Policy change and Tourism Policy in the United Kingdom
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Presentation given at the International Conference on Tourism, Naples, Italy, 29-30th June 2016
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Policy change and Tourism Policy in the United Kingdom
- 1. POLICY CHANGE AND TOURISM POLICY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM Samantha Chaperon & James Kennell University of Greenwich, UK
- 2. TOURISM POLICY MAKING – THE STANDARD VIEW Analysis of Issues Identification of solutions Consultation Selection of preferred alternatives Implementation Evaluation of policy Dredge & Jenkins (2007) Tomsett & Shaw (2014) Hwang & Lee (2015) Comprehensive / Bounded Rationality Vested interests External shocks
- 3. PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM THEORY Long periods of policy stability followed by short, intense periods of policy change Combines 2 perspectives Role of policy communities Agenda setting (Issue networks) Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 Period 5 Period 6 Period 7 Period 8 Change Time Policy Change Policy monopoly Destruction of policy monopolies Policy monopoly Gersnick (1991) Baumgartner (2014)
- 4. WHY PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM? Often applied in other policy fields including Environmental Policy (e.g. Speth & Repetto 2008), Health Policy (e.g. Givel 2006) and Economic Policy (e.g. Breunig 2006) Offers an opportunity to look at the tourism policy making process from a new perspective, with a new set of tools UK politics is going through a period of intense change
- 5. UK TOURISM POLICY – A TIMELINE 1999 – Tomorrow’s Tourism 2004 – Tomorrow’s Tourism Today 2008 – Winning – A Tourism Strategy for 2012 and beyond 2011 – UK Government Tourism Policy 2015 - Backing the Tourism Sector: A Five Point Plan
- 6. TOURISM POLICY CHANGE IN THE UK (PE) 1997 Election 1999 Tomorrow's Tourism 2001 Election 2004 Tomorrow's Tourism Today 2005 Election 2008 Winning 2010 Election 2011 Tourism Policy 2015 Election 2015 Five Point Plan Change Time Policy Change
- 7. CHANGING POLICY COMMUNITIESPeriod1 Stability of successive Labour governments Movement of Tourism into DCMS from DNH Devolution Establishment of Tourism Alliance Period2 Coalition government Conservative Government Tourism Industry Council Changes to NTOs Period3 New period of change starting with Brexit Kennell (2013), Kennell & Chaperon (2013)
- 8. CASE: POLICY COMMUNITIES 2010 • Plan to close one NTO 2011-2015 • New Tourism Policy • Tourism moves from RDAs to new PPPs • Massive cuts to public funding for tourism • Tourism Industry Council formed 2015 • Review of NTOs 2016 • One NTO closed Dinan & Coles (2012), Kennell & Chaperon (2013)
- 9. CASE: AGENDA SETTING (ISSUE NETWORKS) Campaign since 2011 Widespread industry support National media attention 140 Members of Parliament Blocked by policy communities because: “EU Rules” “Methodological differences” “Parliamentary time” Etc…
- 10. CONCLUSIONS 1. PE is useful for explaining periods of stability and change in tourism policy 1. In other fields, PE explains the tension between Policy Communities & Issue Networks 2. In UK Tourism policy, Issue Networks have very little power, whilst Policy Communities are much more like the ‘iron triangle’ of US politics 3. PE allows us to challenge the ‘shift to governance’ theory, in UK Tourism Policy 1. Despite the rhetoric of consultation and engagement and the high level of issue network activity
Editor's Notes
- Generally uses incrementalist models of gradual policy change Structural factors play a key role in prompting any significant changes ‘Policy cycle’ assumes a rationality and impartiality to the process Does not always reflect the messiness and compromises of policy-making Only ‘interest groups’ seems to represent vested interests, ignores interests of other actors Conveyor Belt
- In the USA, this is sometimes described as the ‘iron triangle’, a closed shop of executive, legislative and interest groups In the UK, we’d probably call this the establishment
- 2010 – Conservative party coalition partner in government wanted to close Visit England (achieved 50% cut Kennell & Chaperon 2013) 2010 – Tourism development moves away from closed RDAs and becomes responsibility of new business-led PPPs – unsuccessful (Coles et al 2010, Kennell & Chaperon 2011) 2011 – new tourism policy put forward vision of new DMOs and new private sector funding for one NTO (Kennell & Chaperon 2013) 2011-2015 – Massive reduction in public sector funding for tourism 2014 – Tourism Industry Council formed 2015 – Review of the NTOs 2016 – One NTO closed