Discusses the different organic compounds and their functional groups

1. FUNCTIONAL GROUP OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Presented By:
Janine V. Samelo
BSChem2

2. HYDROCARBONS:
>HYDROCARBONS ARE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
CONSISTING ENTIRELY OF CARBON AND
HYDROGEN. THEY ARE A SUBSET OF ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS.
>RANGE FROM METHANE, WHICH IS JUST ONE
CARBON ATOM BONDED TO FOUR HYDROGEN
ATOMS, TO POLYMERS SUCH AS POLYSTYRENE,
WHICH CONSISTS OF THOUSANDS OF CARBON AND
HYDROGEN ATOMS.

3. > THEY MAY BE GASES (METHANE AND PROPANE), LIQUIDS
(HEXANE AND BENZENE), WAXES (PARAFFIN WAX), OR POLYMERS
(POLYETHYLENE AND POLYSTYRENE).HYDROCARBONS CAN BE
PROCESSED TO CREATE PLASTICS.
>THE PRIMARY SOURCE OF HYDROCARBONS HERE ON EARTH IS
THROUGH FOSSIL FUELS – COAL, OIL, AND NATURAL GAS. THESE
ARE EXTRACTED FROM THE GROUND
>THERE ARE FOUR MAIN TYPES OF HYDROCARBONS:
SATURATED HYDROCARBONS, CONSISTING OF ONLY SINGLE BONDS
BETWEEN CARBON ATOMS; UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS, WITH
DOUBLE OR TRIPLE BONDS; CYCLOALKANES, WITH CONSIST OF
HYDROGEN BONDED TO CARBON RINGS; AND
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS, WHICH CONTAIN A CHEMICAL
STRUCTURE KNOWN AS AN AROMATIC RING, OF WHICH BENZENE IS
THE SIMPLEST EXAMPLE.

4. SATURATED HYDROCARBONS:
>THOSE THAT CONTAIN AS MANY HYDROGEN ATOMS AS
POSSIBLE ARE SAID TO BE SATURATED. THE SATURATED
HYDROCARBONS ARE ALSO KNOWN AS ALKANES.
EX: THE SIMPLEST ALKANE IS METHANE: CH4.
> GENERIC FORMULA CNH2N+2
EX: C4H10.

5. UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS:
♫ALKENES
> CARBON NOT ONLY FORMS THE STRONG CC SINGLE BONDS FOUND IN
ALKANES, IT ALSO FORMS STRONG C=C DOUBLE BONDS. COMPOUNDS THAT
CONTAIN C=C DOUBLE BONDS WERE ONCE KNOWN AS OLEFINS (LITERALLY,
"TO MAKE AN OIL") BECAUSE THEY WERE HARD TO CRYSTALLIZE. (THEY
TEND TO REMAIN OILY LIQUIDS WHEN COOLED.) THESE COMPOUNDS ARE
NOW CALLED ALKENES
EX:
THE SIMPLEST ALKENE HAS THE FORMULA C2H4 AND THE FOLLOWING LEWIS STRUCTURE

6. >ALKENES ARE EXAMPLES OF UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS BECAUSE
THEY HAVE FEWER HYDROGEN ATOMS THAN THE CORRESPONDING ALKANES.
THEY WERE ONCE NAMED BY ADDING THE SUFFIX -ENE TO THE NAME OF THE
SUBSTITUENT THAT CARRIED THE SAME NUMBER OF CARBON ATOMS.
> THE IUPAC NOMENCLATURE FOR ALKENES NAMES THESE COMPOUNDS AS
DERIVATIVES OF THE PARENT ALKANES. THE PRESENCE OF THE C=C DOUBLE
BOND IS INDICATED BY CHANGING THE -ANE ENDING ON THE NAME OF THE
PARENT ALKANE TO -ENE.

7. ♫ALKYNES
> COMPOUNDS THAT CONTAIN CC TRIPLE BONDS ARE
CALLED ALKYNES. THESE COMPOUNDS HAVE FOUR LESS HYDROGEN
ATOMS THAN THE PARENT ALKANES, SO THE GENERIC FORMULA FOR
AN ALKYNE WITH A SINGLE CC TRIPLE BOND IS CNH2N-2
EX;
THE SIMPLEST ALKYNE HAS THE FORMULA C2H2 AND IS KNOWN BY
THE COMMON NAME ACETYLENE.
> THE IUPAC NOMENCLATURE FOR ALKYNES NAMES THESE
COMPOUNDS AS DERIVATIVES OF THE PARENT ALKANE, WITH THE
ENDING -YNE REPLACING -ANE.

8. AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS:
>ALL AROMATIC COMPOUNDS ARE BASED ON BENZENE, C6H6, WHICH
HAS A RING OF SIX CARBON ATOMS AND HAS THE SYMBOL:
EACH CORNER OF THE HEXAGON HAS A CARBON ATOM WITH A
HYDROGEN ATTACHED.
> . THE BENZENE RING IS VERY STABLE, SURVIVING UNCHANGED IN
MOST CHEMICAL REACTIONS. IT IS VERY DIFFERENT IN REACTIVITY
AND SHAPE FROM THE PUCKERED SIX-MEMBERED RINGS FOUND
IN CYCLOALKANES

9. CYCLOALKANES:
> IF THE CARBON CHAIN THAT FORMS THE BACKBONE OF A STRAIGHT-CHAIN
HYDROCARBON IS LONG ENOUGH, WE CAN ENVISION THE TWO ENDS
COMING TOGETHER TO FORM A CYCLOALKANE.
> CYCLOALKANES THEREFORE HAVE TWO LESS HYDROGEN ATOMS THAN
THE PARENT ALKANE AND A GENERIC FORMULA OF CNH2N.
>THE SMALLEST ALKANE THAT CAN FORM A RING IS CYCLOPROPANE,
C3H6, IN WHICH THE THREE CARBON ATOMS LIE IN THE SAME PLANE. THE
ANGLE BETWEEN ADJACENT CC BONDS IS ONLY 60, WHICH IS VERY MUCH
SMALLER THAN THE 109.5 ANGLE IN A TETRAHEDRON, AS SHOWN IN THE
FIGURE BELOW.

10. HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES
☼ALCOHOLS
> FAMILY OF COMPOUNDS THAT CONTAIN ONE OR MORE HYDROXYL
(-OH) GROUPS ATTACHED TO A SINGLE BONDED ALKANE.
> REPRESENTED BY THE GENERAL FORMULA R-OH
EX:
♂PRIMARY ALCOHOLS
IN A PRIMARY (1°) ALCOHOL, THE CARBON WHICH CARRIES THE -
OH GROUP IS ONLY ATTACHED TO ONE ALKYL GROUP.
NOTE: AN ALKYL GROUP IS A GROUP SUCH AS METHYL, CH3, OR
ETHYL, CH3CH2. THESE ARE GROUPS CONTAINING CHAINS OF
CARBON ATOMS WHICH MAY BE BRANCHED. ALKYL GROUPS ARE
GIVEN THE GENERAL SYMBOL R.

11. EX:
♂ SECONDARY ALCOHOLS
IN A SECONDARY (2°) ALCOHOL, THE CARBON WITH THE -OH
GROUP ATTACHED IS JOINED DIRECTLY TO TWO ALKYL GROUPS,
WHICH MAY BE THE SAME OR DIFFERENT.

12. ♂TERTIARY ALCOHOLS
IN A TERTIARY (3°) ALCOHOL, THE CARBON ATOM HOLDING
THE -OH GROUP IS ATTACHED DIRECTLY TO THREE ALKYL
GROUPS, WHICH MAY BE ANY COMBINATION OF SAME OR
DIFFERENT.

13. ☼ ALDEHYDES AND KETONES AS CARBONYL COMPOUNDS
ALDEHYDES AND KETONES ARE SIMPLE COMPOUNDS WHICH CONTAIN
ACARBONYL GROUP - A CARBON-OXYGEN DOUBLE BOND. THEY ARE
SIMPLE IN THE SENSE THAT THEY DON'T HAVE OTHER REACTIVE
GROUPS LIKE -OH OR -CL ATTACHED DIRECTLY TO THE CARBON ATOM
IN THE CARBONYL GROUP - AS YOU MIGHT FIND, FOR EXAMPLE, IN
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS CONTAINING -COOH.
EX OF ALDEHYDES:
N ALDEHYDES, THE CARBONYL GROUP HAS A HYDROGEN ATOM ATTACHED TO
IT TOGETHER WITH EITHER
>>A SECOND HYDROGEN ATOM
>>A HYDROCARBON GROUP WHICH MIGHT BE AN ALKYL GROUP OR ONE CONTAINING A
BENZENE RING.

14. EXAMPLES OF KETONES:
IN KETONES, THE CARBONYL GROUP HAS TWO HYDROCARBON
GROUPS ATTACHED. AGAIN, THESE CAN BE EITHER ALKYL
GROUPS OR ONES CONTAINING BENZENE RINGS.

15. ☼ETHERS
ETHERS ARE BASICALLY TWO ALKYL GROUPS JOINED TO ONE OXYGEN.
CH3OCH3- DIMETHYL ETHER
CH3CH2OCH2CH3- DIETHYL ETHER
CH3OCH2CH3- METHYL ETHYL ETHER
ETHER GENERAL FORMULA:
☼ESTERS:
ESTERS ARE DERIVED FROM CARBOXYLIC ACIDS. A CARBOXYLIC ACID
CONTAINS THE -COOH GROUP, AND IN AN ESTER THE HYDROGEN IN
THIS GROUP IS REPLACED BY A HYDROCARBON GROUP OF SOME KIND.
THIS COULD BE AN ALKYL GROUP LIKE METHYL OR ETHYL, OR ONE
CONTAINING A BENZENE RING LIKE PHENYL.

16. ☼AMINES
>>DERIVED FROM AMMONIA (NH3) WHEN MORE OF THE HYDROGEN
ATOMS IS REPLACED BY A HYDROCARBON GROUP. >>A NITROGEN ATOM
IS THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP.
>>PRIMARY AMINES - THOSE THAT CONSIST OF ONE HYDROCARBON
GROUP BONDED TO AN AMINO GROUP (-NH2). >>GENERAL
FORMULA RNH2 WHERE R REPRESENTS AN ALKYL GROUP.
>>TO NAME AN AMINE, IDENTIFY THE ALKYL GROUP AND ADD THE
SUFFIX -AMINE TO ITS NAME
EX: BUTYLAMINE.

17. ☼AMIDES
>>THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP OF AN AMIDE CONSISTS OF A
CARBONYL GROUP AND AN AMINO GROUP.
>> CAN BE PRODUCED BY REACTING A CARBOXYLIC ACID WITH
AMMONIA (NH3).
>> GENERAL FORMULA FOR AMIDES IS RCONR'R'',
WHERE R, R', AND R'' REPRESENT ALKYL GROUPS OR
HYDROGEN.
EX: BUTANAMIDE.

18. ISOMERISM:
> THE EXISTENCE OF TWO OR MORE COMPOUNDS WITH SAME
MOLECULAR FORMULA BUT DIFFERENT PROPERTIES (PHYSICAL,
CHEMICAL OR BOTH) IS KNOWN AS ISOMERISM; AND THE
COMPOUNDS THEMSELVES ARE CALLED ISOMERS.
> HE TERM WAS GIVEN BY BERZELIUS.
> THE DIFFERENCE IN PROPERTIES OF TWO ISOMERS IS DUE
TO THE DIFFERENCE IN THE ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS WITHIN
THEIR MOLECULES

19. ♪CONSTITUTIONAL ISOMERISM
>> OCCURS WHEN THE ATOMS IN A MOLECULE CAN BE
REARRANGED SUCH THAT
DIFFERENT ATOMS ARE BOUND TO ONE ANOTHER (I.E. THE ATOM
CONNECTIVITY IS THE SAME). FOR EXAMPLE
THE FOLLOWING ARE SOME OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL ISOMERS
OF C6H12:

20. ♪STEREOISOMERS
>>HAVE THE SAME ATOMS ARE BOUND TO ONE ANOTHER, BUT
THEIR ORIENTATION IN SPACE DIFFERS.

21. REFERENCES:
>HTTP://WWW.WISEGEEK.COM/WHAT-ARE-HYDROCARBONS.HTM
>HTTP://CHEMED.CHEM.PURDUE.EDU/GENCHEM/TOPICREVIEW/
BP/1ORGANIC/ORGANIC.HTML
>HTTP://CHEMED.CHEM.WISC.EDU/CHEMPATHS/GENCHEM-
TEXTBOOK/AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS-918.HTML
>HTTP://WWW.CHEMGUIDE.CO.UK/BASICORG/CONVENTIONS/NA
MES3.HTML
>HTTP://SCIENCE.MARSHALL.EDU/CASTELLA/CHM204/CHAP17.P
DF
>HTTP://EN.WIKIBOOKS.ORG/WIKI/ORGANIC_CHEMISTRY/ALCO
HOLS
>HTTPS://WWW.CDLI.CA/COURSES/CHEM2202/UNIT03_ORG03_
ILO05/B_ACTIVITY.HTML