SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 5
Download to read offline
1 Sattar et al.
Int. J. Biosci. 2018
RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS
Effect of incubation temperature on lesion diameter of
Penicillium expansum on apple fruit varieties
Abdul Sattar*1
, Abid Riaz1
, Nasir Mehmood1
, Rubab Altaf1
, Amir Afzal2
, Zobia Jabeen3
1
Department of Plant Pathology, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
2
Barani Agricultural Research Institute, Chakwal, Pakistan
3
Department of Plant Pathology, Balochistan Agriculture College, Quetta, Pakistan
Key words: Golden delicious, Incubation, Lesion diameter, Temperature, Red delicious
http://dx.doi.org/10.12692/ijb/12.1.1-5 Article published on January 12, 2018
Abstract
Current research work was conducted to determine impact of various genotypes and heat on shelf life of apple.
Study was carried out in vitro. Effect of temperature on lesion diameter of fungal growth in most prominent
apple fruit varieties growing in Pakistan was assessed. Four temperature (5, 15, 25 and 35°C) treatments were
provided to fruits of each variety after inoculation with spore suspension adjusted at 106spores/ml and growth of
P. expansum was measured for 12 days at 3 days interval. Pathogen showed maximum growth (23mm) at 25°C
while minimum (11mm) at 5°C in all varieties and moderate growth was observed at 15°C and 35°C. Golden
delicious apple which have thin cuticle and prone to injuries more frequently as compared to other varieties was
found most susceptible at all temperatures while Red delicious proved to be the most resistant against growth of
pathogen at all temperature sets comparatively. It was concluded that Red delicious is most resistant against
pathogen studied consequently can be saved for longer time without providing extraordinary conditions while
Golden delicious apple should be kept in special environment to reduce damage of product after harvesting due
to its most susceptibility against blue most disease.
* Corresponding Author: Abdul Sattar  abdulsattarkoli@yahoo.com
International Journal of Biosciences | IJB |
ISSN: 2220-6655 (Print), 2222-5234 (Online)
http://www.innspub.net
Vol. 12, No. 1, p. 1-5, 2018
2 Sattar et al.
Int. J. Biosci. 2018
Introduction
Apple is the most widely cultivated fruit in the world
and also called sweet gold of Pakistan. The total area,
reported under apple cultivation in Pakistan is about
110.16 thousand hectares with a production of 598.3
thousand tons (MINFA, 2011-12).In Pakistan number
of apple varieties are grown like Roya Gala, Amri,
Kashmiri Amri, Golden Delicious, Red Delicious, Sky
spur, Banki, Kulu etc. Low chilling varieties such as
Anna, Summer Gold and Golden Dorset are
prominent. Fungal infections are the major cause of
postharvest rots of fresh fruit and vegetables in
storage, transport causing considerable economic
losses in the commercialization phase (Gatto et al.,
2011). Principal causes for post harvest losses are
decay, external damages incurred during harvest and
handling, and harvest at an improper maturity stage
(Thorne and Alvarez., 1981). Infections caused during
postharvest conditions mitigate the shelf life and
shape the market value of fruits negatively (Tripathy
et al., 2008).
Apple being a delicate product is prone to qualitative
and quantitative losses after harvest. The losses may
occur during postharvest operations or storage which
could be as high as 17% (Shah et al., 2002) or even
greater. Postharvest fruit rot diseases, left hysterical,
can damage accessibility of apples significantly during
the postharvest storage period which can last for 12
months (Ilyas et al., 2007). A survey for postharvest
diseases of apples conducted in Punjab (Pakistan)
revealed prevalence of blue mold, Mucor rot,
Sphaeropsis rot, Bull’s Eye rot and Gray Mold. Blue
mold caused by Penicillium expansum Link was
found with highest incidence (56%) (Sattar, 2014).
Blue mold is one of the most important reasons of
postharvest losses in apple production in Brazil
(Brasil, 2005; Coelho et al., 2007). Moreover,
mycotoxins the secondary metabolites produced by
molds have unsympathetic effects on humans and
animals (Zain, 2011). The contamination of fruits with
mycotoxins has not only caused health risks but also
resulted in financial losses, particularly for exporting
countries (Fernandez-Cruz et al., 2010).
Temperature and humidity are considered the major
abiotic factors determining the potential for
germination and propagules growth of fungal spores
on the fruit surface (Maganand Lacey, 1988; Plaza et
al., 2003).In vitro studies on P. expansum showed
the radial growth rate of fungus positively correlated
with the incubation temperature and water activity of
medium (Lahlali et al., 2005; Lahlali, 2006).
However the effect of temperature on the growth
(lesion diameter) of P. expansum was never studied
on apple fruit in Pakistani apple varieties. Therefore
the main objective of the present study was to
determine effect of incubation temperature on in vivo
growth of P. expansum on apples fruits of three
varieties of Pakistan.
Materials and methods
Isolation of Fungus and Spore Suspension
Preparation
Penicillium expansum was isolated from decayed
apple fruits collected from fruit storage houses and
fruit markets in Punjab, pathogenicity test was
performed for confirmations. For long-term storage,
the isolates were preserved on silica gel under
optimum conditions for further use. Isolated pure
culture was used for making conidial suspension.
Conidial mass was washed with sterilized distilled
water and concentration was adjusted at 106 spores/
ml by using haemocytometer
Fruit Preparation
Healthy fruits were selected and sterilized with 1%
sodium hypochlorite by dipping them for two minutes
and then rinsed twice with sterilized distill water. After
rinsing fruits were left for an hour for drying. Each fruit
was wounded at equatorial sites with the help of cork
borer having 3mm width and 6mm depth.
Temperature Adjustments
Four incubators (Ilshin America, CI BB-012) were
maintained at 5°C, 15°C, 25°C and 35°C and fruits
were placed in them in trays in such a way that
proper aeration can be maintained. Eight fruits
were treated for each temperature study and were
inoculated with 10µL conidial suspension and kept
in separate incubator.
3 Sattar et al.
Int. J. Biosci. 2018
After treating apples with the spore suspension they
were kept in incubators maintained at different
temperatures mentioned. Observations were taken for
12 days at interval of 3 days.
Statistical analysis
Statistical software SPSS v 16.0 was used to analyze
data; two types of tests were used to check the effect
of above mentioned sets of temperature on growth of
the fungus in 12 days from incubation date.
Results and discussion
At 5°C fruits of Golden Delicious and Royal Gala
showed significantly higher growth of pathogen as
compared to Red Delicious (Fig.1) while at 15°C
Golden Delicious showed more significant growth
(28mm) as compared to other varieties but overall
fungal growth was retarded as compared to other high
temperature in study.
25°C temperature was found the most favourable
temperature for fungal growth and Golden delicious
showed highest lesion diameter (36 mm) while other
two varieties were also significantly affected and
expressed high growth rates (Fig.1) as compare to
their other temperature treatments similar results
were found by Lahlali et al., in 2005 that the highest
growth rate of P. expansum was observed in vitro
conditions at 25°C while humidity was found non
significant. At 35°C growth of pathogen became slow
and all varieties showed less lesion diameter (Fig.1)
and similar results were reported from model
developed by Katleen Baert et al. in 2007 that the
growth of P. expansum starts retarding at 30°C.
This study depicts that fungal growth was greatly
retarded at 35°C as compared to other lower
incubation temperature sets.
Fig. 1. Lesion diameters (mm) of P. expansum in three apple varieties obtained at various treatments of
incubation temperature 5, 15, 25 and 35°C. Treatments having the same letters are not significantly different
according to Duncan’s multiple range test at (P<0.05).
4 Sattar et al.
Int. J. Biosci. 2018
Each variety showed fungal infection with varying
degree as Pansnen et al., (1990) found that
environmental factors like temperature and air
humidity could not stop germination of spores of P.
expansum and even a small favourable time lap can
start fungal growth and cause infection. With the
increase in temperature fungal growth increased and
found maximum (36mm, Golden delicious) at 25°C
while the lowest (7mm) at temperature at 5°C (Red
Delicious) (Fig. 1).
Furthermore, it was also observed that fungal
infection increased with the increase of incubation
temperature up to 25°C and then decreased with the
further increase in temperature (35°C). On the basis
of sensitivity and resistance significant differences
were observed among different apple varieties
(Watkins and Rosenberger, 2002) as this study
revealed that Golden Delicious was more sensitive to
P. expansum (blue mold) as compared to other two
varieties. Golden delicious apple have thin cuticle,
least amount of acids and are prone to more injuries
as compared to other varieties (Jan et al., 2012) that
may provide more chances of pathogen contact and
fungal growth. Furthermore the carbohydrates,
protein, fat and fiber contents are high in Golden
Delicious variety (Mukhtar et al., 2010) that may
provide more nutrients to pathogen and resulted in
highest lesion diameter of pathogenic growth.
References
Alvarez JS, Thorne S. 1981. The effect of
temperature on the deterioration of stored
horticultural produce, p 215-237. In S. Thorne (Ed.)
development in food preservation-1, applied science,
London.
Baert K, Valero A, De Meulenaer B,
Samapundo S, Ahmed MM, Bo L, Debevere J,
Devlieghere F. 2007. Modeling the effect of
temperature on the growth rate and lag phase of
Penicillium expansum in apples. International
Journal of Food Microbiology 118(2007), 139–150.
Brasil.Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e
Abastecimento MAPA. Brasildeveiniciarexportaçã
o de manga para o Japãoemjunho. MAPA. 2005.
Disponívelem: Acessoem: 17 dez. 2011.
http://extranet.agricultura.gov.br/pls/pubacs_cons/!
ap_detalhe_noticia_cons?p_id_publicacao=3536
Coelho AR, Celli MC, Ono EYS, Wosiacki G,
Hoffmann FL, Pagnocca FC, Hirooka EY.
.2007. Penicillium expansum versus antagonist yeasts
and patulin degradation in vitro. Brazilian Archives of
Biology and Technology 50, 725–733.
Fernandez-Cruz ML, Mansilla ML, Tadeo JL.
2010.Mycotoxins in fruits and their processed products:
Analysis, occurance and health implications. Journal of
Advance Research 1, 113-122.
Gatto, MA, Ippolito A, Linsalata M, Cascarano
NA, Nigro F, Vanadia S, Di Venere D. 2011.
Activity of extracts from wild edible herbs against
postharvest fungal diseases of fruit and vegetables.
Postharvest Biol Technol 61, 72-82.
Ilyas, MB, Ghazanfar MU, Khan MA, Khan CA,
Bhatti MAR. 2007. Post harvest losses in apple and
banana during transport and storage. Pakistan
Journal of Agricultural Science 44(3), 534.
Jan I, Rab A, Sajid M. 2012. Storage performance
of apple cultivars harvested at different Stages of
maturity. The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences,
22(2), 2012, Page: 438-447 ISSN: 1018-7081.
Lahlali. 2006. Etude etmodélisation du
comportementécologique de Botrytis cinereaPers.
etP. Expansum Link. et de deuxlevuresantagonistes
Candida oleophila (soucheO) et Pichiaanomala
(souche K) vis-à-vis de cespathogènes de pommes
enpost-récolte (Ph.D in French). Gembloux
Agricultural University. Belgium. 155 p.
Lahlali R, Serrhini MN, Jijakali MH. 2005.
Studying and Modelling of the combined effect of
water activity and temperature on growth rate of P.
expansum. International Journal of Food
Microbiology 103, 315-322.
5 Sattar et al.
Int. J. Biosci. 2018
LeBlanc, Stark DIR, MacNeil B, Goguen B,
Beraulieu C. 1996. Perishable food temperature in
retail stores. New Development in refrigeration for
Food Safety and Quality. International Institute
Commission 6, 42-57.
Magan N, Lacey L. 1988.Ecological determinants of
Mould growth in stored grain. International Journal
of Food Microbiology 7:245-256.
MINFA. 2012. Ministry of Food, Agri. Livestock,
Food Agriculture and livestock Division. Agric.
Statistics of Pakistan (Economic wing) Islamabad
(Page No. 93).
Mukhtar P, Gilani AH, Bhatty N. 2010.Some
nutritional and microbiological aspects of apples of
common varieties available for household
consumption. The Journal of Animal and Plant
Sciences. 20(4).
Pasanen AL, Kalliokoski P, Pasanen P. 1991.
Laboratory studies on the relationship between fungal
growth and atmospheric temperature and humidity.
Environment International 17, 225-228.
Plaza P, Usall J, Teixido N, Vinas I. 2003.Effect
of water activity and temperature on germination and
growth of Penicillium digitatum, P. italicum and
Geotrichum candidum. Journal of Applied
Microbilogy 94, 549-554.
Saleh AM, Ghafir O, Suliman O, Gadalla,
Benissa N, Murajei El-Nady MF. 2009.
Physiological and anatomical comparison between
four different apple cultivars under cold storage
conditions. Acta Biol. 53(1), 21-26.
Sattar A, Riaz A, Ahmed S, Hasan I. 2014.
Efficacy of selected Plant Extracts For Inhibition of
Penicillium expansum Growth On Apple Fruits, Pak.
J. Phytopathol. 26(01), 2014. 63-66.
Shah NA, Khan S, Kasi MA, Khair SM. 2002.
Post harvest and cold storage losses in apple of
Balochistan. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences. 1(1),
65-66.
Tripathy P, Dubey NK, Shukla AK. 2008. Use of
some Essential oils as Post-Harvest Botanical
Fungicides in the management of grey mould of
grapes caused by Botrytis cinerea. World Journal of
Microbiol Biotechnology 24, 39-46.
Watkins, CB, Rosenberger DA. 2002. Cornell
Fruit Handling and Storage Newsletter. pp: 14.
www.hort.cornell.edu/department/faculty/wa
tkins/extpubs.html
Zain ME. 2011. Impact of mycotoxins on humans
and animals. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society 15,
129-144.

More Related Content

What's hot

A Review on the Antimicrobial Activity of Sesuvium Portulacastrum
A Review on the Antimicrobial Activity of Sesuvium PortulacastrumA Review on the Antimicrobial Activity of Sesuvium Portulacastrum
A Review on the Antimicrobial Activity of Sesuvium Portulacastrumijtsrd
 
B4FA 2012 Nigeria: Cryopreservation of Groundnut Germplasm in Nigeria - Maimu...
B4FA 2012 Nigeria: Cryopreservation of Groundnut Germplasm in Nigeria - Maimu...B4FA 2012 Nigeria: Cryopreservation of Groundnut Germplasm in Nigeria - Maimu...
B4FA 2012 Nigeria: Cryopreservation of Groundnut Germplasm in Nigeria - Maimu...b4fa
 
A study on physiological, anatomical characterization of selected carrot plan...
A study on physiological, anatomical characterization of selected carrot plan...A study on physiological, anatomical characterization of selected carrot plan...
A study on physiological, anatomical characterization of selected carrot plan...Innspub Net
 
11.[34 38]evaluation of (khaya senegallensis) for the control of tribolium co...
11.[34 38]evaluation of (khaya senegallensis) for the control of tribolium co...11.[34 38]evaluation of (khaya senegallensis) for the control of tribolium co...
11.[34 38]evaluation of (khaya senegallensis) for the control of tribolium co...Alexander Decker
 
11.evaluation of (khaya senegallensis) for the control of tribolium confusum ...
11.evaluation of (khaya senegallensis) for the control of tribolium confusum ...11.evaluation of (khaya senegallensis) for the control of tribolium confusum ...
11.evaluation of (khaya senegallensis) for the control of tribolium confusum ...Alexander Decker
 
Insecticidal Activity of Stem Bark Extract of Lophira Alata Ekki Against Cowp...
Insecticidal Activity of Stem Bark Extract of Lophira Alata Ekki Against Cowp...Insecticidal Activity of Stem Bark Extract of Lophira Alata Ekki Against Cowp...
Insecticidal Activity of Stem Bark Extract of Lophira Alata Ekki Against Cowp...ijtsrd
 
Effect of potassium fertilization and organic nutrient (Reef Amirich) in the ...
Effect of potassium fertilization and organic nutrient (Reef Amirich) in the ...Effect of potassium fertilization and organic nutrient (Reef Amirich) in the ...
Effect of potassium fertilization and organic nutrient (Reef Amirich) in the ...Innspub Net
 
Effects of manually processed bio pesticides on crop production and pest mana...
Effects of manually processed bio pesticides on crop production and pest mana...Effects of manually processed bio pesticides on crop production and pest mana...
Effects of manually processed bio pesticides on crop production and pest mana...Alexander Decker
 
Seed Setting Efficiency, Leaf Relative Water Content and Yield Traits of some...
Seed Setting Efficiency, Leaf Relative Water Content and Yield Traits of some...Seed Setting Efficiency, Leaf Relative Water Content and Yield Traits of some...
Seed Setting Efficiency, Leaf Relative Water Content and Yield Traits of some...Premier Publishers
 
Distribution, Biochemical Properties and Genetic Relatedness of Endophytic Ba...
Distribution, Biochemical Properties and Genetic Relatedness of Endophytic Ba...Distribution, Biochemical Properties and Genetic Relatedness of Endophytic Ba...
Distribution, Biochemical Properties and Genetic Relatedness of Endophytic Ba...AI Publications
 
Effects of acalypha wilkesiana leaf extract, hot and boiling
Effects of acalypha wilkesiana leaf extract, hot and boilingEffects of acalypha wilkesiana leaf extract, hot and boiling
Effects of acalypha wilkesiana leaf extract, hot and boilingAlexander Decker
 
1622 article text-3064-2-10-20180303
1622 article text-3064-2-10-201803031622 article text-3064-2-10-20180303
1622 article text-3064-2-10-20180303balkishan chaudhary
 
4 ijfaf nov-2017-2-allelopathic effect of eucalyptus
4 ijfaf nov-2017-2-allelopathic effect of eucalyptus4 ijfaf nov-2017-2-allelopathic effect of eucalyptus
4 ijfaf nov-2017-2-allelopathic effect of eucalyptusAI Publications
 
Effect of phytobiocides in controlling soft rot of tomato
  Effect of phytobiocides in controlling soft rot of tomato  Effect of phytobiocides in controlling soft rot of tomato
Effect of phytobiocides in controlling soft rot of tomatoAlexander Decker
 
Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Aureus and its Sensitivity to Ocimum Gratissimu...
Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Aureus and its Sensitivity to Ocimum Gratissimu...Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Aureus and its Sensitivity to Ocimum Gratissimu...
Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Aureus and its Sensitivity to Ocimum Gratissimu...ijtsrd
 
Strategies for gene deployment (1)
Strategies for gene deployment (1)Strategies for gene deployment (1)
Strategies for gene deployment (1)Prince kumar Gupta
 
Cryopreservation of germplasm
Cryopreservation of germplasmCryopreservation of germplasm
Cryopreservation of germplasmHeena Bepari
 

What's hot (18)

A Review on the Antimicrobial Activity of Sesuvium Portulacastrum
A Review on the Antimicrobial Activity of Sesuvium PortulacastrumA Review on the Antimicrobial Activity of Sesuvium Portulacastrum
A Review on the Antimicrobial Activity of Sesuvium Portulacastrum
 
798 802 (5623)
798 802 (5623)798 802 (5623)
798 802 (5623)
 
B4FA 2012 Nigeria: Cryopreservation of Groundnut Germplasm in Nigeria - Maimu...
B4FA 2012 Nigeria: Cryopreservation of Groundnut Germplasm in Nigeria - Maimu...B4FA 2012 Nigeria: Cryopreservation of Groundnut Germplasm in Nigeria - Maimu...
B4FA 2012 Nigeria: Cryopreservation of Groundnut Germplasm in Nigeria - Maimu...
 
A study on physiological, anatomical characterization of selected carrot plan...
A study on physiological, anatomical characterization of selected carrot plan...A study on physiological, anatomical characterization of selected carrot plan...
A study on physiological, anatomical characterization of selected carrot plan...
 
11.[34 38]evaluation of (khaya senegallensis) for the control of tribolium co...
11.[34 38]evaluation of (khaya senegallensis) for the control of tribolium co...11.[34 38]evaluation of (khaya senegallensis) for the control of tribolium co...
11.[34 38]evaluation of (khaya senegallensis) for the control of tribolium co...
 
11.evaluation of (khaya senegallensis) for the control of tribolium confusum ...
11.evaluation of (khaya senegallensis) for the control of tribolium confusum ...11.evaluation of (khaya senegallensis) for the control of tribolium confusum ...
11.evaluation of (khaya senegallensis) for the control of tribolium confusum ...
 
Insecticidal Activity of Stem Bark Extract of Lophira Alata Ekki Against Cowp...
Insecticidal Activity of Stem Bark Extract of Lophira Alata Ekki Against Cowp...Insecticidal Activity of Stem Bark Extract of Lophira Alata Ekki Against Cowp...
Insecticidal Activity of Stem Bark Extract of Lophira Alata Ekki Against Cowp...
 
Effect of potassium fertilization and organic nutrient (Reef Amirich) in the ...
Effect of potassium fertilization and organic nutrient (Reef Amirich) in the ...Effect of potassium fertilization and organic nutrient (Reef Amirich) in the ...
Effect of potassium fertilization and organic nutrient (Reef Amirich) in the ...
 
Effects of manually processed bio pesticides on crop production and pest mana...
Effects of manually processed bio pesticides on crop production and pest mana...Effects of manually processed bio pesticides on crop production and pest mana...
Effects of manually processed bio pesticides on crop production and pest mana...
 
Seed Setting Efficiency, Leaf Relative Water Content and Yield Traits of some...
Seed Setting Efficiency, Leaf Relative Water Content and Yield Traits of some...Seed Setting Efficiency, Leaf Relative Water Content and Yield Traits of some...
Seed Setting Efficiency, Leaf Relative Water Content and Yield Traits of some...
 
Distribution, Biochemical Properties and Genetic Relatedness of Endophytic Ba...
Distribution, Biochemical Properties and Genetic Relatedness of Endophytic Ba...Distribution, Biochemical Properties and Genetic Relatedness of Endophytic Ba...
Distribution, Biochemical Properties and Genetic Relatedness of Endophytic Ba...
 
Effects of acalypha wilkesiana leaf extract, hot and boiling
Effects of acalypha wilkesiana leaf extract, hot and boilingEffects of acalypha wilkesiana leaf extract, hot and boiling
Effects of acalypha wilkesiana leaf extract, hot and boiling
 
1622 article text-3064-2-10-20180303
1622 article text-3064-2-10-201803031622 article text-3064-2-10-20180303
1622 article text-3064-2-10-20180303
 
4 ijfaf nov-2017-2-allelopathic effect of eucalyptus
4 ijfaf nov-2017-2-allelopathic effect of eucalyptus4 ijfaf nov-2017-2-allelopathic effect of eucalyptus
4 ijfaf nov-2017-2-allelopathic effect of eucalyptus
 
Effect of phytobiocides in controlling soft rot of tomato
  Effect of phytobiocides in controlling soft rot of tomato  Effect of phytobiocides in controlling soft rot of tomato
Effect of phytobiocides in controlling soft rot of tomato
 
Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Aureus and its Sensitivity to Ocimum Gratissimu...
Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Aureus and its Sensitivity to Ocimum Gratissimu...Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Aureus and its Sensitivity to Ocimum Gratissimu...
Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Aureus and its Sensitivity to Ocimum Gratissimu...
 
Strategies for gene deployment (1)
Strategies for gene deployment (1)Strategies for gene deployment (1)
Strategies for gene deployment (1)
 
Cryopreservation of germplasm
Cryopreservation of germplasmCryopreservation of germplasm
Cryopreservation of germplasm
 

Similar to Effect of incubation temperature on lesion diameter of Penicillium expansum on apple fruit varieties

Isolation and Identification of Post-Harvest Fungal Pathogens of Spoilt Grape...
Isolation and Identification of Post-Harvest Fungal Pathogens of Spoilt Grape...Isolation and Identification of Post-Harvest Fungal Pathogens of Spoilt Grape...
Isolation and Identification of Post-Harvest Fungal Pathogens of Spoilt Grape...ijtsrd
 
MICROORGANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SPOILAGE OF CUCUMBER, GARDEN EGG AND PAWPA...
MICROORGANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SPOILAGE OF CUCUMBER, GARDEN EGG AND PAWPA...MICROORGANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SPOILAGE OF CUCUMBER, GARDEN EGG AND PAWPA...
MICROORGANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SPOILAGE OF CUCUMBER, GARDEN EGG AND PAWPA...paperpublications3
 
Identification of the Fungal Postharvest Disease on Peach Fruits
Identification of the Fungal Postharvest Disease on Peach FruitsIdentification of the Fungal Postharvest Disease on Peach Fruits
Identification of the Fungal Postharvest Disease on Peach Fruitsijtsrd
 
5. Phenotyping of lentil genotypes for drought tolerance using polyethylene g...
5. Phenotyping of lentil genotypes for drought tolerance using polyethylene g...5. Phenotyping of lentil genotypes for drought tolerance using polyethylene g...
5. Phenotyping of lentil genotypes for drought tolerance using polyethylene g...MDMAHMUDALNOOR
 
A comparative study of bacteria and fungi associated with spoilage of banana ...
A comparative study of bacteria and fungi associated with spoilage of banana ...A comparative study of bacteria and fungi associated with spoilage of banana ...
A comparative study of bacteria and fungi associated with spoilage of banana ...BRNSSPublicationHubI
 
Shahid siddique B.sc (hons) Report
Shahid siddique B.sc (hons) ReportShahid siddique B.sc (hons) Report
Shahid siddique B.sc (hons) ReportShahid Siddique
 
Relationship between postharvest diseases resistance and mineral composition ...
Relationship between postharvest diseases resistance and mineral composition ...Relationship between postharvest diseases resistance and mineral composition ...
Relationship between postharvest diseases resistance and mineral composition ...Amílcar Duarte
 
Post Harvest Diseases.pptx
Post Harvest Diseases.pptxPost Harvest Diseases.pptx
Post Harvest Diseases.pptxSaradPokhrel
 
Growth analysis of rhizomania infected and healthy sugar beet
Growth analysis of rhizomania infected and healthy sugar beetGrowth analysis of rhizomania infected and healthy sugar beet
Growth analysis of rhizomania infected and healthy sugar beetJavad Rezaei
 
Evaluate the Efficiency of Gamma Irradiation and Chitosan on Shelf-Life of St...
Evaluate the Efficiency of Gamma Irradiation and Chitosan on Shelf-Life of St...Evaluate the Efficiency of Gamma Irradiation and Chitosan on Shelf-Life of St...
Evaluate the Efficiency of Gamma Irradiation and Chitosan on Shelf-Life of St...IJEABJ
 
Research Paper | Effectiveness of two diatomaceous earths (FossilShield® and ...
Research Paper | Effectiveness of two diatomaceous earths (FossilShield® and ...Research Paper | Effectiveness of two diatomaceous earths (FossilShield® and ...
Research Paper | Effectiveness of two diatomaceous earths (FossilShield® and ...InternationalNetwork
 
Effect of Seed's Age on Some Treatments' Efficiency for Breaking of Dodder (...
Effect of Seed's Age on Some Treatments' Efficiency for  Breaking of Dodder (...Effect of Seed's Age on Some Treatments' Efficiency for  Breaking of Dodder (...
Effect of Seed's Age on Some Treatments' Efficiency for Breaking of Dodder (...Kamal Almhemed
 
Efficacy of trichoderma harzianum, poultry manure and yeast on the growth and...
Efficacy of trichoderma harzianum, poultry manure and yeast on the growth and...Efficacy of trichoderma harzianum, poultry manure and yeast on the growth and...
Efficacy of trichoderma harzianum, poultry manure and yeast on the growth and...Alexander Decker
 
Influence of Storage Conditions on Seed Quality and Longevity of Four Vegetab...
Influence of Storage Conditions on Seed Quality and Longevity of Four Vegetab...Influence of Storage Conditions on Seed Quality and Longevity of Four Vegetab...
Influence of Storage Conditions on Seed Quality and Longevity of Four Vegetab...Seeds
 

Similar to Effect of incubation temperature on lesion diameter of Penicillium expansum on apple fruit varieties (20)

Isolation and Identification of Post-Harvest Fungal Pathogens of Spoilt Grape...
Isolation and Identification of Post-Harvest Fungal Pathogens of Spoilt Grape...Isolation and Identification of Post-Harvest Fungal Pathogens of Spoilt Grape...
Isolation and Identification of Post-Harvest Fungal Pathogens of Spoilt Grape...
 
MICROORGANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SPOILAGE OF CUCUMBER, GARDEN EGG AND PAWPA...
MICROORGANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SPOILAGE OF CUCUMBER, GARDEN EGG AND PAWPA...MICROORGANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SPOILAGE OF CUCUMBER, GARDEN EGG AND PAWPA...
MICROORGANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SPOILAGE OF CUCUMBER, GARDEN EGG AND PAWPA...
 
Identification of the Fungal Postharvest Disease on Peach Fruits
Identification of the Fungal Postharvest Disease on Peach FruitsIdentification of the Fungal Postharvest Disease on Peach Fruits
Identification of the Fungal Postharvest Disease on Peach Fruits
 
5. Phenotyping of lentil genotypes for drought tolerance using polyethylene g...
5. Phenotyping of lentil genotypes for drought tolerance using polyethylene g...5. Phenotyping of lentil genotypes for drought tolerance using polyethylene g...
5. Phenotyping of lentil genotypes for drought tolerance using polyethylene g...
 
A comparative study of bacteria and fungi associated with spoilage of banana ...
A comparative study of bacteria and fungi associated with spoilage of banana ...A comparative study of bacteria and fungi associated with spoilage of banana ...
A comparative study of bacteria and fungi associated with spoilage of banana ...
 
Shahid siddique
Shahid siddiqueShahid siddique
Shahid siddique
 
Shahid siddique B.sc (hons) Report
Shahid siddique B.sc (hons) ReportShahid siddique B.sc (hons) Report
Shahid siddique B.sc (hons) Report
 
Relationship between postharvest diseases resistance and mineral composition ...
Relationship between postharvest diseases resistance and mineral composition ...Relationship between postharvest diseases resistance and mineral composition ...
Relationship between postharvest diseases resistance and mineral composition ...
 
SMNAssign.pptx
SMNAssign.pptxSMNAssign.pptx
SMNAssign.pptx
 
Post Harvest Diseases.pptx
Post Harvest Diseases.pptxPost Harvest Diseases.pptx
Post Harvest Diseases.pptx
 
Growth analysis of rhizomania infected and healthy sugar beet
Growth analysis of rhizomania infected and healthy sugar beetGrowth analysis of rhizomania infected and healthy sugar beet
Growth analysis of rhizomania infected and healthy sugar beet
 
Evaluate the Efficiency of Gamma Irradiation and Chitosan on Shelf-Life of St...
Evaluate the Efficiency of Gamma Irradiation and Chitosan on Shelf-Life of St...Evaluate the Efficiency of Gamma Irradiation and Chitosan on Shelf-Life of St...
Evaluate the Efficiency of Gamma Irradiation and Chitosan on Shelf-Life of St...
 
Research Paper | Effectiveness of two diatomaceous earths (FossilShield® and ...
Research Paper | Effectiveness of two diatomaceous earths (FossilShield® and ...Research Paper | Effectiveness of two diatomaceous earths (FossilShield® and ...
Research Paper | Effectiveness of two diatomaceous earths (FossilShield® and ...
 
The Stimulatory and Inhibitory Effects of Mungbean Extract on Germination and...
The Stimulatory and Inhibitory Effects of Mungbean Extract on Germination and...The Stimulatory and Inhibitory Effects of Mungbean Extract on Germination and...
The Stimulatory and Inhibitory Effects of Mungbean Extract on Germination and...
 
Effect of Seed's Age on Some Treatments' Efficiency for Breaking of Dodder (...
Effect of Seed's Age on Some Treatments' Efficiency for  Breaking of Dodder (...Effect of Seed's Age on Some Treatments' Efficiency for  Breaking of Dodder (...
Effect of Seed's Age on Some Treatments' Efficiency for Breaking of Dodder (...
 
Efficacy of trichoderma harzianum, poultry manure and yeast on the growth and...
Efficacy of trichoderma harzianum, poultry manure and yeast on the growth and...Efficacy of trichoderma harzianum, poultry manure and yeast on the growth and...
Efficacy of trichoderma harzianum, poultry manure and yeast on the growth and...
 
Antifungal activity of banana rachis leachate on some fungi responsible for b...
Antifungal activity of banana rachis leachate on some fungi responsible for b...Antifungal activity of banana rachis leachate on some fungi responsible for b...
Antifungal activity of banana rachis leachate on some fungi responsible for b...
 
Influence of Storage Conditions on Seed Quality and Longevity of Four Vegetab...
Influence of Storage Conditions on Seed Quality and Longevity of Four Vegetab...Influence of Storage Conditions on Seed Quality and Longevity of Four Vegetab...
Influence of Storage Conditions on Seed Quality and Longevity of Four Vegetab...
 
Influence of Storage Conditions on Seed Quality and Longevity of Four Vegetab...
Influence of Storage Conditions on Seed Quality and Longevity of Four Vegetab...Influence of Storage Conditions on Seed Quality and Longevity of Four Vegetab...
Influence of Storage Conditions on Seed Quality and Longevity of Four Vegetab...
 
244 248 (5464)
244 248 (5464)244 248 (5464)
244 248 (5464)
 

More from Innspub Net

Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) content in three species bivalves in Jakarta Ba...
 Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) content in three species bivalves in Jakarta Ba... Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) content in three species bivalves in Jakarta Ba...
Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) content in three species bivalves in Jakarta Ba...Innspub Net
 
Interaction on the diet and substrate on the growth of Archachatina marginata...
Interaction on the diet and substrate on the growth of Archachatina marginata...Interaction on the diet and substrate on the growth of Archachatina marginata...
Interaction on the diet and substrate on the growth of Archachatina marginata...Innspub Net
 
Nutritional assessment status of adult patients with multiple sclerosis: A na...
Nutritional assessment status of adult patients with multiple sclerosis: A na...Nutritional assessment status of adult patients with multiple sclerosis: A na...
Nutritional assessment status of adult patients with multiple sclerosis: A na...Innspub Net
 
Evaluation of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts by-products
Evaluation of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts by-productsEvaluation of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts by-products
Evaluation of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts by-productsInnspub Net
 
Germination and seedling growth of Moringa oleifera, Moringa stenopetala and ...
Germination and seedling growth of Moringa oleifera, Moringa stenopetala and ...Germination and seedling growth of Moringa oleifera, Moringa stenopetala and ...
Germination and seedling growth of Moringa oleifera, Moringa stenopetala and ...Innspub Net
 
Identification and marketing of Marantaceae in the Ndjolé area, in central Ga...
Identification and marketing of Marantaceae in the Ndjolé area, in central Ga...Identification and marketing of Marantaceae in the Ndjolé area, in central Ga...
Identification and marketing of Marantaceae in the Ndjolé area, in central Ga...Innspub Net
 
Ethnobotany of Oyster nut (Telfairia pedata) in Northern Tanzania | JBES 2022
Ethnobotany of Oyster nut (Telfairia pedata) in Northern Tanzania | JBES 2022Ethnobotany of Oyster nut (Telfairia pedata) in Northern Tanzania | JBES 2022
Ethnobotany of Oyster nut (Telfairia pedata) in Northern Tanzania | JBES 2022Innspub Net
 
The amphibian’s fauna of a West African forest relict near a hydroelectric Da...
The amphibian’s fauna of a West African forest relict near a hydroelectric Da...The amphibian’s fauna of a West African forest relict near a hydroelectric Da...
The amphibian’s fauna of a West African forest relict near a hydroelectric Da...Innspub Net
 
Genetic parameter estimates and diversity studies of upland rice (Oryza sativ...
Genetic parameter estimates and diversity studies of upland rice (Oryza sativ...Genetic parameter estimates and diversity studies of upland rice (Oryza sativ...
Genetic parameter estimates and diversity studies of upland rice (Oryza sativ...Innspub Net
 
Valorization of the duckweed (Spirodela polyrhyza) in the feeding of mono sex...
Valorization of the duckweed (Spirodela polyrhyza) in the feeding of mono sex...Valorization of the duckweed (Spirodela polyrhyza) in the feeding of mono sex...
Valorization of the duckweed (Spirodela polyrhyza) in the feeding of mono sex...Innspub Net
 
Anthropogenic noise reduces bird species richness and diversity along a Rur-u...
Anthropogenic noise reduces bird species richness and diversity along a Rur-u...Anthropogenic noise reduces bird species richness and diversity along a Rur-u...
Anthropogenic noise reduces bird species richness and diversity along a Rur-u...Innspub Net
 
Construction health and safety model towards adoption | IJB 2022
Construction health and safety model towards adoption | IJB 2022Construction health and safety model towards adoption | IJB 2022
Construction health and safety model towards adoption | IJB 2022Innspub Net
 
Chemical composition of essential oil compounds from the callus of fennel (Fo...
Chemical composition of essential oil compounds from the callus of fennel (Fo...Chemical composition of essential oil compounds from the callus of fennel (Fo...
Chemical composition of essential oil compounds from the callus of fennel (Fo...Innspub Net
 
Evaluation of some maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes for resistance to stem borer...
Evaluation of some maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes for resistance to stem borer...Evaluation of some maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes for resistance to stem borer...
Evaluation of some maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes for resistance to stem borer...Innspub Net
 
Impact of climate change on wheat yield using remote sensing technique | JBES...
Impact of climate change on wheat yield using remote sensing technique | JBES...Impact of climate change on wheat yield using remote sensing technique | JBES...
Impact of climate change on wheat yield using remote sensing technique | JBES...Innspub Net
 
Extreme weather events and their impact on urban crop production: A case of K...
Extreme weather events and their impact on urban crop production: A case of K...Extreme weather events and their impact on urban crop production: A case of K...
Extreme weather events and their impact on urban crop production: A case of K...Innspub Net
 
Effectiveness of community forest association and water resource users’ assoc...
Effectiveness of community forest association and water resource users’ assoc...Effectiveness of community forest association and water resource users’ assoc...
Effectiveness of community forest association and water resource users’ assoc...Innspub Net
 
Smallholders socio-economic characteristics of oil palm value chain: Constrai...
Smallholders socio-economic characteristics of oil palm value chain: Constrai...Smallholders socio-economic characteristics of oil palm value chain: Constrai...
Smallholders socio-economic characteristics of oil palm value chain: Constrai...Innspub Net
 
Liming leads to high bean and maize yield on a strongly acid tea soil | IJAAR...
Liming leads to high bean and maize yield on a strongly acid tea soil | IJAAR...Liming leads to high bean and maize yield on a strongly acid tea soil | IJAAR...
Liming leads to high bean and maize yield on a strongly acid tea soil | IJAAR...Innspub Net
 
Total phenolics and total flavonoids of extracts from freshwater Clam (Corbic...
Total phenolics and total flavonoids of extracts from freshwater Clam (Corbic...Total phenolics and total flavonoids of extracts from freshwater Clam (Corbic...
Total phenolics and total flavonoids of extracts from freshwater Clam (Corbic...Innspub Net
 

More from Innspub Net (20)

Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) content in three species bivalves in Jakarta Ba...
 Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) content in three species bivalves in Jakarta Ba... Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) content in three species bivalves in Jakarta Ba...
Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) content in three species bivalves in Jakarta Ba...
 
Interaction on the diet and substrate on the growth of Archachatina marginata...
Interaction on the diet and substrate on the growth of Archachatina marginata...Interaction on the diet and substrate on the growth of Archachatina marginata...
Interaction on the diet and substrate on the growth of Archachatina marginata...
 
Nutritional assessment status of adult patients with multiple sclerosis: A na...
Nutritional assessment status of adult patients with multiple sclerosis: A na...Nutritional assessment status of adult patients with multiple sclerosis: A na...
Nutritional assessment status of adult patients with multiple sclerosis: A na...
 
Evaluation of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts by-products
Evaluation of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts by-productsEvaluation of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts by-products
Evaluation of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts by-products
 
Germination and seedling growth of Moringa oleifera, Moringa stenopetala and ...
Germination and seedling growth of Moringa oleifera, Moringa stenopetala and ...Germination and seedling growth of Moringa oleifera, Moringa stenopetala and ...
Germination and seedling growth of Moringa oleifera, Moringa stenopetala and ...
 
Identification and marketing of Marantaceae in the Ndjolé area, in central Ga...
Identification and marketing of Marantaceae in the Ndjolé area, in central Ga...Identification and marketing of Marantaceae in the Ndjolé area, in central Ga...
Identification and marketing of Marantaceae in the Ndjolé area, in central Ga...
 
Ethnobotany of Oyster nut (Telfairia pedata) in Northern Tanzania | JBES 2022
Ethnobotany of Oyster nut (Telfairia pedata) in Northern Tanzania | JBES 2022Ethnobotany of Oyster nut (Telfairia pedata) in Northern Tanzania | JBES 2022
Ethnobotany of Oyster nut (Telfairia pedata) in Northern Tanzania | JBES 2022
 
The amphibian’s fauna of a West African forest relict near a hydroelectric Da...
The amphibian’s fauna of a West African forest relict near a hydroelectric Da...The amphibian’s fauna of a West African forest relict near a hydroelectric Da...
The amphibian’s fauna of a West African forest relict near a hydroelectric Da...
 
Genetic parameter estimates and diversity studies of upland rice (Oryza sativ...
Genetic parameter estimates and diversity studies of upland rice (Oryza sativ...Genetic parameter estimates and diversity studies of upland rice (Oryza sativ...
Genetic parameter estimates and diversity studies of upland rice (Oryza sativ...
 
Valorization of the duckweed (Spirodela polyrhyza) in the feeding of mono sex...
Valorization of the duckweed (Spirodela polyrhyza) in the feeding of mono sex...Valorization of the duckweed (Spirodela polyrhyza) in the feeding of mono sex...
Valorization of the duckweed (Spirodela polyrhyza) in the feeding of mono sex...
 
Anthropogenic noise reduces bird species richness and diversity along a Rur-u...
Anthropogenic noise reduces bird species richness and diversity along a Rur-u...Anthropogenic noise reduces bird species richness and diversity along a Rur-u...
Anthropogenic noise reduces bird species richness and diversity along a Rur-u...
 
Construction health and safety model towards adoption | IJB 2022
Construction health and safety model towards adoption | IJB 2022Construction health and safety model towards adoption | IJB 2022
Construction health and safety model towards adoption | IJB 2022
 
Chemical composition of essential oil compounds from the callus of fennel (Fo...
Chemical composition of essential oil compounds from the callus of fennel (Fo...Chemical composition of essential oil compounds from the callus of fennel (Fo...
Chemical composition of essential oil compounds from the callus of fennel (Fo...
 
Evaluation of some maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes for resistance to stem borer...
Evaluation of some maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes for resistance to stem borer...Evaluation of some maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes for resistance to stem borer...
Evaluation of some maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes for resistance to stem borer...
 
Impact of climate change on wheat yield using remote sensing technique | JBES...
Impact of climate change on wheat yield using remote sensing technique | JBES...Impact of climate change on wheat yield using remote sensing technique | JBES...
Impact of climate change on wheat yield using remote sensing technique | JBES...
 
Extreme weather events and their impact on urban crop production: A case of K...
Extreme weather events and their impact on urban crop production: A case of K...Extreme weather events and their impact on urban crop production: A case of K...
Extreme weather events and their impact on urban crop production: A case of K...
 
Effectiveness of community forest association and water resource users’ assoc...
Effectiveness of community forest association and water resource users’ assoc...Effectiveness of community forest association and water resource users’ assoc...
Effectiveness of community forest association and water resource users’ assoc...
 
Smallholders socio-economic characteristics of oil palm value chain: Constrai...
Smallholders socio-economic characteristics of oil palm value chain: Constrai...Smallholders socio-economic characteristics of oil palm value chain: Constrai...
Smallholders socio-economic characteristics of oil palm value chain: Constrai...
 
Liming leads to high bean and maize yield on a strongly acid tea soil | IJAAR...
Liming leads to high bean and maize yield on a strongly acid tea soil | IJAAR...Liming leads to high bean and maize yield on a strongly acid tea soil | IJAAR...
Liming leads to high bean and maize yield on a strongly acid tea soil | IJAAR...
 
Total phenolics and total flavonoids of extracts from freshwater Clam (Corbic...
Total phenolics and total flavonoids of extracts from freshwater Clam (Corbic...Total phenolics and total flavonoids of extracts from freshwater Clam (Corbic...
Total phenolics and total flavonoids of extracts from freshwater Clam (Corbic...
 

Recently uploaded

Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICEQuality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICESayali Powar
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Vani Magazine - Quarterly Magazine of Seshadripuram Educational Trust
Vani Magazine - Quarterly Magazine of Seshadripuram Educational TrustVani Magazine - Quarterly Magazine of Seshadripuram Educational Trust
Vani Magazine - Quarterly Magazine of Seshadripuram Educational TrustSavipriya Raghavendra
 
Protein Structure - threading Protein modelling pptx
Protein Structure - threading Protein modelling pptxProtein Structure - threading Protein modelling pptx
Protein Structure - threading Protein modelling pptxvidhisharma994099
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptxSandy Millin
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxDr. Asif Anas
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxraviapr7
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...CaraSkikne1
 
A gentle introduction to Artificial Intelligence
A gentle introduction to Artificial IntelligenceA gentle introduction to Artificial Intelligence
A gentle introduction to Artificial IntelligenceApostolos Syropoulos
 
10 Topics For MBA Project Report [HR].pdf
10 Topics For MBA Project Report [HR].pdf10 Topics For MBA Project Report [HR].pdf
10 Topics For MBA Project Report [HR].pdfJayanti Pande
 
Department of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdf
Department of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdfDepartment of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdf
Department of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdfMohonDas
 
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfDiploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...raviapr7
 
Over the counter (OTC)- Sale, rational use.pptx
Over the counter (OTC)- Sale, rational use.pptxOver the counter (OTC)- Sale, rational use.pptx
Over the counter (OTC)- Sale, rational use.pptxraviapr7
 
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsEugene Lysak
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxraviapr7
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICEQuality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
 
Vani Magazine - Quarterly Magazine of Seshadripuram Educational Trust
Vani Magazine - Quarterly Magazine of Seshadripuram Educational TrustVani Magazine - Quarterly Magazine of Seshadripuram Educational Trust
Vani Magazine - Quarterly Magazine of Seshadripuram Educational Trust
 
Protein Structure - threading Protein modelling pptx
Protein Structure - threading Protein modelling pptxProtein Structure - threading Protein modelling pptx
Protein Structure - threading Protein modelling pptx
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
 
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quizPrelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
 
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quizFinals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
 
A gentle introduction to Artificial Intelligence
A gentle introduction to Artificial IntelligenceA gentle introduction to Artificial Intelligence
A gentle introduction to Artificial Intelligence
 
10 Topics For MBA Project Report [HR].pdf
10 Topics For MBA Project Report [HR].pdf10 Topics For MBA Project Report [HR].pdf
10 Topics For MBA Project Report [HR].pdf
 
Department of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdf
Department of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdfDepartment of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdf
Department of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdf
 
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfDiploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
 
Over the counter (OTC)- Sale, rational use.pptx
Over the counter (OTC)- Sale, rational use.pptxOver the counter (OTC)- Sale, rational use.pptx
Over the counter (OTC)- Sale, rational use.pptx
 
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdfPersonal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
 
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
 

Effect of incubation temperature on lesion diameter of Penicillium expansum on apple fruit varieties

  • 1. 1 Sattar et al. Int. J. Biosci. 2018 RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS Effect of incubation temperature on lesion diameter of Penicillium expansum on apple fruit varieties Abdul Sattar*1 , Abid Riaz1 , Nasir Mehmood1 , Rubab Altaf1 , Amir Afzal2 , Zobia Jabeen3 1 Department of Plant Pathology, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan 2 Barani Agricultural Research Institute, Chakwal, Pakistan 3 Department of Plant Pathology, Balochistan Agriculture College, Quetta, Pakistan Key words: Golden delicious, Incubation, Lesion diameter, Temperature, Red delicious http://dx.doi.org/10.12692/ijb/12.1.1-5 Article published on January 12, 2018 Abstract Current research work was conducted to determine impact of various genotypes and heat on shelf life of apple. Study was carried out in vitro. Effect of temperature on lesion diameter of fungal growth in most prominent apple fruit varieties growing in Pakistan was assessed. Four temperature (5, 15, 25 and 35°C) treatments were provided to fruits of each variety after inoculation with spore suspension adjusted at 106spores/ml and growth of P. expansum was measured for 12 days at 3 days interval. Pathogen showed maximum growth (23mm) at 25°C while minimum (11mm) at 5°C in all varieties and moderate growth was observed at 15°C and 35°C. Golden delicious apple which have thin cuticle and prone to injuries more frequently as compared to other varieties was found most susceptible at all temperatures while Red delicious proved to be the most resistant against growth of pathogen at all temperature sets comparatively. It was concluded that Red delicious is most resistant against pathogen studied consequently can be saved for longer time without providing extraordinary conditions while Golden delicious apple should be kept in special environment to reduce damage of product after harvesting due to its most susceptibility against blue most disease. * Corresponding Author: Abdul Sattar  abdulsattarkoli@yahoo.com International Journal of Biosciences | IJB | ISSN: 2220-6655 (Print), 2222-5234 (Online) http://www.innspub.net Vol. 12, No. 1, p. 1-5, 2018
  • 2. 2 Sattar et al. Int. J. Biosci. 2018 Introduction Apple is the most widely cultivated fruit in the world and also called sweet gold of Pakistan. The total area, reported under apple cultivation in Pakistan is about 110.16 thousand hectares with a production of 598.3 thousand tons (MINFA, 2011-12).In Pakistan number of apple varieties are grown like Roya Gala, Amri, Kashmiri Amri, Golden Delicious, Red Delicious, Sky spur, Banki, Kulu etc. Low chilling varieties such as Anna, Summer Gold and Golden Dorset are prominent. Fungal infections are the major cause of postharvest rots of fresh fruit and vegetables in storage, transport causing considerable economic losses in the commercialization phase (Gatto et al., 2011). Principal causes for post harvest losses are decay, external damages incurred during harvest and handling, and harvest at an improper maturity stage (Thorne and Alvarez., 1981). Infections caused during postharvest conditions mitigate the shelf life and shape the market value of fruits negatively (Tripathy et al., 2008). Apple being a delicate product is prone to qualitative and quantitative losses after harvest. The losses may occur during postharvest operations or storage which could be as high as 17% (Shah et al., 2002) or even greater. Postharvest fruit rot diseases, left hysterical, can damage accessibility of apples significantly during the postharvest storage period which can last for 12 months (Ilyas et al., 2007). A survey for postharvest diseases of apples conducted in Punjab (Pakistan) revealed prevalence of blue mold, Mucor rot, Sphaeropsis rot, Bull’s Eye rot and Gray Mold. Blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum Link was found with highest incidence (56%) (Sattar, 2014). Blue mold is one of the most important reasons of postharvest losses in apple production in Brazil (Brasil, 2005; Coelho et al., 2007). Moreover, mycotoxins the secondary metabolites produced by molds have unsympathetic effects on humans and animals (Zain, 2011). The contamination of fruits with mycotoxins has not only caused health risks but also resulted in financial losses, particularly for exporting countries (Fernandez-Cruz et al., 2010). Temperature and humidity are considered the major abiotic factors determining the potential for germination and propagules growth of fungal spores on the fruit surface (Maganand Lacey, 1988; Plaza et al., 2003).In vitro studies on P. expansum showed the radial growth rate of fungus positively correlated with the incubation temperature and water activity of medium (Lahlali et al., 2005; Lahlali, 2006). However the effect of temperature on the growth (lesion diameter) of P. expansum was never studied on apple fruit in Pakistani apple varieties. Therefore the main objective of the present study was to determine effect of incubation temperature on in vivo growth of P. expansum on apples fruits of three varieties of Pakistan. Materials and methods Isolation of Fungus and Spore Suspension Preparation Penicillium expansum was isolated from decayed apple fruits collected from fruit storage houses and fruit markets in Punjab, pathogenicity test was performed for confirmations. For long-term storage, the isolates were preserved on silica gel under optimum conditions for further use. Isolated pure culture was used for making conidial suspension. Conidial mass was washed with sterilized distilled water and concentration was adjusted at 106 spores/ ml by using haemocytometer Fruit Preparation Healthy fruits were selected and sterilized with 1% sodium hypochlorite by dipping them for two minutes and then rinsed twice with sterilized distill water. After rinsing fruits were left for an hour for drying. Each fruit was wounded at equatorial sites with the help of cork borer having 3mm width and 6mm depth. Temperature Adjustments Four incubators (Ilshin America, CI BB-012) were maintained at 5°C, 15°C, 25°C and 35°C and fruits were placed in them in trays in such a way that proper aeration can be maintained. Eight fruits were treated for each temperature study and were inoculated with 10µL conidial suspension and kept in separate incubator.
  • 3. 3 Sattar et al. Int. J. Biosci. 2018 After treating apples with the spore suspension they were kept in incubators maintained at different temperatures mentioned. Observations were taken for 12 days at interval of 3 days. Statistical analysis Statistical software SPSS v 16.0 was used to analyze data; two types of tests were used to check the effect of above mentioned sets of temperature on growth of the fungus in 12 days from incubation date. Results and discussion At 5°C fruits of Golden Delicious and Royal Gala showed significantly higher growth of pathogen as compared to Red Delicious (Fig.1) while at 15°C Golden Delicious showed more significant growth (28mm) as compared to other varieties but overall fungal growth was retarded as compared to other high temperature in study. 25°C temperature was found the most favourable temperature for fungal growth and Golden delicious showed highest lesion diameter (36 mm) while other two varieties were also significantly affected and expressed high growth rates (Fig.1) as compare to their other temperature treatments similar results were found by Lahlali et al., in 2005 that the highest growth rate of P. expansum was observed in vitro conditions at 25°C while humidity was found non significant. At 35°C growth of pathogen became slow and all varieties showed less lesion diameter (Fig.1) and similar results were reported from model developed by Katleen Baert et al. in 2007 that the growth of P. expansum starts retarding at 30°C. This study depicts that fungal growth was greatly retarded at 35°C as compared to other lower incubation temperature sets. Fig. 1. Lesion diameters (mm) of P. expansum in three apple varieties obtained at various treatments of incubation temperature 5, 15, 25 and 35°C. Treatments having the same letters are not significantly different according to Duncan’s multiple range test at (P<0.05).
  • 4. 4 Sattar et al. Int. J. Biosci. 2018 Each variety showed fungal infection with varying degree as Pansnen et al., (1990) found that environmental factors like temperature and air humidity could not stop germination of spores of P. expansum and even a small favourable time lap can start fungal growth and cause infection. With the increase in temperature fungal growth increased and found maximum (36mm, Golden delicious) at 25°C while the lowest (7mm) at temperature at 5°C (Red Delicious) (Fig. 1). Furthermore, it was also observed that fungal infection increased with the increase of incubation temperature up to 25°C and then decreased with the further increase in temperature (35°C). On the basis of sensitivity and resistance significant differences were observed among different apple varieties (Watkins and Rosenberger, 2002) as this study revealed that Golden Delicious was more sensitive to P. expansum (blue mold) as compared to other two varieties. Golden delicious apple have thin cuticle, least amount of acids and are prone to more injuries as compared to other varieties (Jan et al., 2012) that may provide more chances of pathogen contact and fungal growth. Furthermore the carbohydrates, protein, fat and fiber contents are high in Golden Delicious variety (Mukhtar et al., 2010) that may provide more nutrients to pathogen and resulted in highest lesion diameter of pathogenic growth. References Alvarez JS, Thorne S. 1981. The effect of temperature on the deterioration of stored horticultural produce, p 215-237. In S. Thorne (Ed.) development in food preservation-1, applied science, London. Baert K, Valero A, De Meulenaer B, Samapundo S, Ahmed MM, Bo L, Debevere J, Devlieghere F. 2007. Modeling the effect of temperature on the growth rate and lag phase of Penicillium expansum in apples. International Journal of Food Microbiology 118(2007), 139–150. Brasil.Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento MAPA. Brasildeveiniciarexportaçã o de manga para o Japãoemjunho. MAPA. 2005. Disponívelem: Acessoem: 17 dez. 2011. http://extranet.agricultura.gov.br/pls/pubacs_cons/! ap_detalhe_noticia_cons?p_id_publicacao=3536 Coelho AR, Celli MC, Ono EYS, Wosiacki G, Hoffmann FL, Pagnocca FC, Hirooka EY. .2007. Penicillium expansum versus antagonist yeasts and patulin degradation in vitro. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 50, 725–733. Fernandez-Cruz ML, Mansilla ML, Tadeo JL. 2010.Mycotoxins in fruits and their processed products: Analysis, occurance and health implications. Journal of Advance Research 1, 113-122. Gatto, MA, Ippolito A, Linsalata M, Cascarano NA, Nigro F, Vanadia S, Di Venere D. 2011. Activity of extracts from wild edible herbs against postharvest fungal diseases of fruit and vegetables. Postharvest Biol Technol 61, 72-82. Ilyas, MB, Ghazanfar MU, Khan MA, Khan CA, Bhatti MAR. 2007. Post harvest losses in apple and banana during transport and storage. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Science 44(3), 534. Jan I, Rab A, Sajid M. 2012. Storage performance of apple cultivars harvested at different Stages of maturity. The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 22(2), 2012, Page: 438-447 ISSN: 1018-7081. Lahlali. 2006. Etude etmodélisation du comportementécologique de Botrytis cinereaPers. etP. Expansum Link. et de deuxlevuresantagonistes Candida oleophila (soucheO) et Pichiaanomala (souche K) vis-à-vis de cespathogènes de pommes enpost-récolte (Ph.D in French). Gembloux Agricultural University. Belgium. 155 p. Lahlali R, Serrhini MN, Jijakali MH. 2005. Studying and Modelling of the combined effect of water activity and temperature on growth rate of P. expansum. International Journal of Food Microbiology 103, 315-322.
  • 5. 5 Sattar et al. Int. J. Biosci. 2018 LeBlanc, Stark DIR, MacNeil B, Goguen B, Beraulieu C. 1996. Perishable food temperature in retail stores. New Development in refrigeration for Food Safety and Quality. International Institute Commission 6, 42-57. Magan N, Lacey L. 1988.Ecological determinants of Mould growth in stored grain. International Journal of Food Microbiology 7:245-256. MINFA. 2012. Ministry of Food, Agri. Livestock, Food Agriculture and livestock Division. Agric. Statistics of Pakistan (Economic wing) Islamabad (Page No. 93). Mukhtar P, Gilani AH, Bhatty N. 2010.Some nutritional and microbiological aspects of apples of common varieties available for household consumption. The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 20(4). Pasanen AL, Kalliokoski P, Pasanen P. 1991. Laboratory studies on the relationship between fungal growth and atmospheric temperature and humidity. Environment International 17, 225-228. Plaza P, Usall J, Teixido N, Vinas I. 2003.Effect of water activity and temperature on germination and growth of Penicillium digitatum, P. italicum and Geotrichum candidum. Journal of Applied Microbilogy 94, 549-554. Saleh AM, Ghafir O, Suliman O, Gadalla, Benissa N, Murajei El-Nady MF. 2009. Physiological and anatomical comparison between four different apple cultivars under cold storage conditions. Acta Biol. 53(1), 21-26. Sattar A, Riaz A, Ahmed S, Hasan I. 2014. Efficacy of selected Plant Extracts For Inhibition of Penicillium expansum Growth On Apple Fruits, Pak. J. Phytopathol. 26(01), 2014. 63-66. Shah NA, Khan S, Kasi MA, Khair SM. 2002. Post harvest and cold storage losses in apple of Balochistan. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences. 1(1), 65-66. Tripathy P, Dubey NK, Shukla AK. 2008. Use of some Essential oils as Post-Harvest Botanical Fungicides in the management of grey mould of grapes caused by Botrytis cinerea. World Journal of Microbiol Biotechnology 24, 39-46. Watkins, CB, Rosenberger DA. 2002. Cornell Fruit Handling and Storage Newsletter. pp: 14. www.hort.cornell.edu/department/faculty/wa tkins/extpubs.html Zain ME. 2011. Impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society 15, 129-144.