3. Introduction “Mental Model” of a person’s knowledge - codified knowledge Transformation - Tacit to Explicit Representing Concepts Knowledge
4. Implementation WHAT IS A COGNITIVE MAP? Graphical representation of mental model (s) (B) The plants grow (A) I water the plants
5. Three different kinds of readiness Implementation (B) The plants grow …so… …because… …in order to… (A) I water the plants
6. Implementation HOW IS A COGNITIVE MAP CONSTRUCTED? Collect the information Pre-existing data Data collected for the construction process of the cognitive map Code the information in a shape of map NOTE: No interviewing protocol exists to guide a researcher in gathering data to be coded. Eden’s group, from Strathclyde University in Glasgow
7. Implementation THE IDEA Different Nature The goals The Critical Success Factors (CSF) The actions or key options The chains of argumentation Standard Idea Goal Goal Goal C.S.F. C.S.F. Standard Idea Standard Idea Standard Idea Standard Idea Standard Idea Action Action Action Action
8. Implementation How ideas are organized in a cognitive map? Standard Idea Goal Goal Goal C.S.F. C.S.F. Standard Idea Standard Idea Standard Idea Standard Idea Standard Idea Action Action Action Action
9. Implementation 37 Keep the type of job that we have… Move towards the less interesting job 14 Work more with European companies (goal: 25%of revenue) 38 Develop work in close collaboration with a network of foreign experts… 75 Know who to call in case of special needs… 74 Memorize all the skills of the people with whom we have worked.. 73 Create a database of the partners skills…
10. Success Factors Tacit to Explicit Knowledge Mental Models “Theories-in-use” “Espoused Theories” Advantages Simplified Framework “Executable” Associations Disadvantages Biases in the processing of new information
11. Success Factors Mental Models Transformation Map in Pocket Sense of Security and Directions New patterns / New experiences Justifications Questioning the Assumptions Comparison of new and existing Mental Models Moving the individual knowledge to the group
12. Case Study EXTERNALIZATION OF BUSINESS STRATEGY MENTAL MODELS Unique Portfolio of Projects Reasons to use cognitive mapping Allows modeling of Mental Models Structuring of Thoughts Communicate Ideas Consideration of actions
13. Case Study Quick Description of the Method Elaboration of the INDIVIDUAL portfolio of projects 1 Week 1-2 First CONFRONTATION of the individual portfolio of projects 2 Week 5 COLECTIVE construction of the final portfolio of projects 3 Week 6
15. List of References [1] www.wikipedia.com [2] Florence Rodhain, “TACIT TO EXPLICIT: TRANSFORMING KNOWLEDGE THROUGH COGNITIVE MAPPING – AN EXPERIMENT” [3] http://www.knowledgeboard.com [4] Nonaka, I., and Takeuchi, H., The Knowledge-Creating Company, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995. [5] Natalie M. Steiger and David M. Steiger, University of Maine, “Knowledge Management in Decision Making: Instance-Based Cognitive Mapping” [6] Johnson-Laird, P. and Byrne, R. “Mental Model Website: A Gentle Introduction,” [online via] http://www.tcd.ie/Psychology/Ruth_Byrne/mental_models/, 2000 (accessed July 16, 2005). [7] Johnson-Laird, P., Mental Models. Cambridge University Press, Boston, 1983. [8] Argyris, C. and Schӧn, D.A. Organizational Learning II: Theory, Method, and Practice [9] Weick, K.E., “Cartographic Myths in Organizations,” in Mapping Strategic Thought (Huff, A.S., ed.), John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1990, pp. 1-10. [10] Bereiter, C. and Schardamalia, M. “Cognitive coping strategies and the problem of ‘inert knowledge’ ” In Thinking and Learning Skills: Research and Open Questions (Vol 2) (Chipman, S., Segal J., and Glaser, R., eds.), Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 1985.
16. Many Thanks!!! “The importance of tacit knowledge is how we explicate it to those around us and those whom we work with.”
