The document discusses major world challenges including population growth, protection of natural resources, pollution, urbanization, and sustainability. It notes that world population is projected to reach 10 billion by 2050, increasing demands on infrastructure, resources, and the environment. Rapid urbanization is straining cities as they struggle to provide housing, services, and adapt existing infrastructure for growing populations, including over 1 billion people living in slums. The challenges outlined threaten to degrade the environment if not addressed through sustainable solutions.

1. Smart
City
Solu-on
and
Implementa-on
AUST
Summer
Course
Chapter
1
:
World
challenges
&
Place
of
the
City
Professor
Isam
SHAHROUR
Isam.shahrour@univ-­‐lille1.fr

2. Q1
:
Major
world
challenges?
Q2
:
Place
of
the
City
?
2
Ques-ons

3. 1. World
popula-on
growth
2. Protec-on
of
natural
resources
3. Pollu-on
4. Urbanisa-on
5. Socio-­‐economic
challenges
6. Sustainability
Major
world
challenges

4. 1.
World
Popula-on
Growth
UN
High
UN
Medium
UN
Low
10
Billions
16
Billions
6
Billions

5. World
Popula-on
Growth

6. Consequences
of
the
popula-on
growth
Increase
in:
• Consump)on
of
natural
resources
(Energy,
water,
raw
materials…)
• Food
demand
• Pollu)on
(air,
soil,
water,..)

7. Increase
demand
for
:
• New
construc)ons
(housing,
services,
industry,…)
• Infrastructures
(roads,
energy,
water,
communica)on,
waste
collec)on
and
treatment,..)
Consequences
of
the
popula-on
growth
• Adap)ng
exis)ng
infrastructures
to
today
requirements.

8. Increase
demand
for
services:
-­‐ Educa)on,
-­‐ Health,
-­‐ Transporta)on
-­‐ Culture,
Entertainment,
-­‐ Customized
services
(old
people,..)
Consequences
of
the
popula-on
growth

9. 1. World
popula-on
growth
2. Protec-on
of
natural
resources
3. Pollu-on
4. Urbanisa-on
5. Socio-­‐economic
challenges
6. Sustainability
Major
world
challenges

10. Resources
:
• Water
• Energy
• Air
• Raw
materials
2.
Protec-on
of
natural
resources

11. Availability
to
consumers
• Quan)ty
• Quality
• Transport
/
Logis)c
• Accessibility
(poverty)
2.
Protec-on
of
natural
resources

12. Major
menaces
• World
popula)on
growth
• Limited
resources
• Over
exploita)on
2.
Protec-on
of
natural
resources
• Pollu)on
• Provision
security

13. Energy
challenges
OECD
:
Organiza-on
for
Economic
Co-­‐opera-on
and
Development

14. Energy
supply
Security
Other
blackout
:
• Italy
(2003):
$
55
billions
• Indonesia
(2005)
$
100
billions
US
Blackout
(2003)
• 50
Million
people
• 24
hours
for
full
recovery
• Cost:
$6
to
$10
billion

15. hWp://www.forbes.com/sites/williampentland/2013/08/30/blackout-­‐risk-­‐tool-­‐puts-­‐price-­‐tag-­‐on-­‐power-­‐reliability/
“Our
grids
are
old
and
our
equipment
is
aging,”
said
Robin
Luo,
vice
president
and
blackout
model
project
manager
at
Har]ord
Steam
Boiler.
US,
the
yeraly
cost
of
electrical
outages
=
$
150B

16. Water
stress
hWp://www.conserva)onsolu)ons.com/water-­‐resources.html
Water
Chalenges

17. Water
stress
evolu-on
Source:
Le
Monde
diploma)que
(%
Water
withdrawal
of
the
total
available
water)

18. 1
billion
of
the
world
popula-on
do
not
have
access
to
drinking
water
service
(major
health
risk,..)
Water
Chalenges

19. Water
Chalenges
2.4
billion
of
the
world
popula-on
do
not
have
access
to
sewage
water
service
(health
and
flood
risks,..)

20. Water
leakage
:
• 20%
of
the
water
supply
• in
some
ci-es
about
40%

21. 1. World
popula-on
growth
2. Protec-on
of
natural
resources
3. Pollu-on
4. Urbanisa-on
5. Socio-­‐economic
challenges
6. Sustainability
Major
world
challenges

22. Pollu-on
-­‐ Air
-­‐ Water
-­‐ Soils
3.
Pollu-on
Origin:
-­‐ Buildings
(Hea)ng/
cooling,
ligh)ng,..)
-­‐ Transporta)on
-­‐ Industrial
ac)vity
-­‐ Agriculture

23. 3.
Pollu-on
Menaces:
• Health
• Life
quality
• Biodiversity
• Climate
change
• Global
Warming

24. Air
pollu-on
Buildings,
Transport,
industry
Air
pollu)on
map
Popula)on
concentra)on
map

25. Source:
USGCRP
(2009)
Greenhouse
emission

26. Air
pollu-on
impact
Kills
2.1
millions
/
year
Economic
cost:
Europe
(2009)
:
€
170
billion

27. Soil
and
water
pollu-on

28. Soil
and
water
pollu-on
Industrial
ac-vity
-­‐
Brownfields

29. France
:
Brownfield
repar--on

30. 1. World
popula-on
growth
2. Protec-on
of
natural
resources
3. Pollu-on
4. Urbanisa-on
5. Socio-­‐economic
challenges
6. Sustainability
Major
world
challenges

31. 4.
Urbanisa-on
Urban
planning
-­‐ City
Design
(spa)al
organiza)on)
-­‐ Infrastructures
-­‐ Public
space
-­‐
Housing
Consequences
:
-­‐ Life
quality
-­‐ AWrac)veness
-­‐ Social
stability
-­‐ Economic
ac)vity
-­‐ Social
Ac)vity
-­‐ Slums

32. 4.
Urbanisa-on
Challenges
:
• Investment
(new
infrastructures)
• Adap)ng
exi)ng
infrastructures
to
today
requirement
• Innova)on
in
technology
&
management

33. Slums
issue
The
world’s
slum
popula)on
is
projected
to
increase
from
780
million
in
2000
to
somewhere
between
900
and
1,
500
million
in
2020.

34. Slums
issue
Neza-­‐Chalco-­‐Itza,
Mexico
City,
4
Million
one
of
the
largest
slums
in
the
world.

35. Slums
issue
hWp://homemakersindia.net/2015/05/17/slum-­‐redevelopment-­‐plans-­‐to-­‐change-­‐mumbai-­‐landscape/
Mumbai’s
Slum
More
than
one
million

36. 1. World
popula-on
growth
2. Protec-on
of
natural
resources
3. Pollu-on
4. Urbanisa-on
5. Socio-­‐economic
challenges
6. Sustainability
Major
world
challenges

37. hWp://www.weforum.org/projects

38. United
Na-on

39. hWps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_issues_in_Germany#The_Hood

42. Absolute
poverty
(World
Bank):
People
living
on
less
than
$1.25
per
day.
Measured
in
interna)onal
dollars,
adjusted
for:
• Price
level
in
the
country
(PPP
adjustment)
•
Price
changes
over
)me.
Poverty

43. Absolute
poverty
evolu-on
Poverty

44. %
of
the
world
popula-on
by
level
of
income

45. Globaliza-on,
the
free
market
Unemployment

46. Labor
costs
:
operator
Hour
25$
1
$

47. Unemployment
rate
in
Europe
(2011)

48. Unemployment
Consequences
on
• Economy
• Social
cohesion
• prosperity
• Poli-cal
stability

49. Popula-on
ageing
• Re-rement
funding
• Health
and
social
care
• Customized
services

50. Age
dependency
ra-o
(%)
:
people
older
than
64/
people
between
15-­‐64
Popula-on
ageing
Lebanon
:
?

51. Par-cipatory
governance

52. Socio-­‐economic
challenges
Need
for
innova-on
in
• The
economic
model
• Services
• Customized
services
(old
people,..)
• Governance
model
Menaces
:
• Deteriora)on
of
the
life
quality
• Social
instability

53. 1. World
popula-on
growth
2. Protec-on
of
natural
resources
3. Pollu-on
4. Urbanisa-on
5. Socio-­‐economic
challenges
6. Sustainability
Major
world
challenges

54. • Spa-al
and
-me
scales
• Environmental,
social
and
economic
interac-on
6.
Sustainability
issue

55. Spa-al
scale
Household
World
Interac-on

56. Life
Quality
Time
Future
genera-on
Time
scale
1
2
3

57. Sustainability:
Environmental,
social
and
economic
interac-on

58. Video
:
A1
Urbaniza)on
and
the
evolu)on
of
ci)es
across
10,000
years
-­‐
Vance
Kite
A2
Mexico
City's
Urban
Sprawl
A3
Popula)on
explosion
causes
poverty
crisis
A4
Water,
The
World
Water
Crisis
A5
UN
Water
Video
A6
Aver)ng
the
climate
crisis
-­‐
Al
Gore

59. Q&
:
Major
world
challenges?
Q2
:
Place
of
the
City
?
2
Ques-ons

60. • High
concentra)on
of
the
world
popula)on
• Concentra)on
of
the
economic
ac)vity
• High
energy
consump)on
• High
pollu)on
emission
•
High
risk
to
disasters
Place
of
the
City
?

61. Concentra-on
of
the
world
popula-on
•
55%
of
the
World
popula-on
•
France
(
>
80%)
• Lebanon
85%
• 2050
:
70
of
the
World
popula-on

62. By
2030
:
• 400,000
km2
will
be
constructed
for
urban
use
(doubling
the
world’s
built
urban
area)
• Nearly
2
billion
new
urban
residents
• Urban
popula)ons
of
South
Asia
and
Africa
will
double
Developing
countries
:
center
of
urban
transforma-on

63. Ci-es
with
more
than
1
millions
inhabitants
Concentration in large cities

64. The
light
Map

65. Concentration in large cities

67. United
States
Asia
Popula-on
density
in
the
world
(Habitant/hectare)

68. • High
concentra)on
of
the
world
popula)on
• Concentra)on
of
the
economic
ac)vity
• High
energy
consump)on
• High
pollu)on
emission
•
High
risk
to
disasters
Place
of
the
City
?

69. The
City
:
• 70%
of
the
world
GDP
…
• 600
metropolis
generate
60%
of
the
world
GDP
• 95%
of
the
popula)on
growth
in
the
developing
countries
Concentra-on
of
the
economic
ac-vity

70. • High
concentra)on
of
the
world
popula)on
• Concentra)on
of
the
economic
ac)vity
• High
energy
consump)on
• High
pollu)on
emission
•
High
risk
to
disasters
Place
of
the
City
?

71. The
City
:
• 70%
of
the
total
energy
consump)on
• 75%
of
the
electrical
energy
consump)on
Energy
consump-on

72. Energy
consump-on
and
urban
popula-on
density

73. Transport
Industry
Buildings
Tokyo
(2005)
Mexico
(2006)
London
(1999)
Shanghai
(2007)

74. Urban
Transport
Time
lost
at
rush
hour
(minutes
/hour)

75.
Land
Use
and
Urban
Transport
• Access
to
jobs
depends
on
loca)on
and
transport
services
• Low
income
ci)zens
can
spend
15-­‐25%
of
their
income
on
transport
(as
much
as
housing)
• In
some
ci)es,
ci)zens
spend
up
to
2
hours
for
the
daily
work
transport

76. • High
concentra)on
of
the
world
popula)on
• Concentra)on
of
the
economic
ac)vity
• High
energy
consump)on
• High
pollu)on
emission
•
High
risk
to
disasters
Place
of
the
City
?

77. The
City
:
80%
of
the
greenhouse
emission
Pollu-on
emission

78. Pollu-on
emission
London

79. Ile
de
France:
greenhouse
emission

80. • High
concentra)on
of
the
world
popula)on
• Concentra)on
of
the
economic
ac)vity
• High
energy
consump)on
• High
pollu)on
emission
•
High
risk
to
disasters
Place
of
the
City
?

81. High
risk
to
disasters

82. Flood
Risk
(380
millions)

83. Earthquake
Risk
(283
millions)

84. Storms
Risk
(157
millions)

85. VIDEOS
A7
Deadly
Natural
Disasters
Caught
on
Video
A8
Why
are
ci)es
so
important
in
assessing
global
energy?
A9
Jonas
Eliasson
How
to
solve
traffic
jams
?
A10
America's
Fastest
Shrinking
Ci)es
A11
Natural
disasters
and
urban
areas
Professor
David
Sanderson,

86. Conclusion
• Degraded
environment
(air,
soil,
water,
....)
• limited
natural
resources
• Increasing
consump)on
of
resources
• Popula)on
ageing
• Financial
crisis

87. Conclusion
• Concentra)on
in
ci)es
(metropolitan
....)
• Increase
demand
for
infrastructure
• Increase
demand
for
buildings
•
Increase
demand
for
services
• Unadapted
Infrastructure
and
buildings
to
today
requirement
• Lack
of
funding
(financial
crisis)

88. Thank
you