the details of data measurement techniques are base of quantitative analysis

1. DATA
MEASUREMENT
TECHNIQUES

2. What is
Measurement
?

3. Measurement is :-
 In statistics, the term measurement is used
more broadly and is more appropriately
termed scales of measurement.
 Scales of measurement refer to ways in which
variables/numbers are defined and
categorized .
 Each scale of measurement has certain
properties which in turn determines the
appropriateness for use of certain statistical

4. Data measurement
techniques :-
The four scales of measurement
are :-
1. Nominal,
2. Ordinal,
3. Interval, and
4. Ratio.

5. 1. Nominal
 Categorical data and numbers that are simply
used as identifiers or names represent a
nominal scale of measurement.
 The nominal type differentiates between items
or subjects based only on their names or
categories and other qualitative classifications
they belong to .
 It involves the construction of classifications as
well as the classification of items.

6.  It set membership, classification, categorical
equality, and equivalence are all operations
which apply to objects of the nominal type .
 Central tendency :-
The mode, i.e. the most common item, is
allowed as the measure of central tendency
for the nominal type. On the other hand, the
median, i.e. the middle-ranked item, makes
no sense for the nominal type of data since
ranking is meaningless for the nominal type.

7. Examples of Nominal
classifications
 gender,
 nationality,
 ethnicity,
 language,
 style,
 biological species,
 in grammar, the parts of speech: noun, verb,
preposition, article, pronoun, etc.

8. 2. Ordinal scale
 An ordinal scale of measurement represents
an ordered series of relationships or rank
order .
 Individuals competing in a contest may be
fortunate to achieve first, second, or third
place .
 First, second, and third place represent ordinal
data.

9.  There is no absolute zero .
 Central tendency :-
The median, i.e. middle-ranked, item is
allowed as the measure of central tendency;
however, the mean (or average) as the
measure of central tendency is not allowed.
 The mode is allowed.

10. Examples of Ordinal
scale
 Values such as :-
'sick' vs. 'healthy‘
'wrong/false' vs. 'right/true‘,
'completely agree', 'mostly agree',
'mostly disagree', 'completely disagree'

11. 3. Interval scale
 The interval type allows for the degree of
difference between items, but not the ratio
between them.
 A scale which represents quantity and has
equal units but for which zero represents simply
an additional point of measurement is an
interval scale .
 With each of these scales there is direct,
measurable quantity with equality of units.
zero does not represent the absolute lowest

12.  Central tendency and statistical dispersion :-
 The mode, median, and arithmetic mean are
allowed to measure central tendency of
interval variables .
 While measures of statistical dispersion
include range and standard deviation .

13. Examples of Interval
scale
 The Fahrenheit scale is a clear example of
the interval scale of measurement. Thus, 60
degree Fahrenheit or -10 degrees Fahrenheit
are interval data.
 Measurement of Sea Level

14. 4. Ratio scale
 The ratio scale of measurement is similar to
the interval scale in that it also represents
quantity and has equality of units.
 This scale also has an absolute zero (no
numbers exist below the zero).
 Most measurement in the physical sciences
and engineering is done on ratio scales.

15. Central tendency and statistical dispersion :-
 The geometric mean and the harmonic mean
are allowed to measure the central tendency, in
addition to the mode, median, and arithmetic
mean .
 The student zed range and the coefficient of
variation are allowed to measure statistical
dispersion.
 All statistical measures are allowed because all
necessary mathematical operations are defined
for the ratio scale.

16. Examples of Ratio
scale
 Mass,
 Length,
 Duration,
 Energy and
 Electric charge.
 If one is measuring the length of a piece of
wood in centimetres , there is quantity, equal
units, and that measure can not go below zero
centimetres . A negative length is not possible.

17. THANK YOU
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