaced to some extend by preformed
plastic pattern.they are completely combustible.plastic pattern.they are completely combustible.
• Plstic retentionsPlstic retentions
Plastic retensionsPlastic retensions
Preformed plastic pattern in differentPreformed plastic pattern in different
Shapes and sizesShapes and sizes

Pattern resinsPattern resins
• Available in bothAvailable in both
Autopolymerizing acrylic resin (Duralay)Autopolymerizing acrylic resin (Duralay)
Light curing resins (Modilux)Light curing resins (Modilux)
• Pattern resins are characterized by higher strength andPattern resins are characterized by higher strength and
resistance to flow than waxes, good dimensional stabilityresistance to flow than waxes, good dimensional stability
and burn out without residue.and burn out without residue.
• Full crown patterns fabricated from pattern resins andFull crown patterns fabricated from pattern resins and
inlay waxes have shown similar marginal discrepancies.inlay waxes have shown similar marginal discrepancies.
• A pattern is fabricated by applying the resin in in 3-5 mmA pattern is fabricated by applying the resin in in 3-5 mm
layers and curing in a light chamber or with a hand heldlayers and curing in a light chamber or with a hand held
light curing unitlight curing unit
• Resin is completely eliminated from the mold beforeResin is completely eliminated from the mold before
casting by heating at 690casting by heating at 69000
C for 45 min.C for 45 min.

• Cahi E, Rosen M, Becker PJ in 1996 did a comparison of theCahi E, Rosen M, Becker PJ in 1996 did a comparison of the
dimensional stability of three inlay patternsdimensional stability of three inlay patterns
- Kerr’s Type II blue inlay casting wax- Kerr’s Type II blue inlay casting wax
- Modilux (light curing resin)- Modilux (light curing resin)
- Duralay (autopolymerizing acrylic resin)- Duralay (autopolymerizing acrylic resin)
They concluded thatThey concluded that
- Wax underwent more contraction than Duralay and- Wax underwent more contraction than Duralay and
ModiluxModilux
- More contraction occurred at 24 hr than between onset and- More contraction occurred at 24 hr than between onset and
one hr.one hr.
- As contraction occurred after one hr and the wax- As contraction occurred after one hr and the wax
contracted the most , it was recommended that Duralay and Modiluxcontracted the most , it was recommended that Duralay and Modilux
be used as pattern material, especially if delay in investing isbe used as pattern material, especially if delay in investing is
anticipated.anticipated.

• M.Krane et al in 1998 conducted a study on the surface of resinsM.Krane et al in 1998 conducted a study on the surface of resins
that burn without residues in the lost wax procedure.that burn without residues in the lost wax procedure.
A total 480 specimen from 16 different manufactures were examinedA total 480 specimen from 16 different manufactures were examined
They concluded that surface structure of the residue from resinsThey concluded that surface structure of the residue from resins
examined were in a range acceptable for the dental castingexamined were in a range acceptable for the dental casting
technique.technique.
An increased application of residue free resins in dentalAn increased application of residue free resins in dental
casting technique is therefore recommendable. These resins couldcasting technique is therefore recommendable. These resins could
not only complement waxes or wax/resin composition, but couldnot only complement waxes or wax/resin composition, but could
even ,in whole or in part replace them.even ,in whole or in part replace them.

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
• Waxes have been popular and useful dental material.Waxes have been popular and useful dental material.
• Easily manipulatedEasily manipulated
• Low in cost and serve variety of purposesLow in cost and serve variety of purposes
• Nevertheless use of dental waxes is associated with control ofNevertheless use of dental waxes is associated with control of
certain characteristics that affect their applicability, such ascertain characteristics that affect their applicability, such as
-Effect of heating on flow-Effect of heating on flow
-Thermal expansion-Thermal expansion
-Distortion-Distortion
• Way back in 1939 Hollenback et al published the results of theirWay back in 1939 Hollenback et al published the results of their
extensive work on properties of waxes.extensive work on properties of waxes.
They concluded that waxes are sufficiently stableThey concluded that waxes are sufficiently stable
material if handled properly.material if handled properly.

• REFERENCESREFERENCES
 Kenneth j. Anusavice ; Phillips Science of dental material .Eleventh edition,
Elsevier,2004.
 Jack L. Ferracane ; Materials in Dentistry principles and application. Second
edition ,Lippincot williams, 1995.
 William J. O’Brien; Dental materials and their selection. Third edition, quintessence
Publishing co. 2002.
 Robert C. Craig John M. Powers, John C.Wataha ;Dental materials properties and
manipulation,. Eight edition,2004.
 Marcia gladwin; clinical aspects of dental materials Lippincott Williams 2000
 E.C.Combe; Notes on dental materials, sixth edition Churchill livingstone 1992
 Revised ADA specification No 4 for dental casting wax,JADA Vol 90 Feb 1975
 Davis.D.R, 1987, “Limiting wax pattern distortion caused by setting expansion”.JPD
Aug 58(1):229-32
 Kotsiomiti E. Kaloyannides A,1994, “Crown pattern waxes: A study of their behavior
on heating and cooling “JPD May 71: 511-6
 Ito M et al,1996, “Effect of selected physical properties of waxes on investments and
casting shrinkage”JPD Feb 75: 211-6
 Diwan R et al,1997, “pattern waxes and inaccuracies in fixed and removable partial
denture castings” JPD May 77:553-5
 Krane M et al 1998, “study on the surface of resins that burn out without residues lost-
wax procedure”,JPD, 79:389-92
 Waxes crown and bridge casting procedures, DENTAURUM

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