Answer the questions about this video - due on Tuesday and Wednesday, September 16 and 17. Use Ink / Type. Directly answer the questions that are asked, and support.

1. Early Migrations
•Out of Africa
•Indo-European
•Bantu
•Oceania

2. What Would Convince YOU to
MIGRATE?
• Work / money?
• Family concerns?
• Health?
• Education?
• Emergency: running from war, crime,
disease, famine, drought…?
PUSH vs. PULL

3. 1. Out of Africa
“Journey of Man” video

5. Migration
• NEED A STRONG REASON
• Overpopulation? Climate Change?
• Escape Violence? Better life?
• Intermittent and incremental
• Absorbing local populations
• Sharing then Losing home culture
• Importance to world history:
Leave a trail of shared cultures, languages,
religions, technologies… that show us where they
came from and where they went!

6. 2. Indo – European
Migrations
• Language Groups - NOT
ethnicities!
• IndoEuropean-
• Old Persian  modern Farsi
• Sanskrit  modern Hindi
• Greek
• Latin  modern Romance
Languages: Spanish,
Portuguese, French, Itialian,
Romansch, Romanian…
• Germanic Languages, incl
German, Dutch, English

7. Path of Indo-European
Migrations
1. To Anatolia from
the Steppes…
then to Greece
2. To Eastern
Europe
3. To Iran, India,
Eastern Central
Asia

8. Waves from c. 4000 to 1000
BCE

9. Evidence of
Migration

10. Society of Indo-Europeans
• “Aryo” = nobleman,
lord
• Aryan
• Iran
• Eire
Pastoral nomads –
• herders- sheep,
goats, cattle
• no cities
• some agriculture
Simple Social
Hierarchy-
• ruling elites,
• small class of priests,
• commoners.

11. Innovations & Technologies?
• Domesticated horses
• Spread carts, chariots  SPEED!!
• Spread Metallurgy 
strong, durable,
inexpensive tools and
weapons
• Did not INVENT, but IMPROVED…
Power!!

12. 3. Bantu Migrations
Over 400 different ethnic groups,
26 dialects, 60 million people, in
sub-Saharan Africa, united by a
common language family, and in
many cases common customs.
Swahili is the most
commonly spoken of the Bantu-based
languages.

13. When did the Bantu Migrate?
• It began c. 1000 BCE and continued
until the 3rd or 4th century CE.
Modern Somali, Bantu-language.
Refugees… spreading language & culture.

14. Gradual & Intermittent

15. What happens to indigenous
peoples encountered in place
(if any)?
Absorption!
Assimilation, displacement, conquest, intermarriage, alliances
“Forest People”

16. Bantu & Other African Languages

17. Innovations & Technologies
• New crops
• Ie: Banana, via Madagascar,
native to south Asia
•  More efficient food production
• More & better nourished people
• Iron smelting technology
• Superior weapons
• Excellent tools
• Agriculture takes space…with
Populations increase, need to
spread out on more land.

18. Significance of the Bantu
Migration
• Brought Agriculture
• Brought Iron tools &
weapons
• Brought new culture
and willingness to
adapt
• Social Hierarchy-
• Chief
• Age Grade/ Age Set
• 100 people or fewer,
per community
• Religion –
• Monotheism- creator
god, judge
• Ancestral spirits

19. 4. Migration in Oceania
40-50,000 years ago!

21. Out of Africa Theory
World Migration Continues…
Australia
• Remained
Hunters/Gatherers
until coming of
Europeans in 1800’s
• Remained in
Australia
New Guinea
• Developed
Agriculture
• Root crops: yams,
taro
• Raised animals:
pigs, chickens
• Population grew and
spread

22. Austronesians
• Language group
• Seafaring people –
explored, settled, traded
• Outrigger canoes
• Population pressure 
colonization

23. Two Groups of Austronesians
Philippines
• Micronesia
• Indian Ocean 
• Madagascar –
brought bananas to
Africa from
Micronesia
Polynesian Islands
•Lapita People –
first to sail into
Pacific Ocean &
establish settlements
to the East

24. Lapita People
• Farmers
• Agricultural villages
• Raised pigs, chicken, yams,
taro, fruit, breadfruit, …
bananas
• Irrigation for taro plants
• Fish & Seaweed
• Killed off large animals &
birds
• Extensive trade networks
far across ocean

25. Lapita People
• Remained in contact with
folks at home & along
network
• Hierarchical Chiefdom:
• Hereditary chief
• Local aristocracy = royal
relatives
• Taxes = portion of
agricultural surplus to Chief,
plus surplus timber, fish,
etc.

26. Lapita Migration Continued
• Why?
• Conflict?
• Overpopulation?
• Trade?
• To: Tonga,
Samoa, ...Hawaii

28. Happiness is: Migrating to
Hawaii!

29. Summary
What do we know,
How do we know it,
What difference does it make?

30. Summary
• 4000 BCE to 400 CE in Africa & Eurasia, & earlier in
Oceania.
• Migration  spread & mingling of cultures:
• Technologies, farming
• Religions
• Governments
• People!
• Why migrate?
• How do we know?
• Languages!
• DNA
• Material Culture (artifacts)
• Effect on World History?
Photo: Division of India & Pakistan  sudden mass migration – largest in modern
history.