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Fracturas edr
Epidemiologia y como ocurren
Problema epidemiológico actual:
  La población envejece y aumentan las expectativas de vida,
el nº de fxedr aumenta.
  Ha aumentado ancianos autovalentes o solos, y requieren
sus manos para su vida normal.
Fractures


• Radius / Ulna
• Carpals
   – Scaphoid*
   – Triquetrium
   – Hamate
FRACTURAS de la MUÑECA

Colles, Abraham (1814): “On the fracture of the carpal extremity
   of the radius”. Edimburgh Med.Surgery J.10:182-186.

• “...sólo queda el consuelo de que la
  extremidad, en algún período remoto, gozará
  de un perfecto dominio de todas sus
  funciones y estará completamente libre de
  dolor. Pero la deformidad permanecerá igual,
  sin variación,
  por toda la vida.”
FRACTURAS de la MUÑECA
• 1° comunicación de Colles
  (1814) reportaba buenos
  resultados con Tto.
  incruento.
            (“Un perfecto
            dominio en todas
            sus funciones”)
• Posteriormente comunicó
  31% de complicaciones.
GS, 1994
GS, 2002
GS, 2002
DISMINUCIÓN de la FUNCIÓN
           de la MANO


•   DOLOR.
•   PÉRDIDA DE LA MOVILIDAD.
•   PÉRDIDA FUERZA PRENSIÓN.
•   DEFORMIDAD COSMÉTICA.
Que evaluar
EVALUACIÓN de la FRACTURA
• Exámen neuro vascular.(Sme.Túnel Carpiano Agudo,
  Sme.Compartimental antebrazo)

• Evaluación articular (radiocarpiana, radiocubital
  distal e intercarpianas).

• Articulación del codo y antebrazo.(cúpula y
  art.radiocubital proximal)

• Exámen de partes blandas.
imagenologia
Que ver y medir
Radial inclination 20ºa25º varianza
      ulnar de 0,6 +-0.9mm
Central reference point (CRP) of the ulnar
   border, used for measuring radial inclination, radial
height, and ulnar variance to reduce variation caused by
 excess dorsal or volar angulation of the distal fragment
Radial height 10 a 13 mm y separacion
         radiocarpal de 2mm
Tilt volar 11º+-4º
  distancia AP 20mm
angulo teardrop 71º+-4º
Clasificación por fragmentos
Scapholunate angle & joint width




                      2mm
Captitate - Lunate association/angle
Captitate - Lunate association/angle
Scapholunate angle & joint width




                      2mm
Imagenologia
Radiographic Evaluation
• Evaluation
   – Tilt views – improve
      assessment of articular
      surface
        • Lateral elevated 20
        • PA elevated 10




    AP view             AP tilt view   Lateral view   Lateral tilt view
Radiographic Evaluation
– Standard AP and lateral radiographs
– Oblique radiographs
   • Evaluate for non-displaced fractures not
     visualized on the AP and lateral views
CT Scans

• Evaluation
   – 2-D CT
     • More accurate than plain
       film x-rays in identifying:
        – Radio-carpal extension
        – Articular gap and step off
        – Comminution,
          metaphyseal defects
3D CT Scans


• 3-D CT
   – Improved reliability determining:
     • articular comminution
     • number of fragments
   – Reconstructions performed on pre-
      existing 2-D CT films
Vamos a las imagenes
en la lateral verdadera angulada en 10º se ve
    claramente la articulación luno radial.
en una lateral verdadera el pisiforme se sobrepone
sobre el polo distal escafoides. En b se ve que está
muñeca esta rotada en pronación y se ve lacoluma
                        radial
Radiograph showing a markedly abnormal AP
   distance and migration of the carpus with dorsal
fragmentation, dislocating dorsally from the articular
          surface of the volar rim (teardrop)
Radiograph showing flattening of the arc of
 curvature of the articular surface of the distal radius as
compared with the arc of curvature of the proximal pole
 of the lunate. This indicates discontinuity between the
         dorsal and volar rims of the lunate facet
Articular step-off and articular separation with intra-articular fractures. (A) Articular step-off seen as
discontinuity of the carpal facet horizon. (B) Articular separation seen on the lateral projection; note the
                                               elevation of the
                     AP distance and the marked depression of the teardrop angle.
Rx con los 5 fragmentos
Objetivos o metas del tto
Goals of Treatment
                     Restore Normal Anatomy
                        Angular alignment




Radial inclination
                      Volar tilt
  20 degrees
                     12 degrees
                                   Radial length
                                    +/- 2 mm
                                                   Restoration
                                                    of DRUJ
Goals of Treatment
– Radiographic Goals
   • Intra-articular step-off (B)/gap (A)
                                                      A   B
       – Restoration of articular congruity <= 2 mm
       – Significant (>2 mm) stepoff ->radiographic
         evidence of post-traumatic arthritis
         (Knirk and Jupiter, JBJS 1986)
   • Radial length (C) within
     2 mm of normal
   • Dorsal tilt, neutral to
     no more than 10 º
                                                          C
Volar tilt - 11
Key measures on X-ray
•   Radial inclination - 23°
•   Volar Tilt – 11°
•   Radial Height -12mm
•   Scapholunate angle – 30° to 60°
•   Scapholunate joint width – 2mm
•   Capitate-Lunate angle <10°-20°
Bandera ROJAS
Distal Radius Fracture
 •   RED FLAGS
     – Inclination < 20°
     – Dorsal Tilt
     – Shortening > 5mm
Other Radius / Ulna fractures
• Distal ulna
• Ulnar styloid
• Radial styloid
Evidencia
Level 1 Evidence




    reproducible
Cochrane Collaboration
Clasificaciones….
CLASIFICACIONES

•   Frykman (1967).
•   Weber (1987).
•   Fernandez (1987).                Mecanismo de Fx.
•   AO (Müller, 1987).               Mayor detalle.
•   Melone (1988).(Isani –Melone)    Intrarticulares.
•   Cooney W.P. & Hasting H.         Clasif.Universal
                                    Fx.Radio distal
Classification of Distal Radius Fractures
• Classification Schemes
   – Allow comparison of fracture types for outcome studies
   – Generally do not guide treatment
   – Many cumbersome
   – Inter-observer variability common
• Common schemes
   • Eponymic: Colles, Smith, etc.
   • Frykman (8 types)
   • Melone (4 types)
       • Intra-articular fractures only
   • AO (27 types)
   • McMurtry and Jupiter (5 types)
   • Universal (9 types)
   • Fernandez (5 types)
FRACTURAS de la MUÑECA
                                                   DISTRIBUCIÓN SEGÚN
      FRACTURAS DE MUÑECA
                                                 CLASIFICACIÓN UNIVERSAL
 36                                                    2,7%
                                                5,5%                         Tipo II B
                                          25%
                                                                             Tipo IV A
                       Fx Tto incruento
                                                           61%
            68                                                               Tipo IV B
                       Fx quirúrgicas
                                                                             Tipo IV C
                                                                             Tipo IV D
                                            5,5%

                                                CRITERIOS DE ACEPTACIÓN
      DISTRIBUCIÓN POR SEXOS
                                                POSTREDUCCIÓN
39%                                         5,5%
                 61%         Mujeres
                                                        94,5%              cumplio
                             Hombres                                       No cumplio
Intra-articular Fractures
• Intra-articular
  – Non to minimally displaced
  – Radial styloid fracture
     • Associated injuries
        – SLIOL Tear
        – Perilunate dislocation
        – Scaphoid fracture
Intra-articular Fractures
• Intra-articular
  – Impaction/axial load
     • Pattern varies
         – Typically 3 major fragments
         – Radial styloid - 1
         – Dorsal portion of lunate facet – 2
            (die punch fragment)
         – Volar Portion of lunate facet - 3
     • Comminution varies
         – Angle of impact
         – Energy imparted
         – Quality of bone
Mirar lado cubital ,,,,
Tratamientos
TRATAMIENTO
TRATAMIENTO

• Abordaje gradual y progresivo.
• Técnicas y procedimientos a la demanda.
• Tratamiento quirúrgico: bajo índice de
  complicaciones,
  con 93% de buenos resultados.
• Adaptar tratamiento a las necesidades del paciente:
   - Tipo de paciente: edad, actividad, etc.
   - Evaluación del miembro: heridas, lesión lig. y
      tendones, Sme.Túnel del carpo.
    - Evaluación del patron de fractura.
TRATAMIENTO

• Abordaje gradual y progresivo.
• Técnicas y procedimientos a la demanda.
• Tratamiento quirúrgico: bajo índice de
  complicaciones,
  con 93% de buenos resultados.
• Adaptar tratamiento a las necesidades del paciente:
   - Tipo de paciente: edad, actividad, etc.
   - Evaluación del miembro: heridas, lesión lig. y
      tendones, Sme.Túnel del carpo.
    - Evaluación del patron de fractura.
TRATAMIENTO

EVALUACIÓN DEL PATRON DE FRACTURA:
• Fx. Por cizallamiento: clara indicación quirúrgica
  desde el ingreso: reducción cerrada posible, fijación
  necesaria por inestabilidad del trazo oblícuo.
• Fx.Alta energía, gran desplazamiento,
  multifragmentaria: reductibles, pero inestables
  siempre.
• Fx.Expuestas:siempre quirúrgicas.
• Todos los demás patrones comenzar por:

              REDUCCIÓN CERRADA
ALGORITMO TERAPÉUTICO
                       REDUCCIÓN CERRADA




       Satisfactoria

Estable



Yeso
ALGORITMO TERAPÉUTICO
                              REDUCCIÓN CERRADA




       Satisfactoria

Estable                Inestable


                       Fijación
Yeso
                       Clavijas
                       Tutor
ALGORITMO TERAPÉUTICO
                              REDUCCIÓN CERRADA

                                                      No satisfactoria

                                                  Reducción abierta limitada
                                                      (percutánea)
       Satisfactoria

Estable                Inestable


                       Fijación
Yeso
                       Clavijas
                       Tutor
ALGORITMO TERAPÉUTICO
                              REDUCCIÓN CERRADA

                                                         No satisfactoria

                                                    Reducción abierta limitada
                                                        (percutánea)
       Satisfactoria

Estable                Inestable
                                       INJERTO           No satisfactoria

                       Fijación
Yeso
                                                 Reducción abierta y fijación
                       Clavijas
                                                 (clavijas, placa y tornillos, tutor
                       Tutor
                                                 Solos o combinados.
What’s the best way to treat distal radius
               fractures?

•   No clear data
•   Patient dependent
•   Fracture dependent
•   What works the best for you
Tratamiento conservador
TRATAMIENTO


REDUCCIÓN e INMOVILIZACIÓN ENYESADA.

• Reducción por tracción de las inserciones
  capsuloligamentarias (ligamentotaxia).
• Inmovilización enyesada (BP 4 a 6
  semanas).
• Controles Rx semanales.
CLASIFICACIÓN UNIVERSAL de las
        FRACTURAS del RADIO DISTAL
TIPO I        Extrarticular, no desplazada, estable.   Yeso
TIPO II - A   Extrarticular,desplazada, estable.       Yeso
         -B   Reductible, inestable.                   Clavijas
         -C   Irreductible.                            Tutor
TIPO III      Intrarticular, no desplazada, estable.   Yeso /clavija
TIPO IV - A   Intrarticular, desplazada,reductible,    Yeso/
              estable postreducción                    clavijas
        -B    Reductible, inestable postreducción.     Clavijas tutor
        -C    Inestable e Irreductible.                Tutor/ clavija
        -D    Compleja.                                Tutor/placa
¿Que es inestable?
PÉRDIDA de la REDUCCIÓN INICIAL
DESPLAZAMIENTO SECUNDARIO

• Tratamiento inadecuado.
• Estabilización insuficiente.
• INESTABILIDAD PRIMARIA.
INESTABILIDAD PRIMARIA


PRINCIPAL CAUSA DEL FRACASO PARA
MANTENER LA REDUCCIÓN INICIAL A LO
LARGO DEL TRATAMIENTO LLEVANDO A LA
DISFUNCIÓN DE LA MANO.
FRACTURAS EXTRARTICULARES
                 DESPLAZAMIENTO
Hallazgos Rx Predictivos de inestabilidad primaria
•   a: acortamiento radial
     > 3 a 5 mm.
•   b: desplazamiento radial
    >5mm
•   c: inclinación radial > 20°
•   d: ángulo dorsal radial >20°
•   e: desplazamiento dorsal
    signo del escalón cortical
    palmar > 2 mm.
CRITERIOS de INESTABILIDAD
        CONMINUCIÓN METAFISARIA
                              Estable

• 1: Signo escalón cortical
  palmar > 2 mm.
• 2: Conminución dorsal >
  50%. (cruza plano medio)
• 3:
  Conminución, deformidad
  plástica y cavitación.



                              Inestable
CRITERIOS DE INESTABILIDAD
•   Acortamiento radial > 3 a 5 mm.
•   Pérdida de la inclinación lateral > 20°.
•   Inclinación dorsal > 20°.
•   Desplazamiento > 1 cm.
•   Desplazamiento articular > 2 mm.
•   Conminución dorsal >50 %.
Enclavijado percutaneo
TRATAMIENTO


ENCLAVIJADO PERCUTÁNEO.
• De Palma (1952): - extrarticulares.
                    - intrarticulares: - simples.
                                     -
  cizallamiento
• Kapandji (1991): clavijas intrafocales para
                  Fx. extrarticulares.
YH, postop inm.
LF, PO inmediato
Closed reduction and percutaneous pinning (CR/PP)



• Indications
   – Isolated radial styloid fracture
   – Extra-articular fractures
   – Minimal comminution
• Intrafocal vs. extrafocal pinning
   – Intrafocal - pins placed in fracture site
   – Extrafocal- pins used to pin fragment(s) to
     metaphysis
• Requires supplemental casting
• Pins removed in office @ 6 weeks
Tratamiento qx OREF
•   Fijadores externos
•   Principio de ligamentotaxis
•   Asociado a técnicas percutáneas
•   Asociado a técnicas abierta
•   Muchas complicaciones
HC, Ingreso
TIPO IV-C
HC, Ingreso
HC, postop inm.
DA, postop inm.
External fixation (Ex-Fix)
• Indications
   – Displaced fractures
   – Comminution (intra-articular)
   – Able to achieve satisfactory reduction
      via closed or percutaneous means
• Fixator may be used as a
   neutralization device
• Must be supplemented with
   percutaneous pinning
   or limited internal fixation
• Open approach to pin placement
  recommended
External fixation (Ex-Fix)
• Usually removed at six weeks
• Advantages
   – Less invasive
   – Excellent stability
   – Neutralizes deforming forces
   – Relatively simple
• Disadvantages
   – Bridging Ex-Fix prevents wrist motion until
      removal
   – Overdistraction may produce wrist stiffness
   – Extreme position may promote
        • Extrinsic tightness
        • Carpal tunnel syndrome
   – Pin track infections
Fijacion externa (interna)
ORIF
Operative Treatment
• Options
    •   Closed reduction and percutaneous pinning (CR/PP)
    •   External fixation (Ex-Fix)
    •   Arthroscopically assisted reduction
    •   Open reduction internal fixation (ORIF)
         – Dorsal approach/ plate
         – Volar approach/ plate
         – Fragment specific fixation
    • Combination of above
Placa volar clasica
Volar Buttress Plate

• Plate supports volar margin fractures
• Relies on solid screw fixation at
  uninvolved radial shaft
• Primarily indicated for partial articular
  fractures of the volar rim (volar Barton)
• Screw fixation at the metaphysis
  is optional and not always reliable
QB, PO inm.
Orif por abordaje dorsal
Dorsal Buttress Plate
• Plate resists dorsal displacement of
  dorsally displaced fractures
• Allows buttressing of dorsal articular
  fragments
• Dorsal approach through 3rd dorsal
  compartment
• Allows limited visualization of
  articular surface with concomitant
  arthrotomy
• May irritate extensor tendons
   – Associated tendon rupture
   – May require late plate removal
Fragment Specific Fixation
• System of small internal fixation
  devices to address specific
  components of distal radius fractures
   – Utilizes combination of pins,
      buttress plates, screws,
      wire forms and bone grafts
   – Utilizes multiple small incisions
   – Elements of system utilized varies
      from case to case depending
      upon fracture pattern
• Main advantage is the ability to obtain and
  maintain stable articular reduction
• Relies heavily on fluoroscopy
Fragment Specific Fixation


• Generally excellent stability
  allowing early range of motion
   – Learning curve
      • Steep
      • Technique somewhat tedious
Placas volares de angulo fijo
Volar Fixed-Angle Locked Plates (VFAP)


•   VFAPs - introduced 2000
•   Precontoured
•   Facilitates application
•   Template for fracture reduction
•   Low profile devices
     – Threaded guide holes in
         transverse part of plate
     – Threads oriented to match
        tilt and inclination of normal
        articular surface
Volar Fixed-Angle Locked Plates (VFAP)

• Theoretical advantages of VFAP
   – Avoid zone of dorsal comminution                  Tendons
      leaving its blood supply undisturbed
   – Fewer soft tissue complications
       • tendon irritation and rupture
   – Soft tissue flexor tendon protection
                                                        Tendons
       provided by:
       • concave surface of the volar distal radius
       • terminates at the volar lip- watershed line
       • pronator quadratus muscle
Volar Fixed-Angle Locked Plates (VFAP)



• Subchondral position resists/blocks
  redisplacement of articular surface
• May allow limited purchase of dorsal
  cortical fragments
• Generally stable fixation which
  may allow early range of motion
• Relies significantly on fluoroscopy
  to evaluate articular surface and screw
  or peg placement
Volar Fixed-Angle Locked Plates (VFAP)


• Stable fixation:
   – Distal peg placement
     adjacent to the
     subchondral bone
     (within 2 mm)
   – Cortical screw purchase
     in diaphyseal bone
     proximally
Volar Fixed-Angle Locked Plates (VFAP)
                    Site of Best Fit Varies




Zimmer    Synthes JA   Hand Innov   Trimed     Acumed    Hand Innov Synthes EA
                       DVRAW                            DVRAN
0.31 mm     0.7 mm       1.07 mm     1.1 mm     1.51 mm 1.68 mm        4.69 mm
 distal    proximal     proximal    proximal   proximal proximal      proximal
Volar Fixed-Angle Locked Plates (VFAP)
Volar Fixed-Angle Locked Plates (VFAP)
Druj
TFCC injury
• Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex
  – Mechanism: ulnar loading with rotational
    stress (FOOSH)
  – Symptoms: ulnar wrist pain, worse with
    extension, pronation/supination
  – Exam: TFCC compression, Press test,
    supination lift test
  – Imaging: MRI (Xray typically normal)
TFCC anatomy
artroscopia
Arthroscopically Assisted
                        Articular Reduction

• Evaluate/ manipulate articular surface in
  conjunction with
   – Percutaneous pinning with or without
      external fixation
   – Limited open procedures
• Best done within the first few weeks




          Lunate facet fx - 6 R portal Post arthroscopic assisted reduction
EVALUACIÓN de la FRACTURA
ESTUDIOS COMPLEMENTARIOS
• Radiográficos - Rx AP y PA.
                 - Rx P estricto.
                 - Rx Oblícua leve pronación.
• Tomografía Lineal (escalón articular).
• T.C. (art.radiocubital distal).
• RMN y Artrografía (TFCC)
TRATAMIENTO


• Reducción – inmovilización enyesada BP.
• Reducción – yeso + clavijas.
• Reducción – osteodesis percutánea + yeso
  ABP.
• Reducción – osteosíntesis abierta + yeso
  /férula.
• Reducción – fijación externa.
• Injerto hueso esponjoso impactado.
TRATAMIENTO

REDUCCIÓN ABIERTA Y FIJACIÓN INTERNA:
• Fx. Por cizallamiento con grandes
  fragmentos articulares.
• Fx. Por compresión muy fragmentadas o Fx.
  Combinadas.
• Técnica exigente con mayores
  complicaciones.
• Fijación (tornillos, placas, clavijas).
• Injerto óseo esponjoso impactado.
TRATAMIENTO


FIJACIÓN EXTERNA:
• Utiliza ppio. ligamentotaxis p/alineación.
• Mejora longitud e inclinación radial.
• Poco útil para inclinación palmar (aumentar
  con enclavijado).
• Tto.ideal para Fx por compresión.
• Plazos 6 a 12 semanas        Injerto?
TRATAMIENTO

INJERTO ÓSEO ESPONJOSO IMPACTADO:
• Estabilidad de la Fx.: hasta 4 veces.(permite
  retiro de fijación a las 3 o 4 semanas).
• Soporte: evita colapso de fragmentos
  articulares e incurvación progresiva de
  extrarticulares.
• Indicaciones: -conminución dorsal >50%.
                -defecto metafisario
                -fragmento articular impactado.
LF, preparación injerto
FRACTURAS de la MUÑECA
          CONCLUSIONES


• Detección precoz de inestabilidad primaria.
• Identificación de las lesiones del radio y
  asociadas.
• Adecuado tratamiento: técnica rigurosa.
• Injerto de hueso esponjoso impactado.
MUCHAS GRACIAS
Trabajo en osteoporosis k vs placa en
        ancianos mostró que:
• No necesitaron yeso
• Rápido retorno a la vida diaria
• No requirieron 2da qx
fraturas  muñeca

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fraturas muñeca

  • 3. Problema epidemiológico actual: La población envejece y aumentan las expectativas de vida, el nº de fxedr aumenta. Ha aumentado ancianos autovalentes o solos, y requieren sus manos para su vida normal.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7. Fractures • Radius / Ulna • Carpals – Scaphoid* – Triquetrium – Hamate
  • 8.
  • 9. FRACTURAS de la MUÑECA Colles, Abraham (1814): “On the fracture of the carpal extremity of the radius”. Edimburgh Med.Surgery J.10:182-186. • “...sólo queda el consuelo de que la extremidad, en algún período remoto, gozará de un perfecto dominio de todas sus funciones y estará completamente libre de dolor. Pero la deformidad permanecerá igual, sin variación, por toda la vida.”
  • 10. FRACTURAS de la MUÑECA • 1° comunicación de Colles (1814) reportaba buenos resultados con Tto. incruento. (“Un perfecto dominio en todas sus funciones”) • Posteriormente comunicó 31% de complicaciones.
  • 12.
  • 15.
  • 16. DISMINUCIÓN de la FUNCIÓN de la MANO • DOLOR. • PÉRDIDA DE LA MOVILIDAD. • PÉRDIDA FUERZA PRENSIÓN. • DEFORMIDAD COSMÉTICA.
  • 18. EVALUACIÓN de la FRACTURA • Exámen neuro vascular.(Sme.Túnel Carpiano Agudo, Sme.Compartimental antebrazo) • Evaluación articular (radiocarpiana, radiocubital distal e intercarpianas). • Articulación del codo y antebrazo.(cúpula y art.radiocubital proximal) • Exámen de partes blandas.
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 25. Que ver y medir
  • 26. Radial inclination 20ºa25º varianza ulnar de 0,6 +-0.9mm
  • 27. Central reference point (CRP) of the ulnar border, used for measuring radial inclination, radial height, and ulnar variance to reduce variation caused by excess dorsal or volar angulation of the distal fragment
  • 28. Radial height 10 a 13 mm y separacion radiocarpal de 2mm
  • 29. Tilt volar 11º+-4º distancia AP 20mm angulo teardrop 71º+-4º
  • 30.
  • 32.
  • 33. Scapholunate angle & joint width 2mm
  • 34. Captitate - Lunate association/angle
  • 35. Captitate - Lunate association/angle
  • 36.
  • 37.
  • 38.
  • 39.
  • 40.
  • 41.
  • 42. Scapholunate angle & joint width 2mm
  • 43.
  • 44.
  • 46. Radiographic Evaluation • Evaluation – Tilt views – improve assessment of articular surface • Lateral elevated 20 • PA elevated 10 AP view AP tilt view Lateral view Lateral tilt view
  • 47. Radiographic Evaluation – Standard AP and lateral radiographs – Oblique radiographs • Evaluate for non-displaced fractures not visualized on the AP and lateral views
  • 48. CT Scans • Evaluation – 2-D CT • More accurate than plain film x-rays in identifying: – Radio-carpal extension – Articular gap and step off – Comminution, metaphyseal defects
  • 49. 3D CT Scans • 3-D CT – Improved reliability determining: • articular comminution • number of fragments – Reconstructions performed on pre- existing 2-D CT films
  • 50. Vamos a las imagenes
  • 51.
  • 52.
  • 53.
  • 54. en la lateral verdadera angulada en 10º se ve claramente la articulación luno radial.
  • 55. en una lateral verdadera el pisiforme se sobrepone sobre el polo distal escafoides. En b se ve que está muñeca esta rotada en pronación y se ve lacoluma radial
  • 56. Radiograph showing a markedly abnormal AP distance and migration of the carpus with dorsal fragmentation, dislocating dorsally from the articular surface of the volar rim (teardrop)
  • 57. Radiograph showing flattening of the arc of curvature of the articular surface of the distal radius as compared with the arc of curvature of the proximal pole of the lunate. This indicates discontinuity between the dorsal and volar rims of the lunate facet
  • 58.
  • 59. Articular step-off and articular separation with intra-articular fractures. (A) Articular step-off seen as discontinuity of the carpal facet horizon. (B) Articular separation seen on the lateral projection; note the elevation of the AP distance and the marked depression of the teardrop angle.
  • 60. Rx con los 5 fragmentos
  • 61.
  • 62. Objetivos o metas del tto
  • 63. Goals of Treatment Restore Normal Anatomy Angular alignment Radial inclination Volar tilt 20 degrees 12 degrees Radial length +/- 2 mm Restoration of DRUJ
  • 64. Goals of Treatment – Radiographic Goals • Intra-articular step-off (B)/gap (A) A B – Restoration of articular congruity <= 2 mm – Significant (>2 mm) stepoff ->radiographic evidence of post-traumatic arthritis (Knirk and Jupiter, JBJS 1986) • Radial length (C) within 2 mm of normal • Dorsal tilt, neutral to no more than 10 º C
  • 66. Key measures on X-ray • Radial inclination - 23° • Volar Tilt – 11° • Radial Height -12mm • Scapholunate angle – 30° to 60° • Scapholunate joint width – 2mm • Capitate-Lunate angle <10°-20°
  • 68. Distal Radius Fracture • RED FLAGS – Inclination < 20° – Dorsal Tilt – Shortening > 5mm
  • 69. Other Radius / Ulna fractures • Distal ulna • Ulnar styloid • Radial styloid
  • 71.
  • 72. Level 1 Evidence reproducible
  • 75.
  • 76. CLASIFICACIONES • Frykman (1967). • Weber (1987). • Fernandez (1987). Mecanismo de Fx. • AO (Müller, 1987). Mayor detalle. • Melone (1988).(Isani –Melone) Intrarticulares. • Cooney W.P. & Hasting H. Clasif.Universal Fx.Radio distal
  • 77. Classification of Distal Radius Fractures • Classification Schemes – Allow comparison of fracture types for outcome studies – Generally do not guide treatment – Many cumbersome – Inter-observer variability common • Common schemes • Eponymic: Colles, Smith, etc. • Frykman (8 types) • Melone (4 types) • Intra-articular fractures only • AO (27 types) • McMurtry and Jupiter (5 types) • Universal (9 types) • Fernandez (5 types)
  • 78.
  • 79.
  • 80. FRACTURAS de la MUÑECA DISTRIBUCIÓN SEGÚN FRACTURAS DE MUÑECA CLASIFICACIÓN UNIVERSAL 36 2,7% 5,5% Tipo II B 25% Tipo IV A Fx Tto incruento 61% 68 Tipo IV B Fx quirúrgicas Tipo IV C Tipo IV D 5,5% CRITERIOS DE ACEPTACIÓN DISTRIBUCIÓN POR SEXOS POSTREDUCCIÓN 39% 5,5% 61% Mujeres 94,5% cumplio Hombres No cumplio
  • 81.
  • 82.
  • 83.
  • 84.
  • 85. Intra-articular Fractures • Intra-articular – Non to minimally displaced – Radial styloid fracture • Associated injuries – SLIOL Tear – Perilunate dislocation – Scaphoid fracture
  • 86. Intra-articular Fractures • Intra-articular – Impaction/axial load • Pattern varies – Typically 3 major fragments – Radial styloid - 1 – Dorsal portion of lunate facet – 2 (die punch fragment) – Volar Portion of lunate facet - 3 • Comminution varies – Angle of impact – Energy imparted – Quality of bone
  • 88.
  • 90.
  • 91.
  • 93. TRATAMIENTO • Abordaje gradual y progresivo. • Técnicas y procedimientos a la demanda. • Tratamiento quirúrgico: bajo índice de complicaciones, con 93% de buenos resultados. • Adaptar tratamiento a las necesidades del paciente: - Tipo de paciente: edad, actividad, etc. - Evaluación del miembro: heridas, lesión lig. y tendones, Sme.Túnel del carpo. - Evaluación del patron de fractura.
  • 94. TRATAMIENTO • Abordaje gradual y progresivo. • Técnicas y procedimientos a la demanda. • Tratamiento quirúrgico: bajo índice de complicaciones, con 93% de buenos resultados. • Adaptar tratamiento a las necesidades del paciente: - Tipo de paciente: edad, actividad, etc. - Evaluación del miembro: heridas, lesión lig. y tendones, Sme.Túnel del carpo. - Evaluación del patron de fractura.
  • 95. TRATAMIENTO EVALUACIÓN DEL PATRON DE FRACTURA: • Fx. Por cizallamiento: clara indicación quirúrgica desde el ingreso: reducción cerrada posible, fijación necesaria por inestabilidad del trazo oblícuo. • Fx.Alta energía, gran desplazamiento, multifragmentaria: reductibles, pero inestables siempre. • Fx.Expuestas:siempre quirúrgicas. • Todos los demás patrones comenzar por: REDUCCIÓN CERRADA
  • 96. ALGORITMO TERAPÉUTICO REDUCCIÓN CERRADA Satisfactoria Estable Yeso
  • 97. ALGORITMO TERAPÉUTICO REDUCCIÓN CERRADA Satisfactoria Estable Inestable Fijación Yeso Clavijas Tutor
  • 98. ALGORITMO TERAPÉUTICO REDUCCIÓN CERRADA No satisfactoria Reducción abierta limitada (percutánea) Satisfactoria Estable Inestable Fijación Yeso Clavijas Tutor
  • 99. ALGORITMO TERAPÉUTICO REDUCCIÓN CERRADA No satisfactoria Reducción abierta limitada (percutánea) Satisfactoria Estable Inestable INJERTO No satisfactoria Fijación Yeso Reducción abierta y fijación Clavijas (clavijas, placa y tornillos, tutor Tutor Solos o combinados.
  • 100. What’s the best way to treat distal radius fractures? • No clear data • Patient dependent • Fracture dependent • What works the best for you
  • 102.
  • 103. TRATAMIENTO REDUCCIÓN e INMOVILIZACIÓN ENYESADA. • Reducción por tracción de las inserciones capsuloligamentarias (ligamentotaxia). • Inmovilización enyesada (BP 4 a 6 semanas). • Controles Rx semanales.
  • 104.
  • 105.
  • 106.
  • 107.
  • 108. CLASIFICACIÓN UNIVERSAL de las FRACTURAS del RADIO DISTAL TIPO I Extrarticular, no desplazada, estable. Yeso TIPO II - A Extrarticular,desplazada, estable. Yeso -B Reductible, inestable. Clavijas -C Irreductible. Tutor TIPO III Intrarticular, no desplazada, estable. Yeso /clavija TIPO IV - A Intrarticular, desplazada,reductible, Yeso/ estable postreducción clavijas -B Reductible, inestable postreducción. Clavijas tutor -C Inestable e Irreductible. Tutor/ clavija -D Compleja. Tutor/placa
  • 110.
  • 111. PÉRDIDA de la REDUCCIÓN INICIAL DESPLAZAMIENTO SECUNDARIO • Tratamiento inadecuado. • Estabilización insuficiente. • INESTABILIDAD PRIMARIA.
  • 112. INESTABILIDAD PRIMARIA PRINCIPAL CAUSA DEL FRACASO PARA MANTENER LA REDUCCIÓN INICIAL A LO LARGO DEL TRATAMIENTO LLEVANDO A LA DISFUNCIÓN DE LA MANO.
  • 113. FRACTURAS EXTRARTICULARES DESPLAZAMIENTO Hallazgos Rx Predictivos de inestabilidad primaria • a: acortamiento radial > 3 a 5 mm. • b: desplazamiento radial >5mm • c: inclinación radial > 20° • d: ángulo dorsal radial >20° • e: desplazamiento dorsal signo del escalón cortical palmar > 2 mm.
  • 114. CRITERIOS de INESTABILIDAD CONMINUCIÓN METAFISARIA Estable • 1: Signo escalón cortical palmar > 2 mm. • 2: Conminución dorsal > 50%. (cruza plano medio) • 3: Conminución, deformidad plástica y cavitación. Inestable
  • 115. CRITERIOS DE INESTABILIDAD • Acortamiento radial > 3 a 5 mm. • Pérdida de la inclinación lateral > 20°. • Inclinación dorsal > 20°. • Desplazamiento > 1 cm. • Desplazamiento articular > 2 mm. • Conminución dorsal >50 %.
  • 117.
  • 118. TRATAMIENTO ENCLAVIJADO PERCUTÁNEO. • De Palma (1952): - extrarticulares. - intrarticulares: - simples. - cizallamiento • Kapandji (1991): clavijas intrafocales para Fx. extrarticulares.
  • 119.
  • 122. Closed reduction and percutaneous pinning (CR/PP) • Indications – Isolated radial styloid fracture – Extra-articular fractures – Minimal comminution • Intrafocal vs. extrafocal pinning – Intrafocal - pins placed in fracture site – Extrafocal- pins used to pin fragment(s) to metaphysis • Requires supplemental casting • Pins removed in office @ 6 weeks
  • 123.
  • 124.
  • 125.
  • 126. Tratamiento qx OREF • Fijadores externos • Principio de ligamentotaxis • Asociado a técnicas percutáneas • Asociado a técnicas abierta • Muchas complicaciones
  • 127.
  • 128.
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  • 145.
  • 146.
  • 147.
  • 148. External fixation (Ex-Fix) • Indications – Displaced fractures – Comminution (intra-articular) – Able to achieve satisfactory reduction via closed or percutaneous means • Fixator may be used as a neutralization device • Must be supplemented with percutaneous pinning or limited internal fixation • Open approach to pin placement recommended
  • 149. External fixation (Ex-Fix) • Usually removed at six weeks • Advantages – Less invasive – Excellent stability – Neutralizes deforming forces – Relatively simple • Disadvantages – Bridging Ex-Fix prevents wrist motion until removal – Overdistraction may produce wrist stiffness – Extreme position may promote • Extrinsic tightness • Carpal tunnel syndrome – Pin track infections
  • 151.
  • 152.
  • 153.
  • 154. ORIF
  • 155.
  • 156. Operative Treatment • Options • Closed reduction and percutaneous pinning (CR/PP) • External fixation (Ex-Fix) • Arthroscopically assisted reduction • Open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) – Dorsal approach/ plate – Volar approach/ plate – Fragment specific fixation • Combination of above
  • 158.
  • 159. Volar Buttress Plate • Plate supports volar margin fractures • Relies on solid screw fixation at uninvolved radial shaft • Primarily indicated for partial articular fractures of the volar rim (volar Barton) • Screw fixation at the metaphysis is optional and not always reliable
  • 160.
  • 161.
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  • 173.
  • 174.
  • 175.
  • 176.
  • 177.
  • 179. Orif por abordaje dorsal
  • 180.
  • 181. Dorsal Buttress Plate • Plate resists dorsal displacement of dorsally displaced fractures • Allows buttressing of dorsal articular fragments • Dorsal approach through 3rd dorsal compartment • Allows limited visualization of articular surface with concomitant arthrotomy • May irritate extensor tendons – Associated tendon rupture – May require late plate removal
  • 182.
  • 183.
  • 184. Fragment Specific Fixation • System of small internal fixation devices to address specific components of distal radius fractures – Utilizes combination of pins, buttress plates, screws, wire forms and bone grafts – Utilizes multiple small incisions – Elements of system utilized varies from case to case depending upon fracture pattern • Main advantage is the ability to obtain and maintain stable articular reduction • Relies heavily on fluoroscopy
  • 185. Fragment Specific Fixation • Generally excellent stability allowing early range of motion – Learning curve • Steep • Technique somewhat tedious
  • 186.
  • 187.
  • 188.
  • 189.
  • 190.
  • 191.
  • 192.
  • 193.
  • 194. Placas volares de angulo fijo
  • 195.
  • 196.
  • 197.
  • 198.
  • 199. Volar Fixed-Angle Locked Plates (VFAP) • VFAPs - introduced 2000 • Precontoured • Facilitates application • Template for fracture reduction • Low profile devices – Threaded guide holes in transverse part of plate – Threads oriented to match tilt and inclination of normal articular surface
  • 200.
  • 201.
  • 202. Volar Fixed-Angle Locked Plates (VFAP) • Theoretical advantages of VFAP – Avoid zone of dorsal comminution Tendons leaving its blood supply undisturbed – Fewer soft tissue complications • tendon irritation and rupture – Soft tissue flexor tendon protection Tendons provided by: • concave surface of the volar distal radius • terminates at the volar lip- watershed line • pronator quadratus muscle
  • 203.
  • 204. Volar Fixed-Angle Locked Plates (VFAP) • Subchondral position resists/blocks redisplacement of articular surface • May allow limited purchase of dorsal cortical fragments • Generally stable fixation which may allow early range of motion • Relies significantly on fluoroscopy to evaluate articular surface and screw or peg placement
  • 205.
  • 206.
  • 207.
  • 208.
  • 209.
  • 210.
  • 211. Volar Fixed-Angle Locked Plates (VFAP) • Stable fixation: – Distal peg placement adjacent to the subchondral bone (within 2 mm) – Cortical screw purchase in diaphyseal bone proximally
  • 212. Volar Fixed-Angle Locked Plates (VFAP) Site of Best Fit Varies Zimmer Synthes JA Hand Innov Trimed Acumed Hand Innov Synthes EA DVRAW DVRAN 0.31 mm 0.7 mm 1.07 mm 1.1 mm 1.51 mm 1.68 mm 4.69 mm distal proximal proximal proximal proximal proximal proximal
  • 213. Volar Fixed-Angle Locked Plates (VFAP)
  • 214. Volar Fixed-Angle Locked Plates (VFAP)
  • 215. Druj
  • 216. TFCC injury • Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex – Mechanism: ulnar loading with rotational stress (FOOSH) – Symptoms: ulnar wrist pain, worse with extension, pronation/supination – Exam: TFCC compression, Press test, supination lift test – Imaging: MRI (Xray typically normal)
  • 218.
  • 219.
  • 220.
  • 221.
  • 222.
  • 223.
  • 224.
  • 225.
  • 226.
  • 227.
  • 228.
  • 229.
  • 230.
  • 232.
  • 233. Arthroscopically Assisted Articular Reduction • Evaluate/ manipulate articular surface in conjunction with – Percutaneous pinning with or without external fixation – Limited open procedures • Best done within the first few weeks Lunate facet fx - 6 R portal Post arthroscopic assisted reduction
  • 234.
  • 235.
  • 236.
  • 237.
  • 238.
  • 239.
  • 240.
  • 241.
  • 242. EVALUACIÓN de la FRACTURA ESTUDIOS COMPLEMENTARIOS • Radiográficos - Rx AP y PA. - Rx P estricto. - Rx Oblícua leve pronación. • Tomografía Lineal (escalón articular). • T.C. (art.radiocubital distal). • RMN y Artrografía (TFCC)
  • 243. TRATAMIENTO • Reducción – inmovilización enyesada BP. • Reducción – yeso + clavijas. • Reducción – osteodesis percutánea + yeso ABP. • Reducción – osteosíntesis abierta + yeso /férula. • Reducción – fijación externa. • Injerto hueso esponjoso impactado.
  • 244. TRATAMIENTO REDUCCIÓN ABIERTA Y FIJACIÓN INTERNA: • Fx. Por cizallamiento con grandes fragmentos articulares. • Fx. Por compresión muy fragmentadas o Fx. Combinadas. • Técnica exigente con mayores complicaciones. • Fijación (tornillos, placas, clavijas). • Injerto óseo esponjoso impactado.
  • 245. TRATAMIENTO FIJACIÓN EXTERNA: • Utiliza ppio. ligamentotaxis p/alineación. • Mejora longitud e inclinación radial. • Poco útil para inclinación palmar (aumentar con enclavijado). • Tto.ideal para Fx por compresión. • Plazos 6 a 12 semanas Injerto?
  • 246. TRATAMIENTO INJERTO ÓSEO ESPONJOSO IMPACTADO: • Estabilidad de la Fx.: hasta 4 veces.(permite retiro de fijación a las 3 o 4 semanas). • Soporte: evita colapso de fragmentos articulares e incurvación progresiva de extrarticulares. • Indicaciones: -conminución dorsal >50%. -defecto metafisario -fragmento articular impactado.
  • 248.
  • 249. FRACTURAS de la MUÑECA CONCLUSIONES • Detección precoz de inestabilidad primaria. • Identificación de las lesiones del radio y asociadas. • Adecuado tratamiento: técnica rigurosa. • Injerto de hueso esponjoso impactado.
  • 251. Trabajo en osteoporosis k vs placa en ancianos mostró que: • No necesitaron yeso • Rápido retorno a la vida diaria • No requirieron 2da qx