2. PREFACE WATER SUPPLY
Preparation for life…
• As a module of the Integrated Design Project course for the Bachelor of
Civil Engineering programme, Faculty of Civil Engineering, UiTM, Shah
Alam
This program will provide basic overview of all aspects of Water Supply
design approach and methodologies
Mar 2010 2
3. PREFACE WATER SUPPLY
Benefit
• UNDERSTANDING the subject of Civil Engineering in wider perspective,
inter-relation with other subjects influencing the performance of Engineering
works and challenges.
• ACQUIRRING cutting edge practical design knowledge & skills that last
forever in the world of ever-changing infrastructural engineering.
• DEVELOPING your engineering knowledge significantly and permanently.
• PROVIDING your dashing factor (distinguish factor) for better chance of
employment upon graduation.
• EXPAND your employment versatility in an ever-changing marketplace.
• WINNING at the office and in daily job with the power of practical skill.
• ADVANCING your career as an Engineer.
• GAINING LEVERAGE by demonstrating knowledge of engineering in a
multi-disciplinary context.
Mar 2010 3
4. CONTENTS WATER SUPPLY
1. Introduction
2. Hydrology
3. Design Guidelines
4. Water Supply Planning
5. Raw Water Intake
6. Water Treatment
7. Water Transmission
8. Water Distribution
9. Water Storage
10. Water Pumping
11. Water Reticulation
12. Typical Drawings
Contents
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6. 1 INTRODUCTION WATER SUPPLY
Definition
Water is a ubiquitous chemical substance that is composed of hydrogen
and oxygen and is vital for all known forms of life
Water supply is the process of self-provision or provision by third parties in
the water industry, commonly a public utility, of water resources of various
qualities to different users
Water Supply System is facilities for the collection, treatment, storage,
and distribution of water
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7. 1 INTRODUCTION WATER SUPPLY
Overview of World Water Supply
Source: UNDP. Data as of 2006
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Mar 2010 7
8. 1 INTRODUCTION WATER SUPPLY
Malaysian Water Authority
MINISTRY OF FINANCE (MOF) KEMENTERIAN TENAGA, TEKNOLOGI HIJAU DAN AIR (KeTTHA)
Ministry of Power, Green Technology And Water
SURUHANJAYA PERKHIDMATAN AIR NEGARA (SPAN) Regulator
National Water Services Commission
WSIA 2006
PENGURUSAN ASET AIR BHD (PAAB)
Water Asset Management Company (WAMCO)
Facilities Licensee SPAN’s Representatives
WATER SUPPLY SERVICES SEWERAGE SERVICES
ALL STATES
PERLIS KEDAH P.PINANG PERAK SELANGOR PAHANG
IWK
JKR SADA PBA LAP SYABAS JBA
Service Licensee
T’GANU N.SEMBILAN MELAKA JOHOR K’TAN
SATU SAINS SAMB SAJ AK
Design Guidelines
SPAN as the technical and economic regulator and set out the function and powers of SPAN
WSIA provides the legal framework required for the regulation of the water and sewerage service industry 8
PAAB Water asset owner
8
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9. 1 INTRODUCTION WATER SUPPLY
Typical Water Supply System
Mar 2010 9
11. 2 HYDROLOGY WATER SUPPLY
Hydrological Cycle
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12. 1 HYDROLOGY WATER SUPPLY
Suitable raw water source Non-Suitable raw water source
(low contamination) (high contamination)
Concept of Raw Water Source 12
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13. 1 HYDROLOGY WATER SUPPLY
Raw Water Intake
Impounding
reservoir
Water Shed (Catchment Area) 13
13
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14. 1 HYDROLOGY WATER SUPPLY
Impounding Reservoir
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16. 3 DESIGN GUIDELINES WATER SUPPLY
Typical Water Demand Guidelines
Water Demand Criteria
Type of Water Demand Demand Criteria
Housing 1.6 CuM/unit/day
Hotel 1.5 CuM/room/day
Commercial 6.0 CuM/Acre/day
Industrial 20.2 CuM/Acre/day
Ships Supply* 160 CuM/Ship
Port Area (Incl. ships supply)* 6.0 CuM/Acre/day
16
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17. 3 DESIGN GUIDELINES WATER SUPPLY
Water Quality Guidelines
National Guidelines for Raw Drinking Water Quality Secondary Drinking Water Standards
(Revised December 2000)
Parameter Symbol Benchmark Contaminant Secondary Standard
Sulphate SO4 250 mg/l Aluminum 0.05 to 0.2 mg/L
Hardness CaCO3 500 mg/l Chloride 250 mg/L
Nitrate NO3 10 mg/l Color 15 (color units)
Must not be detected in any 100 ml Copper 1.0 mg/L
Coliform - Corrosivity noncorrosive
sample
Manganese Mn 0.1 mg/l Fluoride 2.0 mg/L
Chromium Cr 0.05 mg/l Foaming Agents 0.5 mg/L
Iron 0.3 mg/L
Zinc Zn 3 mg/l
Manganese 0.05 mg/L
Arsenic As 0.01 mg/l
Odor 3 threshold odor number
Selenium Se 0.01 mg/l pH 6.5-8.5
Chloride Cl 250 mg/l Silver 0.10 mg/L
Phenolics - 0.002 mg/l Sulfate 250 mg/L
TDS - 1000 mg/l Total Dissolved
500 mg/L
Iron Fe 0.3 mg/l Oxygen
Copper Cu 1.0 mg/l Zinc 5 mg/L
Lead Pb 0.01 mg/l Source: EPA Standard
Cadmium Cd 0.003 mg/l
Mercury Hg 0.001 mg/l
Source : Ministry of Health, Malaysia Note: US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
guidelines
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Mar 2010 17
18. 3 DESIGN GUIDELINES WATER SUPPLY
Typical Design Criteria
• Water Distribution Max Pressure Zones ≤ 40 m (S’gor)
Max Pressure Zones ≤ 60 m (JKR)
• Transmission Pipeline Residual Pressure ≥ 1 bar
Velocity ≤ 1.0 m/sec
Max Test Pressure = 15 bars
• Water Storage Minimum ; 1-day
Maximum ; 3-day
Suction Tank ; 1/3 x Demand
Service Tank ; 2/3 x Demand
• Pumping System Velocity ≤ 1.0 m/sec
Max head ; Pump curves
• Reticulation Pipelines Head loss ≤ 2m / km
Velocity ≤ 0.6 m/sec
Residual Pressure ≥ 7.5m above HSL
Hydrants Pressure ≥ 1.0 bar
• Minimum pressure in a 5 psi (0.35 bar)
system 18
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Mar 2010 18
19. 3 DESIGN GUIDELINES WATER SUPPLY
Typical Water Supply System
TREATMENT STAGE
DISTRIBUTION STAGE
CONSUMPTION STAGE
Rp ≈ 3m
Rp ≈ 3m
Pressure
Zone ≤ 40m
Balancing
Reservoir Max Pressure Zone = 40m
Rp ≥10m
Rp ≥7.5m
Rp ≥10m
Velocity ≤1m/s Break
Tank
P
Service Rp ≥7.5m
Suction Tank
Tank
Rp ≈ 3m Service area Rp ≥10m
P Hydrants
Treatment Work Velocity ≤2.5m/s
TRANS. Velocity ≤1m/s
PIPELINE Velocity ≤0.6m/s Velocity ≤0.6m/s
PUMPING
(Inter-resv) TRANSMISSION PIPELINE MAIN RETICULATION PIPES
Intake
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21. 4 WATER SUPPLY PLANNING WATER SUPPLY
Development Masterplan
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22. 4 WATER SUPPLY PLANNING WATER SUPPLY
Landuse
Ultimate Water Demands
Ultimate
projected
Demand
year 2040
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23. 4 WATER SUPPLY PLANNING WATER SUPPLY
Non Revenue Water
High NRW rate @ 42%, Pahang State 37% - 70% Connection leak
- 20% Pipe burst
- 10% Others
Average NRW Asian Countries = 30%
Average (Developed Countries+ Asean) = 23%
Target = 25%
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29. 5 RAW WATER ABSTRACTION WATER SUPPLY
Cereh Dam
Cereh Dam
PROJECT
SITE
Sg. Kuantan Water Catchment Area
15km
Sg. Kuantan
Semambu
Treatment Work
10km
Kuantan
Kg. Kobat Baru
Water Intake
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30. 5 RAW WATER ABSTRACTION WATER SUPPLY
Raw Water Intake
Intake structure
Wier
By-pass
Q abstraction = Ultimate Demand + Plant Use
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31. 5 RAW WATER ABSTRACTION WATER SUPPLY
Raw Water Intake
Intake structure
Q abstraction
Raw Water Transmission pipeline
To WTP
Intake station Headwork Bridge
Platform Level = 100 years flood level Overflow
gate
Suction level
Q abstraction = Ultimate Demand + Plant Use
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33. 6 WATER TREATMENT WATER SUPPLY
Cereh Dam
Cereh Dam
PROJECT
SITE
Sg. Kuantan Water Catchment Area
15km
Sg. Kuantan
Semambu
Treatment Work
10km
Kuantan
Kg. Kobat Baru
Water Intake
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34. 6 WATER TREATMENT WATER SUPPLY
Typical Water Treatment System
Aerator
36
Mar 2010 36
35. 6 WATER TREATMENT WATER SUPPLY
Water Treatment Plant
1
3
Aerator 2
4
4
5
5
3 2 1
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36. 6
Supply of potable water WATER TREATMENT WATER SUPPLY
Water Treatment Plant
1
3
Aerator 2
4
4
5
5
3 2 1
Incoming raw water Mar 2010 38
43. 8 WATER DISTRIBUTION WATER SUPPLY
Water Supply Zones
6
Suit development phasing
5 Reliable distribution system
Construction cost effective
3 Ease of maintenance
1 Control of NRW
2
4
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44. 8 WATER DISTRIBUTION WATER SUPPLY
Hydraulics & Service
Coverage Consideration
Balancing Tank
Residual
Pressure
Residual
Pressure Residual
Pressure
Supply Zone 1 Supply Zone 2 Supply Zone 3
Service coverage Service coverage Service coverage
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45. 8 WATER DISTRIBUTION WATER SUPPLY
Centralised Service Tank &
Pressure Analysis
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46. 8 WATER DISTRIBUTION WATER SUPPLY
To Cherating
(future) Main Distribution Pipes Network
R7
R5 5
Timur
R4
R2
R9
R8
Balancing Tank
R1
LEGEND
R3 Distribution Pipes Network
Storage Tank
Transmission pipeline
From Treatment
To Kuala Lumpur
Plant
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49. 9 WATER STORAGE WATER SUPPLY
Water Storage Demands
Ultimate
Established projected
Storage Storage
Demand Demand
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50. 9 WATER STORAGE WATER SUPPLY
To Cherating
(future) Distribution of Storage Tanks
R1 + R2 + R3 + …………. + R9 = 1 Day Storage
R7
R5 5
Timur
Mandatory requirement
R4
R2
R9
R8
R1
R3
LEGEND
Proposed Storage Tank
Balancing Tank
From Treatment
To Kuala Lumpur
Plant
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51. 9 WATER STORAGE WATER SUPPLY
Mass-balance Analysis
Aim
To establish a balance flow system
Q in = Q out
Q Demand
Vt Q in Volume in
To determine Q out Volume out
Qp Volume Pumping
1. Suction Tank Size
2. Elevated Tank Size
3. Transmission (incoming) flow period
4. Transmission pipeline size
Vs P Qp Q out
Q in
Vs = 1/3*Q Vt = 2/3*Q
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52. 9 WATER STORAGE WATER SUPPLY
Typical Water Storage Structures
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53. 9 WATER STORAGE WATER SUPPLY
Typical Water Storage Application
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55. 10 WATER PUMPING WATER SUPPLY
Purpose
Water have two main purposes:
• Transfer of liquid from one place to another place
• Circulate liquid around a system
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56. 10 WATER PUMPING WATER SUPPLY
Purpose
Residual
Pressure
Residual
Pressure
Pressure booster Vacuum point
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57. 9 WATER PUMPING WATER SUPPLY
Water Pumping Analysis
Positive Suction Head hsafety
Arrangement
hvd HT = Hd - Hs
hfd
HT Total Pumping Head
hpd = Atm. pressure hv Vapour Head
hf Friction Head
hp Pressure Head
h Static Head
hsafety Safety Head
Hd Total Discharge
Hd Hs Total Suction
hd
Elevated Service Tank
Suction Tank
hvs
Hs hps = Atm. Pres.
Q out
Q in hs
hfs P
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58. 9 WATER PUMPING WATER SUPPLY
Water Pumping Analysis
Negative Suction Head hsafety
Arrangement
hvd HT = Hd + Hs
hfd
HT Total Pumping Head
hpd = Atm. pressure hv Vapour Head
hf Friction Head
hp Pressure Head
h Static Head
hsafety Safety Head
Hd Total Discharge
Hd Hs Total Suction
hd
Suction Tank Elevated Service Tank
P
hs
Q out
Q in Hs hvs
hfs hps = Atm. Pressure
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59. 10 WATER PUMPING WATER SUPPLY
Water Pumping Analysis
Pump Operating Point
Mar 2010 61
60. 10 WATER PUMPING WATER SUPPLY
Water Pumping Analysis
HT
Qp
Typical Pump Curve & Selection of pump Mar 2010 63
62. 11 WATER RETICULATION WATER SUPPLY
Water Supply Zone 5
4
3
Draw off
Node
5
Reticulation pipes Draw off
In loop system
R5
Service Tank Draw off
8
R5 2
6
1
7 9
12 10
Reticulation pipes
In loop system
11
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63. 11 WATER RETICULATION WATER SUPPLY
Zone 5 - Water Demand Calculation
Zone 5 – Ultimate Demand (Year 2040)
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64. 11 WATER RETICULATION WATER SUPPLY
Critical Scenario Consideration
Dominant Flow
Case 1 (Fire Flow) : Average Flow + Fire Flow
Case 2 (Peak Flow) : Average Flow x Peak Factor
Consider Dominant Flow for water reticulation analysis
Thus,
Case 1 : (19,175.50 CuM/day x 1000/24/3600 ) + 2 (22.5 lit/sec) = 267 lit/sec
Case 2 : (19,175.50 CuM/day x 1000/24/3600) x 2.5 = 555 lit/sec
Hence,
Peak Flow condition is dominant
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68. 11 WATER RETICULATION WATER SUPPLY
Reticulation Pipes Network
BWL 32.0 Bottom Water Level 32.0m ODL
R5 Service Tank R5
R5
BWL 32.0
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69. 11 WATER RETICULATION WATER SUPPLY
Overall Water Supply System
R7
LEGEND
Transmission Pipeline
Distribution Pipelines
R5
External Storage Tanks
Main Reticulation Pipelines
Timur
R6
R4
R2
R9
R8
R1
R3
WATER DEMANDS
From Treatment
To Kuala Lumpur
Plant TANKS SCHEDULE
Mar 2010 74
