The document summarizes key concepts in geography as they relate to Pakistan's climate and physical features. It defines geography, physiography, topography, climate, weather, and seasons. It then describes Pakistan's four major climate regions: highland, lowland, coastal, and arid. It discusses temperature, pressure, rainfall, and wind patterns across Pakistan's varying terrain. Key factors that influence Pakistan's climate include its latitude, relief ranging from the K2 mountain to coastal lowlands, and monsoon and western depression rainfall sources.

2. WORKSHOP
M.Sc Pakistan Studies
Resource Person: Jamal Shah
ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN
UNIVERSITY

3. Geography: It is the study of …..
• physical structure, features and inhabitants of the
Earth.
• focuses over general structure and features of earth,
studies the inter-dependency/ impacts of earth and its
inhabitants.
Physiography: The subfield of geography ….
• about physical patterns and processes of the Earth.
• Effects of forces to produce/ modify rocks, oceans,
weather and global flora & fauna patterns.
Topography:
• An arrangement of an artificial and natural physical
features of an area

4. Climate:
• An area of the earth’s surface between two parallels of
latitude
• The long-term explanation of weather and other
atmospheric conditions in a given area or country.
Weather:
• The short-term state of the atmosphere at a specific time
and place.
• Includes temperature, humidity, cloud, cover,
precipitation, wind, etc.
Season:
• A part of the year during which the behaviors of the
atmosphere usually remain the same.
• Each of the four divisions of a year.

5. • Varying Climatic Zones or Regions
• The diversified terrain has divided
Pakistan's climate into 4 major regions:
 Highland Climate
 Lowland Climate
 Coastal Climate
 Arid Climate

7. • Temperature
• Pressure
• Rainfall
• Wind

8. IN OTHER WORDS…….

9. CONTINUE…….

10. • Diversity of temperature in various
regions is due to the following:
–Large spread of latitude from 24 N to
37 N.
–Diversity of relief ranging from K-2 to
low lying coasts of Makran

11. • Hot summer and mild winter:
– 32o C or more in summer and 10 to 21o C in winter.
• Warm summer and mild winter:
– 21 - 32oC in summer and 10 to 21oC in winter.
• Warm summer and cool winter:
– 21 - 32oC in summer and 0 - 10oC in winter.
• Mild summer and cool/cold winter:
– Summer temperature between 10 and 21oC
– Winter temperature between 0 and 10oC.

12. Usually Arid and Dry Temperature
o Humid in a small area in North
o Rainfall of about 625mm in Highlands
o Rainfall of about 740mm in Plains, e.g.
Lahore
o Two main Sources:
o Monsoon
o Western Depression
o Arid in Southeast and Southwest areas

13. • Cool, dehydrated winter
 December / February
• Dry coil from Demo through May
 The summer raining season
• Southwest downpour period
 June / September
• The losing ground monsoon epoch
 October / November
The start and length of these periods vary rather
according to location

14. Arid Climate:
Mild winter, hot summers,
Extreme aridity
Lowland Climate
Highland Climate
Mild Winters, Warm summers.