Root canal sealers /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy

ROOT CANAL SE E
AL RS

INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in Continuing Dental Education
www.indiandentalacademy.com

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. REQUIREMENTS OF ROOT CANAL SEALERS

3. FUNCTIONS OF ROOT CANAL SEALERS

4. CLASSIFICATIONS

5. INDIVIDUAL SEALERS

6. CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION

 Complete obturation of pulp space

 Sealer performs several functions

 Purpose of sealing root canals

 Sealers should act like sutures

 Variety of sealers have been used

REQUIREMENTS OF AN IDEAL ROOT
CANAL SEALER

Grossman listed 11 requirements and characteristics

1. It should be tacky when mixed

2. It should create hermetic seal

3. It should be radioopaque – Beyer-olsen and
Orstavik (1981)

4. The particles of powder should be very fine –
Orstavik (1982)

5. It should not shrink upon setting

6. It should not stain tooth structure

7. It should be bacteriostatic or atleast not
encourage bacterial growth

8. It should set slowly

9. It should be insoluble in tissue fluids

10. It should be tissue tolerant, non-irritating to
periradicular tissue

11. It should be soluble in a common solvent if it is

necessary to remove the root canal filling

Following were added to Grossman’s 11 basic
requirements.

12. It should neither mutagenic nor carcinogenic

13. It should not provoke an immune response in

periradicular tissue


FUNCTIONS OF ROOT CANAL SEALERS

1. Antimicrobial agent

2. Fill the discrepancies

3. Binding agent

4. Lubricant

5. Radioopacity


CLASSIFICATIONS

I. According to composition

a. Eugenol

i. Silver containing

ii. Silver free

b. Non-eugenol

c. Medicated

II. According to Grossman
a. Zinc oxide resin cements
b. Calcium hydroxide cements
c. Paraformaldehyde cements
d. Pastes
III. According to Cohen (According to the intended
use)
Type 1 – Materials intended to be used with core
material.
Type 2 - Intended for use with or without core
material.

IV. According to Ingle

a. Cements

b. Pastes

c. Plastic

d. Experimental Sealers


INDIVIDUAL SEALERS

ZINC OXIDE - EUGENOL CEMENTS
 Zinc oxide-eugenol cements modified for
endodontic use

 Mixing vehicle mostly eugenol

 Setting time adjusted for adequate working time

 Radioopacity 4-5mm of aluminium

 Cements easily lend to addition of chemicals

Paraformaldehyde – antimicrobial &
mummifying

Rosin or Canada Balsam – dentin
adhesion Corticosteroids – suppression of
inflammatory reactions.

 Rosins – 90% resin acid and remaining are
volatile and non-volatile compounds.

 Resin acids – strong antimicrobial effect

 Setting of zinc oxide – eugenol cements

KERR ROOT CANAL SEALER OR
RICKERT’S FORMULA

 Dixon & Rickert in 1931

 Alternative to gutta –

percha based sealers


COMPOSITION

Powder

Liquid

Zinc oxide 34 – 41.2% Oil of Cloves 78–

80%

Precipitated silver 25 – 30% Canada balsam 20-

22%

Oleo Resins www.indiandentalacademy.com
30 – 16%

Advantages

 Excellent lubricating

 Working time more than 30 minute (1:1 ratio)

 Germicidal action & biocompatibility

 Greater bulk than any sealer

Disadvantage
 Silver makes the sealer extremely staining

Indication

 Warm gutta-percha technique – where lateral
canals present.

Manipulation
 Powder in pellet & liquid in dropper bottle
 1 drop of liquid to 1 pellet of powder, mixed
with heavy spatula
 Completely sets & inert within 15 - 30 mins,
reducing inflammatory responses.

 Because of rapid setting Grossman’s formula
(Procosol-silver cement) appeared in 1936.

 Both Rickert’s & Grossman’s formula criticized
for including silver. Grossman’s formula revised in
1958 to exclude silver (Procosol non-staining
cement).

 Grossman’s formula again modified in 1974
(Grossman’s Sealer) by addition of sodium
borate to the powder & elimination of all
ingredients except eugenol from liquid.

 To solve problem of rapid setting of Kerr sealer
formula of Kerr sealer EWT (extended working
time) developed – 6 hrs working time.


GROSSMAN’S SEALER

 Modified Grossman’s

formula – 1974

 Most advocated –

provides good seal


COMPOSITION

Powder

Liquid

Zinc oxide 40 parts Eugnol 5 parts

Stabelite resin 30 parts

Bismuth subcarbonate 15parts

Sodium Widely anhydroxes 1satisfies
 borate used & part most of the
requirements www.indiandentalacademy.com

Properties

 Plasticity & slow setting time – sodium borate
anhydrate

 Good sealing potential & small volumetric
change

 Apical extrusion gets absorbed

Disadvantage
 Resin is of coarse particle size

Setting Time www.indiandentalacademy.com
 Hardens approximately 2hrs at 37°C, in canal

Manipulation

 Sterile glass slab with spatula, 2 or 3 drops of
liquid – small increments of cement powder, 2
smooth creamy consistency.

 To test proper consistency
– Drops test & String out test

 Commercially available
as Roth’s 801 and
Sultan sealer

WACH’S SEALER

Powder

Liquid

Zinc oxide 10 grm Canada Balsam 20ml

Tricalcium phosphate 2grm Oil of cloves 6ml

Bismuth subnitrage 3.5grm

Bismuth subiodide 0.3grm

Heavy magnesium oxide 0.5grm

Indication

 All lateral condensation methods, when chance
of overfilling is present.
Contraindication
 When heavy lubrication is needed
Properties
 Medium working time
 Medium lubricating quality
 Minimal periapical irritation
 Sticky (Canada Balsam)

 Should me mixed to smooth creamy
consistency, should string out at least 1 inch
when spatula raised from glass slab

 Increasing thickness of sealer lessens
lubricating effect, so indicated when there is
possibility of over extension.

 Available as powder & liquid in separate bottles

Advantages

 Germicidal, Less periapical irritation, Stays in
position due tackiness

Disadvantages

 Odour of liquid

TUBLI SEAL (1961)
 Slight modification made in

Rickert’s formula

 2 paste system – Base & catalyst


COMPOSITION
Base Liquid
Zinc oxide 57 – 59% Eugenol
Oleo resins 18.5 – 21.5% Polymerized resin
Bismuth trioxide 7.5% Annidalin
Thymol iodide 3.75 – 5%
Oil & waxes 10 %

Setting Time
 20 min – Glass slab
 5 min – Root Canal

Advantages

 Easy to mix

 Extremely lubricated

 Does not stain

 Expands after setting
Disadvantages
 Irritant to periapical tissues
 Very low viscosity – extrusion through apical
foramen
 Working time less than 30 min & even shorter
in presence of moisture

Indications
 When apical surgery to be performed
immediately after filling
 Because of great lubricating property – good
choice when it becomes difficult for a master cone to
reach last mm of preparation.
Advantages & Disadvantages of ZOE Sealers
Advantages
 Ease of manipulation
 Adhesion to dentinal walls, only slight
dimensional change
 Radioopaque, germicidal property, minimal
staining, ample working time.

Disadvantages
 All are cytotoxic & inflammatory response in
connective tissue
 Note easily absorbed from apical tissues

ROOT CANAL SEALERS WITHOUT
EUGENOL
KLOROPERKA
 Nyborg & Tullin (1965)


COMPOSITION
Powder
Liquid
Canada Balsam 19.6% Chloroform
Rosin 11.8%
Gutta-percha 19.6%
Zinc oxide 49%

 Powder mixed with liquid chloroform
 After insertion chloroform evaporates, leaving
voids – shown to be associated with greater leakage
than other materials.

CHLOROPERCHA
 Mixture of gutta-percha and chloroform

 Used by some clinicians as sole canal filling
materials – techniques is improper.

Indications

 Unusually curved canals

 In conjunction with well fitted primary cone, can
fill accessory canals and root canal space.

HYDRON

 Wichterle & Lim (1960)

 Rapid setting hydrophilic plastic material used

as sealer without core

 Polymer of hydroxy-ethyl-methacrylate

 Available as injectable root canal filling


 Biocompatible material – confirms to the shape
of the root canal because of plasticity.
 In contact with moisture, absorbs water and
swells
 Radioopacity very low, less than gutta percha
 Syringe method makes difficult for the placement
accurately & to control formation of voids
 Once Hydron hardened, removal from the canal
could be only by drilling with burs
(Peesoreamers) www.indiandentalacademy.com

NOGENOL
 To overcome irritating quality of eugenol

 Outgrowth of non-eugenol periodontal pack

 Advocated as less irritating sealer

 Expands on setting & improve sealing efficacy

 Base is zinc oxide with barium
sulfate along with vegetable
oil. Set is accelerated by
hydrogenate rosin, lauric acid,
chlorothymol, salicylic acid

POLYCARBOXYLATE CEMENTS
 Modified zinc oxide powder & aqueous solution
of polyacrylic acid

 Chelating action, bonding to both enamel &
dentin. Because of its adhesive & antibacterial
properties tested as sealer.


 Inflammatory response, when extruded into
periapical tissues
 Apical seal inferior to other sealers

Advantages

 Bonds well to dentine, antibacterial property

 Fluoride & calcium hydroxide can be added

Disadvantages

 Special plastic plugger required for insertion
since great adhesiveness to steel instruments

CALCIUM PHOSPHATE CEMENT
 Browne (1983) showed this cement penetrated
on occluded radicular dentinal tubules &
enhanced hydroxyapatite formation.

 Wefel (1984) found it effectively plugged apical
foramen & penetrated dentinal tubules upto
10mm


RESIN BASED SEALERS
DIAKET
 Polyvinyl resin (polyketone), a reinforced
chelate formed between zinc oxide & Diketone
 Scheufule (Europe 1952)


 A ketocomplex in which neutral organic agent
reacted with basic salts or basic metal oxide
forming polyketones
 Fine pure white powder & viscous honey
coloured liquid, 2 drops of liquid mixed with 1
scoop of powder.
 Hardens rapidly, about 6-8min on glass slab,
even more rapidly in root canal
 Known for its resistance to absorption,
superior to other sealers in tensile strength &
resistance to permeability
 Mild inflammatory reaction when over filled.

DIAKET A
 Chemically similar to Diaket but contains
disinfectant Hexa Chlorophene

 One of the few medicated cement, does not
contain paraformaldehyde

AH - 26
 Epoxy resin (Shroeder 1957)


 Epoxy resin based sealers characterized by
reactive epoxide ring polymerized by the
breaking of this ring

COMPOSITION
Powder Liquid
Bismuth oxide 60% Bisphenol diglycidyl ether
Hexamethylene tetramine 25%
Silver powder 10%
Titanium oxide 5%
 Formulation recently altered with the removal of
silver www.indiandentalacademy.com

Properties

 Good adhesive property

 Good flow

 Antibacterial

 Contracts slightly while hardening

 Low toxicity

 Addition of hardener (Hexamethylene
tetramine) makes cured resin chemically &
biologically inertwww.indiandentalacademy.com

 Consists of yellow powder & viscous resin
liquid mixed to thick creamy consistency.

 Slow setting, 36-48hrs at body temperature &
5-7 days at room temp.

 Long setting time & material fluidity – no
cracking or rapid separation from dentinal walls

 Parasthesia may occur sometime, recovery
within 1 - 2 yrs

THERMASEAL
 Comes in Thermafil kits as their own sealer

 Formulation similar to AH-26

 Widely used in Europe as paste filler to fill the
entire canal

 Good sealing ability & periapical tolerance

 Can be used with condensation
techniques other than with
thermafil www.indiandentalacademy.com

AH PLUS
 Epoxy resin based sealer, 2 component paste

 Easy to mix adapt closely to the root canal

 Minimal shrinkage upon setting, long term
dimensional stability


COMPOSITION
Paste A Paste B
Epoxy resins Adamantaneamine
Calcium tungstate N, N-dibenzyl-5-oxononane-
Zirconium oxide diamine
Silica Calcium tungstate
Iron oxide pigments Zirconium oxide
Silica, Silicone oil

 Mix equal volume (1:1) of paste A & Paste B
 Setting time 8 hrs at 37°C

 Spatulas, mixing slabs and instruments,
immediately cleaned with alcohol or acetone
Advantages
 Excellent biocompatibility
 Easy handling & application
 Optimal working time
 Outstanding physical properties
 Excellent radioopacity
 Suitable for all obturation techniques
 Adverse reaction – reversible acute
inflammation of the oral mucosa, contact with
unset paste

FIBREFILL
 New methacrylate resin – based sealer

 Used in combination with self curing primer
(Fibrefill primers A & B)

 Composition that of dentin bonding agent


COMPOSITION
Root Canal Sealant Primer A
Mixture of UDMA, PEGDMA, Mixture of
Acetone &
BIS-GMA Resins dental surface
active
Barium borosilicate glasses monomer
Barium sulfate
Silica Primer B
Calcium Hydroxide Mixture of acetone &
Calcium phosphate dental methacrylate
Initiators resins
Stabilizers HEMA
Pigments Initiator

Manipulation

 Equal no. of drops of primary A & B placed into
mixing well, mixed primer placed in the root
canal with microbrushes provided by mft., excess
removed with paper points.

 Main sealer is double syringe, contains base &
catalyst. Equal amount of paste mixed & used
as ordinary sealers


CALCIUM HYDROXIDE SEALERS
 Based on assumption – formation of hard
structures or tissues at the apical foramen.

 Can induce mineralization, induce apical
closure inhibit root resorption, inhibit osteoclast
activity

 Would disintegrate, leaving voids, also have
poor cohesive strength

 Circulationwww.indiandentalacademy.com canals)
of blood (absent in filled
needed for calcium iron to promote new tissue

SEAL APEX
 Kerr manufacturing company

 Non-eugenol calcium hydroxide polymeric resin
root canal sealer


COMPOSITION
Base Catalyst
Calcium hydroxide 25% Barium sulfate 18.6%
Zinc oxide 6.5% Titanium dioxide 5.1%
Calcium oxide Zinc stearate 1%
Butyl benzene Isobutyl salicylate
Fumed silica (Silicon Dioxide) Disalicylate,
Trisalicylate
Bismuth trioxide
 100% humidity takes 3 weeks to reach final set,
never sets in dry atmosphere
 Sealer expands while setting
 Healing more advanced with sealapex

CRCS (Calcibiotic root canal sealer)
 Calcium hydroxide based sealer

COMPOSITION
Powder Liquid
Zinc oxide Eugenol
Hydrogenated rosin Eucalyptol
Barium sulfate
Calcium hydroxide
Bismuth subcarbonate


 ZOE eucalyptol sealer to which calcium

hydroxide added for osteogenic effect

 3 days to set fully in either dry or humid

environment

 Shows very little water sorption, quite stable,

improves sealant qualities


APEXIT
 Available in syringes

COMPOSITION
Base Activator
Calcium hydroxide 31.9% Trimethylhexanedioldisalicylate 25%
Hydrogenized colophony 31.5% Bismuth carbonate 18.2%
Highly dispersed silico dioxide 8.1% Bismuth oxide 18.2%
Calcium oxide 5.6% Highly dispersed silicone dioxide
15%
Zinc oxide 5.5% Butane dioldisalicylate 11.4%
Tricalcium phosphate 4.1% Hydrogenized colophony 5.4%
Polydimethyl siloxane 2.5% Tricalcium phosphate 5%
Zinc stearate 2.3% Zinc stearate 5%
Paraffin oil www.indiandentalacademy.com
Alkylester of phosphoric acid
Pigments

Advantages
 Excellent biological tolerance
 Easy to mix
 Radioopaque
 Hard setting VITAPEX
 Japanese researchers introduced
 40% iodoform & silicon oil, iodoform non-
bacteriocide released to suppress any bacteria in
the canal or periapex
 No evidence about sealing or osteogenic
capabilities www.indiandentalacademy.com

MEDICATED SEALERS
 Usually used without core materials

 Both endomethazone & N2 contain
corticosteroids in addition to paraformaldehyde

 Contain lead oxide, increases radioopacity

 Currently N 2 contain neither corticosteroid nor
lead oxide but continue to use 5 – 6.5%
paraformaldehyde

 Inclusion of heavy metal ions potentially
dangerous & corticosteroids pose hazards

N2
 Sergenti & Ritcher (1961)

 N 2 refers to second nerve (pulp is referred first
nerve)

 Two different types were available

a. N 2 normal – root filling

b. N 2 apical – medication of canal

 Recently N 2 universal – features of both N 2
normal & apical www.indiandentalacademy.com

COMPOSITION (N 2 universal)
Powder Liquid
Zinc oxide 68.51g Eugenol
Lead tetroxide para 12g Oleum Rosae
Paraformaldehyde 4.7g Oleum
lavandulae
Bismuth subcarbonate 3.7g
Bismuth subnitrate 3.7g
Titanium dioxide 8.4g
Phenyl mercuric borate 0.09g
 Corticosteroids now added separately
 Introducing formaldehyde in the root filling to
obtain a continuous release of gas, resulting in
prolonged fixation & antiseptic action
 Toxicity – irritation is severe when forced into
maxillary sinus or mandibular canal – persisting
parasthesia

ENDOMETHASONE
 Similar to N 2 composition

Powder (pink in color) Liquid
Zinc oxide 100g Eugenol
Bismuth subnitrate 100g
Dexamethasone 0.019g
Hydrocortisone 1.6g
Thymoliodide 25g
Paraformaldehyde 2.2g


 Sometimes endomethazone gives pain or

discomfort after 6-8 weeks of insertion

SPAD
 Advertised as one-visit non-irritant radioopaque

sealer

 Resorcinol formaldehyde resin supplied as

powder and 2 liquids

Powder Liquid L (Clear)
Zinc oxide 72g Formaldehyde solution 87g
Barium sulfate 13g Glycerin 13g
Titanium dioxide 6.3g Liquid LD (Red)
Paraformaldehyde 4.7g Glycerin 55g
Hydrocortizone acetate 2.0g Resorcinol 25g
Calcium hydroxide phenyl 0.94g HCL 20g
Mercuric borate 0.16g

Equal parts of two liquids mixed with powder.

 Essential reaction to form resin is between
resorcinol & formaldehyde

 Setting time 24hrs

 Small quantities of sealer introduced into
periapical areas deliberately

Indications

 Acute endodontic infection & teeth with
periapical lesion


BIOCALEX
 Bernard (1952) – Ocalex

Powder Liquid
Calcium oxide Glycol
Zinc oxide Water

 Expands more than 6 times its original volume
 Calcium oxide & water react within the tooth to
form calcium hydroxide
 Efficacy of sealing is controversy

IODOFORM PASTE
 Walkhoff (1928)
 Alone or in combination with other substances
used as sealer with core materials
 Resorbable paste
 Iodoform 60 parts, 40 parts of solution
containing 45% parachlorophenol, 49% camphor &
6% menthol
 Commercial preparation – Kri-1 paste
 Stimulates periapical tissue & accelerate bone
formation www.indiandentalacademy.com

Disadvantages
 Periapical irritation
 Discoloration
 Rise in blood level of iodine

DENTALIS
 ZOE type sealer contains not only iodoform but
calcium hydroxide as well
 Distributed in North America by DiaDent
 Sets rapidly (5-7mm) and is very tacky

GLASS IONOMER SEALER
(KETAC – ENDO)

 Less tissue irritation, low toxicity

 Little biological data available as sealer

 Because of adhesive qualities, recommended
as sealers


Powder Liquid
Calcium aluminium lanthanum- Glycol
Fluorosilicate glass Polyethelene-
polycarbonic acid/
Calcium volframate maleic acid
Cilicic acid Copolymer
Pigments Tartaric acid
Water
Advantages
 Best physical qualities, best bonding to dentin,
fewest voids, best flow, strengthen the roots
Disadvantages
 Cannot be removed from the root canal
 www.indiandentalacademy.com
Toronto / osract group reported ketacendo can be
effectively removed

SILICONE BASED ROOT CANAL
SEALERS
 Silicone is inert and biocompatible, widely used
in medicine as implant material. Silicon based
sealers are now available

ENDO FILL
 Injectable silicone resin endodontic sealant –
Lee Endo-fill
 Can be used in conjunction with core material
or as a sole sealant
 Consists essentially of silicone monomer and
silicone based catalyst plus bismuth subnitrate

 Low working viscosity with good adaptation to
tooth structure & good penetration of accessory
canals
 Cures to pale pink rubbery solid resembling
gutta-percha
 Setting time can be controlled from 8-90min by
varying the amount of catalyst.
 Moist cotton pellet used to compact filling
vertically
 Set material be removed with Gates-glidden,
Peeso-reamers & endodontic files.

Advantages

 Ease of preparation, adjustable working time,
low working viscosity, rubbery consistency, non-
resorbable material

Disadvantages

 Canal must be absolutely dry, shrinks upon
setting, bonding ability decreases not used within
20minute of mixing

ROEKOSEAL
 Composition – polydimethyl siloxane, silicone
oil, paraffin base oil, hexachloroplatinic acid,
zirconium dioxide


Properties

 Excellent flow

 Insolubility

 Dimensional stability – expands slightly (0.2%)

 Extremely biocompatible, does not contain
eugenol

 Highly radioopaque


NEWER SEALERS
 A new material, Resilon (Epipheny,
Dentron clinical technologies,
Sybron Endo)

 Two offering solutions to endodontics greatest
filling problems

 Resilon core shrinks only 0.5% when heated,
physically bond to sealer by polymerization, no
gaps are present due to shrinkage.

System comprised of
 Primer (Self etch primer) - sulfonic acid,
HEMA, water & polymerization initiator
 Resilon sealer (Dual-curable, resin-based
composite sealer) – BISGMA, ethyoxylated
BISGMA, UDMA, Hydrophilic difunctional
methacrylates. Fillers – calcium hydroxide barium
sulfate, barium glass, bismuth oxychloride &
silica
 Resilon core material (Thermoplastic synthetic
polymer based root canal core).
Bioactive glass, bismuth oxychloride
and barium sulfate.

 Biocompatible, non-cytotoxic & non-mutagenic
 Monoblock concept

METHOD OF OBTURATION WITH RESILON /
EPIPHANY SYSTEM
 Smear layer removal – 17% EDTA or 2%
chlorhexidine, canal should be 100% dry
 Placement of the primer
 Placement of the sealer

 Obturation

 Curing

 Coronal restoration

 SEALER PLACEMENT

 EFFICIENCY OF ROOT CANAL
SEALERS

CONCLUSION
With the increased amount of root canal
treatment being performed by both the generalist &
specialist, there have been renewed efforts to
develop better sealer and core obturation materials &
techniques. To date none of the materials &
techniques have safely reached the highest biologic
and technical level.

It would seem that the dental profession has
not yet decided upon a universal root canal filling
material. www.indiandentalacademy.com

REFERENCES
1. Bernath M & Szabo J. Tissue reaction initiated by
different sealers, International Endodoontics Journal. 2003;
36 : 256 – 261.
2. Branstetter J, Von Fraunhofer JA. The physical
properties & sealing action of endodontic sealer
cements : A review of the literature. Journal of Endodontics.
July 1982; 8 (7) : 312 – 316.
2. Christos Gogos et al. Adhesion of a New
Methacrylate Resin – Based Sealer to Human Dentin. Journal of
Endodontics, Apr. 2004; 30 (4) : 238 – 240.
3. Caicedo R. et al. The properties of Endodontics sealer
cements. Journal of Endodontics, 1988;14(11):527–534.
4. De Moore RJG et al. The long-term sealing ability of an
epoxy resin root canal sealer used with five gutta-percha
obturation techniques. Int. Endo. J. 2002; 35:275-282.

5. Fabricio B et al. Fracture resistance of roots
endodontically treated with a new resin filling material.
JADA. May 2004, Vol.135: 646-651.

6. Franklin S. Weine. Endodontic therapy. 5 th Edition.
Mosby – Year Book Inc., 467 – 476.

7. Funda Kont et al. In vitro antibacterial activities of root
canal sealers by using two different methods. J. Endod.
Jan 2004, 30(1) : 57 – 60.

8. Guy Shipper et al. An evaluation of microbial leakage in
roots filled with a thermoplastic synthetic polymer –
based root canal filling material (Resilon). J. Endod. May 2004,
30(5): 342-347.

9. Jacob G. Daniel. Advanced endodontics for clinicians.
119 - 121 www.indiandentalacademy.com

10. Jean Camps & Imad About. Cytotoxicity testing of
Endodontics sealers. J. Endod. 2003, 29(9) : 583-586.

11. John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland. Endodontics. Fifth edition.
579-596.

12. Louis I Grossman. Endodontic Practice. 11 th Edition,
253-259.

13. Stephen Cohen, Richard C. Burns. Pathways of the pulp.
2 nd Edition, Mosby 362-372.

4 th Edition, Mosby 257-260.

8 th Edition, Mosby 550 – 556.

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Root canal sealers /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy

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