3. Case 1
57 year old lady
Brought in by husband as she has abdominal pain and
seems slightly confused
Obs T39, P128, BP 75/40, RR22, sats 98% OA, BSL 4.8
ECG Sinus tachycardia
5. Shock
Shock is the failure to adequately oxygenate tissues
to meet metabolic demand, resulting in end organ
failure.
Adjustable factors affecting tissue oxygenation
[Hb]
PaO2
Cardiac output
Systemic vascular resistance
9. Dopamine versus noradrenaline for
the treatment of septic shock
Meta-analysis by De Backer et al 2012
6 randomised trials, 1,408 patients
Primary end point – mortality at 28 days
732 received dopamine, 676 to noradrenaline
Median exposure 2 days
Conclusion: Dopamine associated with greater
mortality than noradrenaline and a greater number of
arrhythmic events.
Increased risk of death RR=1.12 (CI 1.01-1.20)
10. Back to the patient..
Access is difficult –just one pink line
USS guided access is also attempted
11. Peripheral use of inotropes
EMCRIT 107
French RCT where ICU patients were randomised to
peripheral (n=128) or central access (n=135)
Most complication in the peripheral group was
extravasation injury
Most common in CVC group was infectious
Is extravasation an acceptable risk?
12. Case 2
32 year old male, football injury, presents with right shoulder pain
13. Management
Obs Afebrile, P 80, BP 130/80, RR 20, Sats 100% OA,
BSL 5.0
100mcg of fentanyl with the ambulance
Anaesthetic assessment, fasted, no regular
medications, ECG sinus
He is sedated and the shoulder is relocated.
16. Push dose pressors
Indication is transient hypotension
During sedation
Post intubation
Whilst waiting for inotropes to work or CVC lines to be
sited
Transfers
17. Case 3
84 year old lady
PC: Dizzyness and palpitations
HPC: Felt light headed on standing, developed
palpitations and central burning chest pain associated
with SOB and a feeling that she might collapse. Pain
lasted 10 mins.
Obs Afebrile, P40, BP 209/100, RR22, 96% OA, BSL 6.3
24. Summary
What kind of drugs can we use?
Iontropes
Adrenaline
Dobutamine
Vasopressors
Noradrenaline
Metarminol
Chronotropes
Isoprenaline
25. Summary
Actions of these drugs depend on the receptors they
activate and the concentration of the drug
Most commonly used for management of shock
Determining the type of shock is important in choice of
drug
Range of application in the ED
Bridging therapy to allow treatments for shock to take effect
To counteract transient effects of other drugs
26. References
De Backer et al. (2012) Dopamine versus norepinephrine in
the treatment of septic shock: A meta-analysis. Crit Care
Med. Vol 40. p 725
Senz A (2009) Review article: inotrope and vasopressor
use the emergency department. Emerg Med Australas.
2009 Oct;21(5):342-51
Benham-Hermetz (2012) Cardiovascular failure, inotropes
and vasopressors British Journal of Hospital Medicine
May,Vol73,No5
EMCRIT Podcast 107 http://emcrit.org/podcasts/peripheralvasopressors-extravasation/
RAGE Podcast 1 http://ragepodcast.com/rage-session-one/
Push dose pressors April 2013
http://www.emrap.org/episode/2013
Editor's Notes
‘Give fluids’ How much fluid are you going to give? How are you going to measure the response?‘Give Abx’ – He needs these – treat a cause‘Give pressors’ – ok sure. Let’s talk about that and but before that, just to be clear what clinical state are we dealing with?
We think this patient is in shock not just because of the numbers, his BP, but because he is demonstrating one of the clinical signs of shock.Clinical signs of shock: oliguria, confusion or agitation, tachycardia, acidosisWe have already tried to increase the tissue oxygenation for this patient – they probably got some oxygen, we have tried to improve their cardiac output with fluids but the clinical state of the patient hasn’t improved.
What drug and why?
NA the main neurotransmitter at adrenergic post synaptic receptors.Noradrenaline acts on alpha 1 receptors causing vasoconstriction and has some effect on cardiac contractilityGenerally thought that the B1 activity does not no manifest in raised HR due to reflex bradycardia resulting from the vasoconstriction and increased BP.
The choice of vasoactive agent to use in sepsis has been studies and if anything the answer is probably getting more complicated. These drugs as we know have multiple actions and predicting their effects on tissue perfusion in a body under stress is not simple. However that doesn’t mean people haven’t studied it.
This was done I think because the surviving sepsis guidelines 2008 had noradrenaline as first line and then dopamine as second line.
Podcast suggests that it is, provided that we have good management plans for these injuriesPotentially useful for ED because it may allow us to start infusions peripherally through a good IV whilst we are setting up the CVC.
Metarminol is a vasopressor and an inotrope – make to 10mg in 20mls of normal saline and can be given at 0.5mg bolus.Adrenaline more potent , having a higher affinity for beta receptors at lower doses and for alpha receptors at higher doses.Adrenaline – 1mg ampoule (1 in 10,000) and add to 9mls of Nsaline. You then have 10mcg/ml and can be given in 5mcg-20mcg boluses.In terms of side effects, adrenaline infusions are often stopped in ICU due to the metabolic effects of uncontrollable hyperglycaemia.Use which ever you have most experience with
Using them to balance the side effects of another drug
Comment on ECG – any signs of ischaemia?
B2 side effects: bronchodilaton
Some of these drugs are naturally occurring catecholamine and some are synthetic versions of them.We can then further divide these drugs by there mechanism.Inotropes increase the contractility and the force of contractionVasopressors increase vascular tone and therefore systemic vascular resistance.